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# example program: add two numbers

def main [
  11:num <- copy 1
  12:num <- copy 3
  13:num <- add 11:num, 12:num
  $dump-memory
]
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<title>Mu - 032operands.cc</title>
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<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span id="L1" class="LineNr">  1 </span><span class="Comment">//: Metadata for fields of an x86 instruction.</span>
<span id="L2" class="LineNr">  2 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L3" class="LineNr">  3 </span><span class="Comment">//: The x86 instruction set is variable-length, and how a byte is interpreted</span>
<span id="L4" class="LineNr">  4 </span><span class="Comment">//: affects later instruction boundaries. A lot of the pain in programming</span>
<span id="L5" class="LineNr">  5 </span><span class="Comment">//: machine code stems from computer and programmer going out of sync on what</span>
<span id="L6" class="LineNr">  6 </span><span class="Comment">//: a byte means. The miscommunication is usually not immediately caught, and</span>
<span id="L7" class="LineNr">  7 </span><span class="Comment">//: metastasizes at runtime into kilobytes of misinterpreted instructions.</span>
<span id="L8" class="LineNr">  8 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L9" class="LineNr">  9 </span><span class="Comment">//: To mitigate these issues, we'll start programming in terms of logical</span>
<span id="L10" class="LineNr"> 10 </span><span class="Comment">//: arguments rather than physical bytes. Some arguments are smaller than a</span>
<span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span><span class="Comment">//: byte, and others may consist of multiple bytes. This layer will correctly</span>
<span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span><span class="Comment">//: pack and order the bytes corresponding to the arguments in an instruction.</span>
<span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span>
<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End <a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a> Texts&quot;)</span>
<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span><a href='001help.cc.html#L235'>put_new</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;instructions&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;Each x86 instruction consists of an instruction or opcode and some number\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;of arguments.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;Each argument has a type. An instruction won't have more than one argument of\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;any type.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;Each instruction has some set of allowed argument types. It'll reject others.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;The complete list of argument types: mod, subop, r32 (integer register),\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;rm32 (integer register or memory), x32 (floating point register),\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;xm32 (floating point register or memory), scale, index, base, disp8, disp16,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L24" class="LineNr"> 24 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;disp32,imm8,imm32.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L25" class="LineNr"> 25 </span>  <span class="Constant">&quot;Each of these has its own help page. Try reading 'bootstrap help mod' next.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L27" class="LineNr"> 27 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End <a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a> Contents&quot;)</span>
<span id="L28" class="LineNr"> 28 </span>cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;  instructions\n&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L29" class="LineNr"> 29 </span>
<span id="L30" class="LineNr"> 30 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;Running Test Program&quot;)</span>
<span id="L31" class="LineNr"> 31 </span>transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L32" class="LineNr"> 32 </span><span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='003trace.cc.html#L262'>trace_contains_errors</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L33" class="LineNr"> 33 </span>
<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L35'>test_pack_immediate_constants</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;bb  0x2a/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'bb 0x2a/imm32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'bb 2a 00 00 00'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;run: copy imm32 0x0000002a to EBX\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span>
<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="Comment">//: complete set of valid argument types</span>
<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span>
<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Globals&quot;)</span>
<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span>set&lt;string&gt; <span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End One-time Setup&quot;)</span>
<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;subop&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;mod&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;rm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;xm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;base&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;scale&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;r32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;x32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;disp8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;disp16&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;disp32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;imm8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;imm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span>
<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End <a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a> Texts&quot;)</span>
<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L70'>init_argument_type_help</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L70'>init_argument_type_help</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mod&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;2-bit argument controlling the _addressing mode_ of many instructions,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;to determine how to compute the _effective address_ to look up memory at\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;based on the 'rm32' argument and potentially others.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;If mod = 3, just operate on the <a href='003trace.cc.html#L117'>contents</a> of the register specified by rm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;            (direct mode).\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;If mod = 2, effective address is usually* rm32 + disp32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;            (indirect mode with displacement).\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;If mod = 1, effective address is usually* rm32 + disp8\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;            (indirect mode with displacement).\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;If mod = 0, effective address is usually* rm32 (indirect mode).\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;(* - The exception is when rm32 is '4'. Register 4 is the stack pointer (<a href='010vm.cc.html#L14'>ESP</a>).\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;     Using it as an address gets more involved. For more details,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;     try reading the help pages for 'base', 'index' and 'scale'.)\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with two tables in the IA-32 software\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;developer's manual that are also included in this repo:\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - modrm.pdf: volume 2, table 2-2, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the ModR/<span class="SpecialChar">M</span> byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - sib.pdf: volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;subop&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Additional 3-bit argument for determining the instruction when the opcode\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;is 81, 8f, d3, f7 or ff.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Can't coexist with argument of type 'r32' in a single instruction, because\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;the two use the same bits.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;r32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;3-bit argument specifying an integer register argument used directly,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;without any further addressing modes.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;x32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;3-bit argument specifying a floating-point register argument used directly,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;without any further addressing modes.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;rm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;32-bit value in an integer register or memory. The precise details of its\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;construction depend on the eponymous 3-bit 'rm32' argument, the 'mod' argument,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;and also potentially the 'SIB' arguments ('scale', 'index' and 'base')\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;and a displacement ('disp8' or 'disp32').\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with two tables in the IA-32 software\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;developer's manual that are also included in this repo:\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - modrm.pdf: volume 2, table 2-2, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the ModR/<span class="SpecialChar">M</span> byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - sib.pdf: volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;xm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;32-bit value in a floating-point register or memory. The precise details of its\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;construction depend on the eponymous 3-bit 'xm32' argument, the 'mod' argument,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;and also potentially the 'SIB' arguments ('scale', 'index' and 'base')\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;and a displacement ('disp8' or 'disp32').\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with two tables in the IA-32 software\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;developer's manual that are also included in this repo:\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - modrm.pdf: volume 2, table 2-2, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the ModR/<span class="SpecialChar">M</span> byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  - sib.pdf: volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte<span class="Delimiter">.</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;One subtlety here: while /xm32 refers to floating-point registers in direct mode\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;(when /mod is 3), other addressing modes to construct memory addresses use integer registers\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;(just like /rm32). Other than direct mode, its behavior is identical to /rm32.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;base&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Additional 3-bit argument (when 'rm32' is 4, unless 'mod' is 3) specifying the\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;register containing an address to look up.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;This address may be further modified by 'index' and 'scale' arguments.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  effective address = base + index*scale + displacement (disp8 or <a href='040tests.cc.html#L82'>disp32</a>)\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with the IA-32 software developer's manual,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;It is included in this repository as 'sib.pdf'.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Optional 3-bit argument (when 'rm32' is 4 unless 'mod' is 3) that can be added to\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;the 'base' argument to compute the 'effective address' at which to look up memory.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  effective address = base + index*scale + displacement (disp8 or <a href='040tests.cc.html#L82'>disp32</a>)\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with the IA-32 software developer's manual,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;It is included in this repository as 'sib.pdf'.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;scale&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Optional 2-bit argument (when 'rm32' is 4 unless 'mod' is 3) that encodes a\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;power of 2 to be multiplied to the 'index' argument before adding the result to\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;the 'base' argument to compute the _effective address_ to operate on.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;  effective address = base + index * scale + displacement (disp8 or <a href='040tests.cc.html#L82'>disp32</a>)\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;When scale is 0, use index unmodified.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;When scale is 1, multiply index by 2.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;When scale is 2, multiply index by 4.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;When scale is 3, multiply index by 8.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L160" class="LineNr">160 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;For complete details, spend some time with the IA-32 software developer's manual,\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L161" class="LineNr">161 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;volume 2, table 2-3, \&quot;</span><span class="Constant">32</span>-bit addressing with the SIB byte\<span class="Constant">&quot;.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;It is included in this repository as 'sib.pdf'.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;8-bit value to be added in many instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp16&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;16-bit value to be added in many instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L169" class="LineNr">169 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;Currently not used in any SubX instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L170" class="LineNr">170 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L171" class="LineNr">171 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L172" class="LineNr">172 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;32-bit value to be added in many instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;imm8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;8-bit value for many instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span>  <a href='001help.cc.html#L225'>put</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='001help.cc.html#L53'>Help</a></span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;imm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span>    <span class="Constant">&quot;32-bit value for many instructions.\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L180" class="LineNr">180 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span>
<span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: transform packing arguments into bytes in the right order</span>
<span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span>
<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Begin Transforms&quot;)</span>
<span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='031transforms.cc.html#L4'>Transform</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>pack_arguments<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span>
<span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L188" class="LineNr">188 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> pack_arguments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>program&amp; p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span>  segment&amp; code = *find<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;code&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span>  <span class="Comment">// Pack Operands(segment code)</span>
<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;-- pack arguments&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>code<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span>    line&amp; inst = code<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L531'>all_hex_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">99</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;packing instruction '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">with metadata</span><span class="Comment">*/</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>    pack_arguments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">99</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;instruction after packing: '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">without metadata</span><span class="Comment">*/</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>words<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>
<span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> pack_arguments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>line&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L121'>line</a> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L204" class="LineNr">204 </span>  <a href='032operands.cc.html#L212'>add_opcodes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L205" class="LineNr">205 </span>  <a href='032operands.cc.html#L222'>add_modrm_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L206" class="LineNr">206 </span>  <a href='032operands.cc.html#L256'>add_sib_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L207" class="LineNr">207 </span>  <a href='032operands.cc.html#L278'>add_disp_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L208" class="LineNr">208 </span>  <a href='032operands.cc.html#L290'>add_imm_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L209" class="LineNr">209 </span>  inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>swap<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L210" class="LineNr">210 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L211" class="LineNr">211 </span>
<span id="L212" class="LineNr">212 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L212'>add_opcodes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L213" class="LineNr">213 </span>  out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L214" class="LineNr">214 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;0f&quot;</span> || in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;f2&quot;</span> || in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;f3&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L216" class="LineNr">216 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;f3&quot;</span> &amp;&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;0f&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L217" class="LineNr">217 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L218" class="LineNr">218 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;f2&quot;</span> &amp;&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data == <span class="Constant">&quot;0f&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L219" class="LineNr">219 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L220" class="LineNr">220 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L221" class="LineNr">221 </span>
<span id="L222" class="LineNr">222 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L222'>add_modrm_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L223" class="LineNr">223 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> mod=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> reg_subop=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> rm32=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L224" class="LineNr">224 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> emit = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L225" class="LineNr">225 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L226" class="LineNr">226 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; curr = in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L227" class="LineNr">227 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mod&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L228" class="LineNr">228 </span>      mod = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L229" class="LineNr">229 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L230" class="LineNr">230 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L231" class="LineNr">231 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;rm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L232" class="LineNr">232 </span>      rm32 = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L233" class="LineNr">233 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L234" class="LineNr">234 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L235" class="LineNr">235 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;r32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L236" class="LineNr">236 </span>      reg_subop = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L237" class="LineNr">237 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L238" class="LineNr">238 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L239" class="LineNr">239 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;xm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L240" class="LineNr">240 </span>      rm32 = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L241" class="LineNr">241 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L242" class="LineNr">242 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L243" class="LineNr">243 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;x32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L244" class="LineNr">244 </span>      reg_subop = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L245" class="LineNr">245 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L246" class="LineNr">246 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L247" class="LineNr">247 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;subop&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L248" class="LineNr">248 </span>      reg_subop = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L249" class="LineNr">249 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L250" class="LineNr">250 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L251" class="LineNr">251 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L252" class="LineNr">252 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>emit<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L253" class="LineNr">253 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L320'>hex_byte_text</a><span class="Delimiter">((</span>mod &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> | <span class="Delimiter">(</span>reg_subop &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> | rm32<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L254" class="LineNr">254 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L255" class="LineNr">255 </span>
<span id="L256" class="LineNr">256 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L256'>add_sib_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L257" class="LineNr">257 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> scale=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> index=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> base=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L258" class="LineNr">258 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> emit = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L259" class="LineNr">259 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L260" class="LineNr">260 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; curr = in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L261" class="LineNr">261 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;scale&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L262" class="LineNr">262 </span>      scale = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L263" class="LineNr">263 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L264" class="LineNr">264 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L265" class="LineNr">265 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L266" class="LineNr">266 </span>      index = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L267" class="LineNr">267 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L268" class="LineNr">268 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L269" class="LineNr">269 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;base&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L270" class="LineNr">270 </span>      base = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L271" class="LineNr">271 </span>      emit = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L272" class="LineNr">272 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L273" class="LineNr">273 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L274" class="LineNr">274 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>emit<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L275" class="LineNr">275 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L320'>hex_byte_text</a><span class="Delimiter">((</span>scale &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> | <span class="Delimiter">(</span>index &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> | base<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L276" class="LineNr">276 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L277" class="LineNr">277 </span>
<span id="L278" class="LineNr">278 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L278'>add_disp_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L279" class="LineNr">279 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L280" class="LineNr">280 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; curr = in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L281" class="LineNr">281 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L282" class="LineNr">282 </span>      emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L283" class="LineNr">283 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp16&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L284" class="LineNr">284 </span>      emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L285" class="LineNr">285 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;disp32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L286" class="LineNr">286 </span>      emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L287" class="LineNr">287 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L288" class="LineNr">288 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L289" class="LineNr">289 </span>
<span id="L290" class="LineNr">290 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L290'>add_imm_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L291" class="LineNr">291 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L292" class="LineNr">292 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; curr = in<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L293" class="LineNr">293 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;imm8&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L294" class="LineNr">294 </span>      emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L295" class="LineNr">295 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;imm32&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L296" class="LineNr">296 </span>      emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L297" class="LineNr">297 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L298" class="LineNr">298 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L299" class="LineNr">299 </span>
<span id="L300" class="LineNr">300 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; w<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> num<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L301" class="LineNr">301 </span>  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>num &lt;= <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L302" class="LineNr">302 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> is_number = <a href='032operands.cc.html#L591'>looks_like_hex_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L303" class="LineNr">303 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>num == <span class="Constant">1</span> || !is_number<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L304" class="LineNr">304 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// preserve existing metadata</span>
<span id="L305" class="LineNr">305 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_number<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L306" class="LineNr">306 </span>      out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">().</span>data = <a href='032operands.cc.html#L327'>hex_byte_to_string</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L307" class="LineNr">307 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L308" class="LineNr">308 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L309" class="LineNr">309 </span>  emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">static_cast</span>&lt;<span class="Normal">uint32_t</span>&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">)),</span> num<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L310" class="LineNr">310 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L311" class="LineNr">311 </span>
<span id="L312" class="LineNr">312 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>line&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> val<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> num<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L313" class="LineNr">313 </span>  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>num &lt;= <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L314" class="LineNr">314 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; num<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L315" class="LineNr">315 </span>    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L320'>hex_byte_text</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>val &amp; <span class="Constant">0xff</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L316" class="LineNr">316 </span>    val = val &gt;&gt; <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L317" class="LineNr">317 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L318" class="LineNr">318 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L319" class="LineNr">319 </span>
<span id="L320" class="LineNr">320 </span><a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L320'>hex_byte_text</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> val<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L321" class="LineNr">321 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L322" class="LineNr">322 </span>  result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data = <a href='032operands.cc.html#L327'>hex_byte_to_string</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>val<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L323" class="LineNr">323 </span>  result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original = result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data+<span class="Constant">&quot;/auto&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L324" class="LineNr">324 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L325" class="LineNr">325 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L326" class="LineNr">326 </span>
<span id="L327" class="LineNr">327 </span>string <a href='032operands.cc.html#L327'>hex_byte_to_string</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> val<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L328" class="LineNr">328 </span>  ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L329" class="LineNr">329 </span>  <span class="Comment">// uint8_t prints without padding, but int8_t will expand to 32 bits again</span>
<span id="L330" class="LineNr">330 </span>  out &lt;&lt; <a href='010vm.cc.html#L407'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010vm.cc.html#L410'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>val<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L331" class="LineNr">331 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L332" class="LineNr">332 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L333" class="LineNr">333 </span>
<span id="L334" class="LineNr">334 </span>string to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> vector&lt;word&gt;&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L335" class="LineNr">335 </span>  ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L336" class="LineNr">336 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L337" class="LineNr">337 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L338" class="LineNr">338 </span>    out &lt;&lt; in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span>data<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L339" class="LineNr">339 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L340" class="LineNr">340 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L341" class="LineNr">341 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L342" class="LineNr">342 </span>
<span id="L343" class="LineNr">343 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Unit Tests&quot;)</span>
<span id="L344" class="LineNr">344 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L344'>test_preserve_metadata_when_emitting_single_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L345" class="LineNr">345 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a> in<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L346" class="LineNr">346 </span>  in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data = <span class="Constant">&quot;f0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L347" class="LineNr">347 </span>  in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original = <span class="Constant">&quot;f0/foo&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L348" class="LineNr">348 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L121'>line</a> out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L349" class="LineNr">349 </span>  emit_hex_bytes<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L350" class="LineNr">350 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>data<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;f0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L351" class="LineNr">351 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>original<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;f0/foo&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L352" class="LineNr">352 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L353" class="LineNr">353 </span>
<span id="L354" class="LineNr">354 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L355" class="LineNr">355 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L355'>test_pack_disp8</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L356" class="LineNr">356 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L357" class="LineNr">357 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L358" class="LineNr">358 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;74 2/disp8\n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// jump 2 bytes away if ZF is set</span>
<span id="L359" class="LineNr">359 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L360" class="LineNr">360 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L361" class="LineNr">361 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction '74 2/disp8'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L362" class="LineNr">362 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: '74 02'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L363" class="LineNr">363 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L364" class="LineNr">364 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L365" class="LineNr">365 </span>
<span id="L366" class="LineNr">366 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L366'>test_pack_disp8_negative</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L367" class="LineNr">367 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L368" class="LineNr">368 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L369" class="LineNr">369 </span>      <span class="Comment">// running this will cause an infinite loop</span>
<span id="L370" class="LineNr">370 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;74 -1/disp8\n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// jump 1 byte before if ZF is set</span>
<span id="L371" class="LineNr">371 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L372" class="LineNr">372 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L373" class="LineNr">373 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction '74 -1/disp8'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L374" class="LineNr">374 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: '74 ff'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L375" class="LineNr">375 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L376" class="LineNr">376 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L377" class="LineNr">377 </span>
<span id="L378" class="LineNr">378 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L378'>test_pack_rm32_direct</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L379" class="LineNr">379 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L380" class="LineNr">380 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L381" class="LineNr">381 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L382" class="LineNr">382 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L383" class="LineNr">383 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L384" class="LineNr">384 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  01                              3/mod/direct    3/rm32/ebx                                          0/r32/eax                                \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// add EAX to EBX</span>
<span id="L385" class="LineNr">385 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L386" class="LineNr">386 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L387" class="LineNr">387 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction '01 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/ebx 0/r32/eax'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L388" class="LineNr">388 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: '01 c3'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L389" class="LineNr">389 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L390" class="LineNr">390 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L391" class="LineNr">391 </span>
<span id="L392" class="LineNr">392 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L392'>test_pack_rm32_indirect</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L393" class="LineNr">393 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L394" class="LineNr">394 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L395" class="LineNr">395 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L396" class="LineNr">396 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L397" class="LineNr">397 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L398" class="LineNr">398 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  01                              0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx                                          0/r32/eax                                \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// add EAX to *EBX</span>
<span id="L399" class="LineNr">399 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L400" class="LineNr">400 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L401" class="LineNr">401 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction '01 0/mod/indirect 3/rm32/ebx 0/r32/eax'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L402" class="LineNr">402 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: '01 03'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L403" class="LineNr">403 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L404" class="LineNr">404 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L405" class="LineNr">405 </span>
<span id="L406" class="LineNr">406 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L406'>test_pack_x32</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L407" class="LineNr">407 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L408" class="LineNr">408 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L409" class="LineNr">409 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L410" class="LineNr">410 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L411" class="LineNr">411 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L412" class="LineNr">412 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  f3 0f 2a                        3/mod/direct    3/rm32/ebx                                          1/x32                                    \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// convert EBX to XMM1</span>
<span id="L413" class="LineNr">413 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L414" class="LineNr">414 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L415" class="LineNr">415 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'f3 0f 2a 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/ebx 1/x32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L416" class="LineNr">416 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'f3 0f 2a cb'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L417" class="LineNr">417 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L418" class="LineNr">418 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L419" class="LineNr">419 </span>
<span id="L420" class="LineNr">420 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L420'>test_pack_xm32_direct</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L421" class="LineNr">421 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L422" class="LineNr">422 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L423" class="LineNr">423 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L424" class="LineNr">424 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L425" class="LineNr">425 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L426" class="LineNr">426 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  f3 0f 5e                        3/mod/direct    3/xm32                                              1/x32                                    \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// divide XMM1 by XMM3</span>
<span id="L427" class="LineNr">427 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L428" class="LineNr">428 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L429" class="LineNr">429 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'f3 0f 5e 3/mod/direct 3/xm32 1/x32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L430" class="LineNr">430 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'f3 0f 5e cb'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L431" class="LineNr">431 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L432" class="LineNr">432 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L433" class="LineNr">433 </span>
<span id="L434" class="LineNr">434 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L434'>test_pack_xm32_indirect</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L435" class="LineNr">435 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L436" class="LineNr">436 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L437" class="LineNr">437 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L438" class="LineNr">438 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L439" class="LineNr">439 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L440" class="LineNr">440 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  f3 0f 5e                        0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx                                          1/x32                                    \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// divide XMM1 by *EBX</span>
<span id="L441" class="LineNr">441 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L442" class="LineNr">442 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L443" class="LineNr">443 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'f3 0f 5e 0/mod/indirect 3/rm32/ebx 1/x32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L444" class="LineNr">444 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'f3 0f 5e 0b'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L445" class="LineNr">445 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L446" class="LineNr">446 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L447" class="LineNr">447 </span>
<span id="L448" class="LineNr">448 </span><span class="Comment">//: helper for scenario</span>
<span id="L449" class="LineNr">449 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L450" class="LineNr">450 </span>  program p<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L451" class="LineNr">451 </span>  istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L452" class="LineNr">452 </span>  parse<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L453" class="LineNr">453 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='003trace.cc.html#L262'>trace_contains_errors</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L454" class="LineNr">454 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L455" class="LineNr">455 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L456" class="LineNr">456 </span>
<span id="L457" class="LineNr">457 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L457'>test_pack_modrm_imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L458" class="LineNr">458 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L459" class="LineNr">459 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L460" class="LineNr">460 </span>      <span class="Comment">// instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L461" class="LineNr">461 </span>      <span class="Comment">// op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L462" class="LineNr">462 </span>      <span class="Comment">// 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L463" class="LineNr">463 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;  81          0/add/subop         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/ebx                                                                      1/imm32      \n&quot;</span>  <span class="Comment">// add 1 to EBX</span>
<span id="L464" class="LineNr">464 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L465" class="LineNr">465 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L466" class="LineNr">466 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction '81 0/add/subop 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/ebx 1/imm32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L467" class="LineNr">467 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: '81 c3 01 00 00 00'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L468" class="LineNr">468 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L469" class="LineNr">469 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L470" class="LineNr">470 </span>
<span id="L471" class="LineNr">471 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L471'>test_pack_imm32_large</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L472" class="LineNr">472 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L473" class="LineNr">473 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L474" class="LineNr">474 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;b9  0x080490a7/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L475" class="LineNr">475 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L476" class="LineNr">476 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L477" class="LineNr">477 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'b9 0x080490a7/imm32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L478" class="LineNr">478 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'b9 a7 90 04 08'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L479" class="LineNr">479 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L480" class="LineNr">480 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L481" class="LineNr">481 </span>
<span id="L482" class="LineNr">482 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L482'>test_pack_immediate_constants_hex</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L483" class="LineNr">483 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L484" class="LineNr">484 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L485" class="LineNr">485 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;b9  0x2a/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L486" class="LineNr">486 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L487" class="LineNr">487 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L488" class="LineNr">488 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'b9 0x2a/imm32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L489" class="LineNr">489 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'b9 2a 00 00 00'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L490" class="LineNr">490 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;run: copy imm32 0x0000002a to ECX\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L491" class="LineNr">491 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L492" class="LineNr">492 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L493" class="LineNr">493 </span>
<span id="L494" class="LineNr">494 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L494'>test_pack_silently_ignores_non_hex</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L495" class="LineNr">495 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">Hide_errors</span> = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L496" class="LineNr">496 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L497" class="LineNr">497 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L498" class="LineNr">498 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;b9  foo/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L499" class="LineNr">499 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L500" class="LineNr">500 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L501" class="LineNr">501 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: packing instruction 'b9 foo/imm32'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L502" class="LineNr">502 </span>      <span class="Comment">// no change (we're just not printing metadata to the trace)</span>
<span id="L503" class="LineNr">503 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;transform: instruction after packing: 'b9 foo'\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L504" class="LineNr">504 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L505" class="LineNr">505 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L506" class="LineNr">506 </span>
<span id="L507" class="LineNr">507 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L507'>test_pack_flags_bad_hex</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L508" class="LineNr">508 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">Hide_errors</span> = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L509" class="LineNr">509 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L510" class="LineNr">510 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L511" class="LineNr">511 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;b9  0xfoo/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L512" class="LineNr">512 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L513" class="LineNr">513 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L514" class="LineNr">514 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;error: not a number: 0xfoo\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L515" class="LineNr">515 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L516" class="LineNr">516 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L517" class="LineNr">517 </span>
<span id="L518" class="LineNr">518 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L518'>test_pack_flags_uppercase_hex</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L519" class="LineNr">519 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">Hide_errors</span> = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L520" class="LineNr">520 </span>  <a href='011run.cc.html#L82'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L521" class="LineNr">521 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;== code 0x1\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L522" class="LineNr">522 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;b9 0xAb/imm32\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L523" class="LineNr">523 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L524" class="LineNr">524 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L290'>CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>
<span id="L525" class="LineNr">525 </span>      <span class="Constant">&quot;error: uppercase hex not allowed: 0xAb\n&quot;</span>
<span id="L526" class="LineNr">526 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L527" class="LineNr">527 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L528" class="LineNr">528 </span>
<span id="L529" class="LineNr">529 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: helpers</span>
<span id="L530" class="LineNr">530 </span>
<span id="L531" class="LineNr">531 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L531'>all_hex_bytes</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L532" class="LineNr">532 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L533" class="LineNr">533 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_hex_byte<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)))</span>
<span id="L534" class="LineNr">534 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L535" class="LineNr">535 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L536" class="LineNr">536 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L537" class="LineNr">537 </span>
<span id="L538" class="LineNr">538 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L538'>is_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L539" class="LineNr">539 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='032operands.cc.html#L548'>contains_any_argument_metadata</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L540" class="LineNr">540 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L541" class="LineNr">541 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L542" class="LineNr">542 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L543" class="LineNr">543 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>find_first_not_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;0123456789abcdef&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> != string::npos<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L544" class="LineNr">544 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L545" class="LineNr">545 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L546" class="LineNr">546 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L547" class="LineNr">547 </span>
<span id="L548" class="LineNr">548 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L548'>contains_any_argument_metadata</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; <a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L549" class="LineNr">549 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>metadata<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L550" class="LineNr">550 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>find<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>metadata<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> != <span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">())</span>
<span id="L551" class="LineNr">551 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L552" class="LineNr">552 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L553" class="LineNr">553 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L554" class="LineNr">554 </span>
<span id="L555" class="LineNr">555 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; m<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L556" class="LineNr">556 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> result = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L557" class="LineNr">557 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L558" class="LineNr">558 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> m<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L559" class="LineNr">559 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L560" class="LineNr">560 </span>      <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' has conflicting &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; m &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; arguments\n&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L561" class="LineNr">561 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L562" class="LineNr">562 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L563" class="LineNr">563 </span>    result = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L564" class="LineNr">564 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L565" class="LineNr">565 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L566" class="LineNr">566 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L567" class="LineNr">567 </span>
<span id="L568" class="LineNr">568 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> word&amp; w<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; m<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L569" class="LineNr">569 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> result = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L570" class="LineNr">570 </span>  <span class="Normal">bool</span> metadata_found = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L571" class="LineNr">571 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>metadata<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L572" class="LineNr">572 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; curr = w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>metadata<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L573" class="LineNr">573 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>find<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="SpecialChar"><a href='032operands.cc.html#L50'>Instruction_arguments</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// ignore unrecognized metadata</span>
<span id="L574" class="LineNr">574 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>metadata_found<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L575" class="LineNr">575 </span>      <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' has conflicting argument types; it should have only one\n&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L576" class="LineNr">576 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L577" class="LineNr">577 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L578" class="LineNr">578 </span>    metadata_found = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L579" class="LineNr">579 </span>    result = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr == m<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L580" class="LineNr">580 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L581" class="LineNr">581 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L582" class="LineNr">582 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L583" class="LineNr">583 </span>
<span id="L584" class="LineNr">584 </span><a href='011run.cc.html#L127'>word</a> metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; m<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L585" class="LineNr">585 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L586" class="LineNr">586 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_argument_metadata<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> m<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
<span id="L587" class="LineNr">587 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L588" class="LineNr">588 </span>  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L589" class="LineNr">589 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L590" class="LineNr">590 </span>
<span id="L591" class="LineNr">591 </span><span class="Normal">bool</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L591'>looks_like_hex_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L592" class="LineNr">592 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L593" class="LineNr">593 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'-'</span> || s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'+'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L594" class="LineNr">594 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>isdigit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// includes '0x' prefix</span>
<span id="L595" class="LineNr">595 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End looks_like_hex_int(s) Detectors</span>
<span id="L596" class="LineNr">596 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L597" class="LineNr">597 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L598" class="LineNr">598 </span>
<span id="L599" class="LineNr">599 </span>string to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> line&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L600" class="LineNr">600 </span>  ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L601" class="LineNr">601 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L602" class="LineNr">602 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L603" class="LineNr">603 </span>    out &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span>original<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L604" class="LineNr">604 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L605" class="LineNr">605 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L606" class="LineNr">606 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L607" class="LineNr">607 </span>
<span id="L608" class="LineNr">608 </span><span class="Normal">int32_t</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L609" class="LineNr">609 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L610" class="LineNr">610 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L449'>contains_uppercase</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L611" class="LineNr">611 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;uppercase hex not allowed: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; s &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L612" class="LineNr">612 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L613" class="LineNr">613 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L614" class="LineNr">614 </span>  istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L615" class="LineNr">615 </span>  in &gt;&gt; std::hex<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L616" class="LineNr">616 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'-'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L617" class="LineNr">617 </span>    <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> result = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L618" class="LineNr">618 </span>    in &gt;&gt; result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L619" class="LineNr">619 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!in || !in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>eof<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L620" class="LineNr">620 </span>      <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;not a number: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; s &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L621" class="LineNr">621 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L622" class="LineNr">622 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L623" class="LineNr">623 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L624" class="LineNr">624 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L625" class="LineNr">625 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> uresult = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L626" class="LineNr">626 </span>  in &gt;&gt; uresult<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L627" class="LineNr">627 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!in || !in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>eof<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L628" class="LineNr">628 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;not a number: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; s &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L629" class="LineNr">629 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L630" class="LineNr">630 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L631" class="LineNr">631 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Normal">static_cast</span>&lt;<span class="Normal">int32_t</span>&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>uresult<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L632" class="LineNr">632 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L633" class="LineNr">633 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Unit Tests&quot;)</span>
<span id="L634" class="LineNr">634 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L634'>test_parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L635" class="LineNr">635 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L636" class="LineNr">636 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;0x0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L637" class="LineNr">637 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;0x0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L638" class="LineNr">638 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">16</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;10&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>  <span class="Comment">// hex always</span>
<span id="L639" class="LineNr">639 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;-1&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L640" class="LineNr">640 </span>  <a href='002test.cc.html#L31'>CHECK_EQ</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <a href='032operands.cc.html#L608'>parse_int</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;0xffffffff&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span id="L641" class="LineNr">641 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
</pre>
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