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authorKartik K. Agaram <vc@akkartik.com>2016-08-27 20:49:03 -0700
committerKartik K. Agaram <vc@akkartik.com>2016-08-27 20:49:03 -0700
commitcd9bb850caeca88747a25436fc65c67c6d5cd89a (patch)
tree34ea30beb19b5fafe855b951b9468d2a9e915492
parente947da75bd926da6d533fd73b352c16c8417b3f6 (diff)
downloadmu-cd9bb850caeca88747a25436fc65c67c6d5cd89a.tar.gz
3266
-rw-r--r--html/003trace.cc.html3
-rw-r--r--html/010vm.cc.html12
-rw-r--r--html/011load.cc.html2
-rw-r--r--html/016dilated_reagent.cc.html23
-rw-r--r--html/020run.cc.html9
-rw-r--r--html/032array.cc.html2
-rw-r--r--html/034address.cc.html14
-rw-r--r--html/036refcount.cc.html3
-rw-r--r--html/037abandon.cc.html4
-rw-r--r--html/038new_text.cc.html31
-rw-r--r--html/039location_array.cc.html2
-rw-r--r--html/042name.cc.html49
-rw-r--r--html/043space.cc.html19
-rw-r--r--html/044space_surround.cc.html6
-rw-r--r--html/046global.cc.html4
-rw-r--r--html/050scenario.cc.html10
-rw-r--r--html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html2
-rw-r--r--html/071recipe.cc.html50
-rw-r--r--html/072scheduler.cc.html13
-rw-r--r--html/073wait.cc.html144
-rw-r--r--html/075channel.mu.html8
-rw-r--r--html/080display.cc.html10
-rw-r--r--html/082scenario_screen.cc.html60
-rw-r--r--html/085scenario_console.cc.html75
-rw-r--r--html/087file.cc.html54
-rw-r--r--html/088file.mu.html73
-rw-r--r--html/089scenario_filesystem.cc.html23
-rw-r--r--html/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu.html74
-rw-r--r--html/chessboard.mu.html30
-rw-r--r--html/filesystem.mu.html2
30 files changed, 601 insertions, 210 deletions
diff --git a/html/003trace.cc.html b/html/003trace.cc.html
index 33c54ba1..9011e3eb 100644
--- a/html/003trace.cc.html
+++ b/html/003trace.cc.html
@@ -185,12 +185,13 @@ Hide_errors = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span
 ^L
 
 trace_stream* Trace_stream = <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Normal">int</span> Trace_errors = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// used only when Trace_stream is NULL</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">// Top-level helper. IMPORTANT: can't nest</span>
 <span class="PreProc">#define trace(</span><span class="Delimiter">...</span><span class="PreProc">)  !Trace_stream ? cerr </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">print nothing</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> : Trace_stream</span><span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span><span class="PreProc">stream(__VA_ARGS__)</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">// Errors are a special layer.</span>
-<span class="PreProc">#define raise  (!Trace_stream ? (tb_shutdown()</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc">cerr) </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">do print</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> : Trace_stream</span><span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span><span class="PreProc">stream(Error_depth</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;error&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">))</span>
+<span class="PreProc">#define raise  (!Trace_stream ? (tb_shutdown()</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc">++Trace_errors</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc">cerr) </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">do print</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> : Trace_stream</span><span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span><span class="PreProc">stream(Error_depth</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;error&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">))</span>
 <span class="Comment">// Inside tests, fail any tests that displayed (unexpected) errors.</span>
 <span class="Comment">// Expected errors in tests should always be hidden and silently checked for.</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Test Teardown&quot;)</span>
diff --git a/html/010vm.cc.html b/html/010vm.cc.html
index 508f7483..cc6b5360 100644
--- a/html/010vm.cc.html
+++ b/html/010vm.cc.html
@@ -684,13 +684,13 @@ ostream&amp; <span class="Normal">operator</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Delimiter"
 
 string trim_floating_point<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> len = SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>len &gt; <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>len-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    --len<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> length = SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>length &gt; <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>length-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    --length<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>len-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> --len<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">return</span> in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>substr<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> len<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>length-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> --length<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> in<span class="Delimiter">.</span>substr<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> length<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">void</span> test_trim_floating_point<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
diff --git a/html/011load.cc.html b/html/011load.cc.html
index b9194212..16f666e4 100644
--- a/html/011load.cc.html
+++ b/html/011load.cc.html
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; load<span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in
     raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;instruction prematurely ended with '&lt;-'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  curr<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>old_name = curr<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name = *p<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  p++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  curr<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>old_name = curr<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name = *p<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  ++p<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Comment">// curr-&gt;operation will be set in a later layer</span>
 
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(;</span> p != words<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++p<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
diff --git a/html/016dilated_reagent.cc.html b/html/016dilated_reagent.cc.html
index d7de0ec6..67bf9462 100644
--- a/html/016dilated_reagent.cc.html
+++ b/html/016dilated_reagent.cc.html
@@ -89,32 +89,35 @@ $error: <span class="Constant">0</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">// Assume the first letter is an open bracket, and read everything until the</span>
 <span class="Comment">// matching close bracket.</span>
-<span class="Comment">// We balance {} () and []. And we skip one character after '\'.</span>
+<span class="Comment">// We balance {} () and [].</span>
 string slurp_balanced_bracket<span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   ostringstream result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">char</span> c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   list&lt;<span class="Normal">char</span>&gt; open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="cSpecial">'\\'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      <span class="Comment">// always silently skip the next character</span>
-      result &lt;&lt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      result &lt;&lt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'('</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">')'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">()</span> || open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> != <span class="Constant">'('</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unbalanced ')'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
       assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">'('</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>pop_back<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'['</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">']'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">'['</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">()</span> || open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> != <span class="Constant">'['</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unbalanced ']'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
       open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>pop_back<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'{'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'}'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">'{'</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">()</span> || open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>back<span class="Delimiter">()</span> != <span class="Constant">'{'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unbalanced '}'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
       open_brackets<span class="Delimiter">.</span>pop_back<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     result &lt;&lt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/020run.cc.html b/html/020run.cc.html
index 61706723..31a8e9ad 100644
--- a/html/020run.cc.html
+++ b/html/020run.cc.html
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ load_file_or_directory<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&qu
 <span class="CommentedCode">//? START_TRACING_UNTIL_END_OF_SCOPE</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>argc &gt; <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Comment">// skip argv[0]</span>
-  argv++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  argc--<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  ++argv<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  --argc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Comment">// ignore argv past '--'; that's commandline args for 'main'</span>
   <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>argc &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*argv<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">&quot;--&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ load_file_or_directory<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&qu
 transform_all<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//? DUMP(&quot;&quot;);</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//? exit(0);</span>
+<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Trace_errors<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 save_snapshots<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: Step 3: if we aren't running tests, locate a recipe called 'main' and</span>
@@ -213,7 +214,6 @@ save_snapshots<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9990</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;=== Starting to run&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Num_calls_to_transform_all == <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   run_main<span class="Delimiter">(</span>argc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> argv<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Trace_main<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Normal">delete</span> Trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Trace_stream = <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   teardown<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ save_snapshots<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     fout &lt;&lt; Trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>readable_contents<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     fout<span class="Delimiter">.</span>close<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Normal">delete</span> Trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Trace_stream = <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End One-time Setup&quot;)</span>
 atexit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>cleanup_main<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ atexit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>cleanup_main<span class="Delimiter">);</sp
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   ifstream fin<span class="Delimiter">(</span>filename<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!fin<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;no such file '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filename &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;no such file '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filename &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>  <span class="Comment">// don't raise, just warn. just in case it's just a name for a scenario to run.</span>
     <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9990</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;load&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;=== &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filename &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
diff --git a/html/032array.cc.html b/html/032array.cc.html
index 78c802e6..921247a6 100644
--- a/html/032array.cc.html
+++ b/html/032array.cc.html
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Comment">// Update CREATE_ARRAY product in Run</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> base_address = product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> array_length = to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// initialize array size, so that size_of will work</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// initialize array length, so that size_of will work</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; array_length &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; base_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> array_length<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// in array elements</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> size = size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// in locations</span>
diff --git a/html/034address.cc.html b/html/034address.cc.html
index 12aa417c..d4ef5474 100644
--- a/html/034address.cc.html
+++ b/html/034address.cc.html
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Normal">int</span> size = ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &gt; <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Comment">// array allocation</span>
-    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;array size is &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;array length is &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     size = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">space for length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + size*ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> result = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
@@ -320,10 +320,10 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Normal">int</span> allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> size<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Comment">// include space for refcount</span>
-  size++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  ++size<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;allocating size &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; size &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//?   Total_alloc += size;</span>
-<span class="CommentedCode">//?   Num_alloc++;</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?   ++Num_alloc;</span>
   <span class="Comment">// Allocate Special-cases</span>
   <span class="Comment">// compute the region of memory to return</span>
   <span class="Comment">// really crappy at the moment</span>
@@ -385,8 +385,8 @@ def main [
   <span class="Constant">3</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>subtract <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:number/<span class="Special">raw</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>
 ]
 <span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;number&quot;), &quot;raw&quot;: ()} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}, {5: &quot;literal&quot;}</span>
-<span class="traceContains">+mem: array size is 5</span>
-<span class="Comment"># don't forget the extra location for array size, and the second extra location for the refcount</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+mem: array length is 5</span>
+<span class="Comment"># don't forget the extra location for array length, and the second extra location for the refcount</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 7 in location 3</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenario new_empty_array)</span>
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ def main [
   <span class="Constant">3</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>subtract <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:number/<span class="Special">raw</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>
 ]
 <span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;number&quot;), &quot;raw&quot;: ()} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}, {0: &quot;literal&quot;}</span>
-<span class="traceContains">+mem: array size is 0</span>
-<span class="Comment"># one location for array size, and one for the refcount</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+mem: array length is 0</span>
+<span class="Comment"># one location for array length, and one for the refcount</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 2 in location 3</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: If a routine runs out of its initial allocation, it should allocate more.</span>
diff --git a/html/036refcount.cc.html b/html/036refcount.cc.html
index c1f923ae..6613fdb8 100644
--- a/html/036refcount.cc.html
+++ b/html/036refcount.cc.html
@@ -428,12 +428,13 @@ Transform<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</spa
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Decrement Refcounts(canonized_x)&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span>canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> || is_mu_exclusive_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span>canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;need to read old value to figure out what refcounts to decrement&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;need to read old value of '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' to figure out what refcounts to decrement&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Comment">// read from canonized_x but without canonizing again</span>
   <span class="Comment">// todo: inline without running canonize all over again</span>
   reagent<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">copy</span><span class="Comment">*/</span> tmp = canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   tmp<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>pair&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_tree*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;raw&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   vector&lt;<span class="Normal">double</span>&gt; data = read_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>tmp<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;done reading old value of '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">const</span> container_metadata&amp; metadata = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Container_metadata<span class="Delimiter">,</span> canonized_x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>map&lt;set&lt;tag_condition_info&gt;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> set&lt;address_element_info&gt; &gt;::const_iterator p = metadata<span class="Delimiter">.</span>address<span class="Delimiter">.</span>begin<span class="Delimiter">();</span> p != metadata<span class="Delimiter">.</span>address<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!all_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">,</span> p<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>first<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/037abandon.cc.html b/html/037abandon.cc.html
index 1339c4f0..89ea879c 100644
--- a/html/037abandon.cc.html
+++ b/html/037abandon.cc.html
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ map&lt;<span class="Normal">int</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span cla
 <span class="Normal">void</span> abandon<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* payload_type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> payload_size<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;abandon&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;updating refcounts inside &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>payload_type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//?   Total_free += size;</span>
-<span class="CommentedCode">//?   Num_free++;</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?   ++Num_free;</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//?   cerr &lt;&lt; &quot;abandon: &quot; &lt;&lt; size &lt;&lt; '\n';</span>
   <span class="Comment">// decrement any contained refcounts</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>payload_type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ map&lt;<span class="Normal">int</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span cla
     assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name != <span class="Constant">&quot;array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">int</span> element_size = size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; array_length<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>address + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip array length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + i*element_size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>address + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span> + i*element_size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       decrement_any_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/038new_text.cc.html b/html/038new_text.cc.html
index 35d3a2c9..f9565ba4 100644
--- a/html/038new_text.cc.html
+++ b/html/038new_text.cc.html
@@ -69,23 +69,24 @@ def main [
   <span class="Comment">// allocate an array just large enough for it</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> string_length = unicode_length<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="CommentedCode">//?   Total_alloc += string_length+1;</span>
-<span class="CommentedCode">//?   Num_alloc++;</span>
-  ensure_space<span class="Delimiter">(</span>string_length+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// don't forget the extra location for array size</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// initialize string</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> result = Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// initialize refcount</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc++<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// store length</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc++<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_length<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?   ++Num_alloc;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> result = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>string_length+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">array length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing string refcount 0 in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; result &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> result<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> curr_address = result+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing string length &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; string_length &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_length<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  ++curr_address<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// skip length</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> curr = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">char</span>* raw_contents = contents<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; string_length<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
     tb_utf8_char_to_unicode<span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;curr_character<span class="Delimiter">,</span> &amp;raw_contents[curr]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing string character &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_character &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     curr += tb_utf8_char_length<span class="Delimiter">(</span>raw_contents[curr]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-    ++Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    ++curr_address<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Comment">// mu strings are not null-terminated in memory</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -133,13 +134,13 @@ def main [
 
 <span class="Comment">//: Allocate more to routine when initializing a literal string</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenario new_string_overflow)</span>
-<span class="Special">% Initial_memory_per_routine = 2;</span>
+<span class="Special">% Initial_memory_per_routine = 3;</span>
 def main [
   <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
-  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> [a]  <span class="Comment"># not enough room in initial page, if you take the array size into account</span>
+  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> [a]  <span class="Comment"># not enough room in initial page, if you take the refcount and array length into account</span>
 ]
-<span class="traceContains">+new: routine allocated memory from 1000 to 1002</span>
-<span class="traceContains">+new: routine allocated memory from 1002 to 1004</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+new: routine allocated memory from 1000 to 1003</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+new: routine allocated memory from 1003 to 1006</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: helpers</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ def main [
 
 string read_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> address<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>address == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  address++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// skip refcount</span>
+  ++address<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// skip refcount</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> size = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>size == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   ostringstream tmp<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/039location_array.cc.html b/html/039location_array.cc.html
index 2b2e23cf..cb1e0e08 100644
--- a/html/039location_array.cc.html
+++ b/html/039location_array.cc.html
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> TO_LOCATION_ARRAY: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> array_size = SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> allocation_size = array_size + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> allocation_size = array_size + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   ensure_space<span class="Delimiter">(</span>allocation_size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> result = Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
diff --git a/html/042name.cc.html b/html/042name.cc.html
index adb432be..e52ba220 100644
--- a/html/042name.cc.html
+++ b/html/042name.cc.html
@@ -86,41 +86,45 @@ Name = Name_snapshot<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Comment">// End transform_names(inst) Special-cases</span>
     <span class="Comment">// map names to addresses</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> in = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> in &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_disqualified<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">),</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_numeric_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> numeric_locations_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_named_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> names_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!already_transformed<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">),</span> names<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;use before set: '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      reagent&amp; ingredient = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Comment">// Begin transform_names Ingredient Special-cases(ingredient, inst, caller)</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_disqualified<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">,</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_numeric_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">))</span> numeric_locations_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_named_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">))</span> names_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!already_transformed<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">,</span> names<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;use before set: '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredient<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
         <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-      <span class="Normal">int</span> v = lookup_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">),</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Normal">int</span> v = lookup_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>v &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">).</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>v<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-        <span class="Comment">// Done Placing Ingredient(inst, in, caller)</span>
+        ingredient<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>v<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        <span class="Comment">// Done Placing Ingredient(ingredient, inst, caller)</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
       <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;can't find a place to store '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;can't find a place to store '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredient<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
         <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> out = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> out &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_disqualified<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">),</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_numeric_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> numeric_locations_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_named_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> names_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>names<span class="Delimiter">.</span>find<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == names<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9993</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;assign &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_idx &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-        names[inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name] = curr_idx<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-        curr_idx += size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+      reagent&amp; product = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Comment">// Begin transform_names Product Special-cases(product, inst, caller)</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_disqualified<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_numeric_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">))</span> numeric_locations_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_named_location<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">))</span> names_used = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>names<span class="Delimiter">.</span>find<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == names<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9993</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;assign &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_idx &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        names[product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name] = curr_idx<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+        curr_idx += size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-      <span class="Normal">int</span> v = lookup_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">),</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      <span class="Normal">int</span> v = lookup_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>v &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>v<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-        <span class="Comment">// Done Placing Product(inst, out, caller)</span>
+        product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>v<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        <span class="Comment">// Done Placing Product(product, inst, caller)</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
       <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;can't find a place to store '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;can't find a place to store '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
         <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -131,7 +135,6 @@ Name = Name_snapshot<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">bool</span> is_disqualified<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">mutable</span><span class="Comment">*/</span> reagent&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Comment">// End Null-type is_disqualified Exceptions</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;missing type for '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/043space.cc.html b/html/043space.cc.html
index e04b8cfc..0ecfbcc1 100644
--- a/html/043space.cc.html
+++ b/html/043space.cc.html
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def main [
   <span class="Normal">y</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">3</span>
 ]
 <span class="Comment"># allocate space for x and y, as well as the chaining slot at 0</span>
-<span class="traceContains">+mem: array size is 3</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+mem: array length is 3</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End is_disqualified Cases&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;number-of-locals&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
@@ -275,14 +275,15 @@ try_reclaim_locals<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">leave default space for last</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>exiting_recipe<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst = exiting_recipe<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      <span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; product = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Comment">// local variables only</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_property<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;lookup&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_property<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;raw&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// tests often want to check such locations after they run</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>escaping<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_property<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;lookup&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_property<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;raw&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// tests often want to check such locations after they run</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>escaping<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Comment">// End Checks For Reclaiming Locals</span>
-      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;clearing &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span>original_string &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      zeros<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)));</span>
-      write_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> zeros<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;clearing &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      zeros<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+      write_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> zeros<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;automatically abandoning &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; current_call<span class="Delimiter">().</span>default_space &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
@@ -300,8 +301,8 @@ try_reclaim_locals<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_step_index<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &gt;= SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">()))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">long</span> <span class="Normal">long</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>r == current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller_uses_product<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-      <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller_uses_product<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
+        <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/044space_surround.cc.html b/html/044space_surround.cc.html
index 3c564c0b..66db51b3 100644
--- a/html/044space_surround.cc.html
+++ b/html/044space_surround.cc.html
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ def main [
 ]
 def dummy [  <span class="Comment"># just for the /names: property above</span>
 ]
-<span class="Comment"># chain space: 10 + /*skip refcount*/1 + /*skip length*/1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># chain space: 10 + (refcount and length) 2</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 20 in location 12</span>
-<span class="Comment"># store to default space: 10 + /*skip refcount*/1 + /*skip length*/1 + /*index*/1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># store to default space: 10 + (skip refcount and length) 2 + (index) 1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 32 in location 13</span>
-<span class="Comment"># store to chained space: /*contents of location 12*/20 + /*skip refcount*/1 + /*skip length*/1 + /*index*/1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># store to chained space: (contents of location 12) 20 + (refcount and length) 2 + (index) 1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 33 in location 23</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Checks For Reclaiming Locals&quot;)</span>
diff --git a/html/046global.cc.html b/html/046global.cc.html
index c84b909b..1d68aa01 100644
--- a/html/046global.cc.html
+++ b/html/046global.cc.html
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def main [
   <span class="Constant">1</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">23</span>
   <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/space:global<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">24</span>
 ]
-<span class="Comment"># store to default space: 10 + /*skip refcount*/1 + /*skip length*/1 + /*index*/1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># store to default space: 10 + (skip refcount and length) 2 + (index) 1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 23 in location 13</span>
-<span class="Comment"># store to chained space: /*contents of location 12*/20 + /*skip refcount*/1 + /*skip length*/1 + /*index*/1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># store to chained space: (contents of location 12) 20 + (refcount and length) 2 + (index) 1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 24 in location 23</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: to support it, create another special variable called global space</span>
diff --git a/html/050scenario.cc.html b/html/050scenario.cc.html
index a660cefb..1ec3e9b2 100644
--- a/html/050scenario.cc.html
+++ b/html/050scenario.cc.html
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ Hide_missing_default_space_errors = <span class="Constant">false</span><span cla
   run<span class="Delimiter">(</span>tmp<span class="Delimiter">.</span>front<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!Hide_errors &amp;&amp; trace_count<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;error&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
     Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// End Mu Test Teardown</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!Passed<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
     ++Num_failures<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// End Mu Test Teardown</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>not_already_inside_test &amp;&amp; Trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     teardown<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Save_trace<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ Hide_missing_default_space_errors = <span class="Constant">false</span><span cla
   <span class="Comment">// Special Scenario Variable Names(r)</span>
   <span class="Comment">// End Special Scenario Variable Names(r)</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;Done Placing Ingredient(inst, in, caller)&quot;)</span>
-maybe_make_raw<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">),</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;Done Placing Product(inst, out, caller)&quot;)</span>
-maybe_make_raw<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">),</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;Done Placing Ingredient(ingredient, inst, caller)&quot;)</span>
+maybe_make_raw<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;Done Placing Product(product, inst, caller)&quot;)</span>
+maybe_make_raw<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Normal">void</span> maybe_make_raw<span class="Delimiter">(</span>reagent&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_special_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html b/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
index 98c0d5a3..2302862c 100644
--- a/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
+++ b/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ recipe_ordinal best_shape_shifting_variant<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> result = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &amp;&amp; !is_type_ingredient_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-    result++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    ++result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   result += number_of_concrete_type_names<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>left<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   result += number_of_concrete_type_names<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/071recipe.cc.html b/html/071recipe.cc.html
index 13241cf5..0ae26bfe 100644
--- a/html/071recipe.cc.html
+++ b/html/071recipe.cc.html
@@ -68,13 +68,59 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 type_ordinal recipe = put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;recipe&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> Next_type_ordinal++<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> recipe<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name = <span class="Constant">&quot;recipe&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 
-<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Null-type is_disqualified Exceptions&quot;)</span>
-<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type &amp;&amp; contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Begin transform_names Ingredient Special-cases(ingredient, inst, caller)&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  initialize_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredient<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Begin transform_names Product Special-cases(product, inst, caller)&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  initialize_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
+<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_reagent_with_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;you can't use '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' as a recipe literal when it's also a variable</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Normal">void</span> initialize_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>reagent&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type = <span class="Normal">new</span> type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;recipe-literal&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Normal">bool</span> contains_reagent_with_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst = caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_matching_non_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_matching_non_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_matching_non_recipe_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name != name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;recipe-literal&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
+<span class="Comment">//: It's confusing to use variable names that are also recipe names. Always</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: assume variable types override recipe literals.</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario error_on_recipe_literal_used_as_a_variable)</span>
+<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
+def main [
+  local-scope
+  <span class="Normal">a</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Identifier">break</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
+  <span class="Normal">break</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+]
+<span class="traceContains">+error: main: you can't use 'break' as a recipe literal when it's also a variable</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+error: main: missing type for 'break' in 'a:boolean &lt;- equal break, 0'</span>
+
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
 CALL<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
diff --git a/html/072scheduler.cc.html b/html/072scheduler.cc.html
index 55f7ba88..78ac7437 100644
--- a/html/072scheduler.cc.html
+++ b/html/072scheduler.cc.html
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 .Comment { color: #9090ff; }
 .Delimiter { color: #800080; }
 .Special { color: #c00000; }
-.Identifier { color: #fcb165; }
+.CommentedCode { color: #6c6c6c; }
 .Normal { color: #eeeeee; background-color: #080808; padding-bottom: 1px; }
+.Identifier { color: #fcb165; }
 -->
 </style>
 
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state == RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9990</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;schedule&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; current_routine_label<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?     cerr &lt;&lt; &quot;schedule: &quot; &lt;&lt; current_routine_label() &lt;&lt; '\n';</span>
     run_current_routine<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Scheduling_interval<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Comment">// Scheduler State Transitions</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>completed<span class="Delimiter">())</span>
@@ -104,6 +106,7 @@ Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Comment">// Scheduler Cleanup</span>
     <span class="Comment">// End Scheduler Cleanup</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// End Run Routine</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">bool</span> all_routines_done<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -128,8 +131,12 @@ Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 string current_routine_label<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> routine_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+string routine_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>routine* r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   ostringstream result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Normal">const</span> call_stack&amp; calls = Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>calls<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">const</span> call_stack&amp; calls = r<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>calls<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>call_stack::const_iterator p = calls<span class="Delimiter">.</span>begin<span class="Delimiter">();</span> p != calls<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p != calls<span class="Delimiter">.</span>begin<span class="Delimiter">())</span> result &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'/'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     result &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> p<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>running_recipe<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -172,7 +179,7 @@ Current_routine = <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">;</s
 Next_routine_id = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End routine Constructor&quot;)</span>
 id = Next_routine_id<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-Next_routine_id++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="traceContains">++Next_routine_id;</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: routines save the routine that spawned them</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End routine Fields&quot;)</span>
diff --git a/html/073wait.cc.html b/html/073wait.cc.html
index 49bdd7d3..847eafa3 100644
--- a/html/073wait.cc.html
+++ b/html/073wait.cc.html
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 .Special { color: #c00000; }
 .Identifier { color: #fcb165; }
 .Normal { color: #eeeeee; background-color: #080808; padding-bottom: 1px; }
+.CommentedCode { color: #6c6c6c; }
 -->
 </style>
 
@@ -68,6 +69,11 @@ waiting_on_location = old_value_of_waiting_location = <span class="Constant">0</
   Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   raise &lt;&lt; Current_scenario<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: deadlock!</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Run Routine&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>any_routines_waiting<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;deadlock!</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  dump_waiting_routines<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Test Teardown&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Passed &amp;&amp; any_routines_with_error<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -81,6 +87,12 @@ waiting_on_location = old_value_of_waiting_location = <span class="Constant">0</
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Normal">void</span> dump_waiting_routines<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>state == WAITING<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+      cerr &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; routine_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">//: primitive recipe to put routines in that state</span>
 
@@ -258,26 +270,112 @@ def main [
 ]
 <span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 11 in location 21</span>
 
-<span class="Comment">//: also allow waiting on a routine to stop running</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: also allow waiting on a routine to block</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: (just for tests; use wait_for_routine below wherever possible)</span>
+
+<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario wait_for_routine_to_block)</span>
+def f1 [
+  <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running f2
+  wait-<span class="Normal">for</span>-routine-to-block <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/routine
+  <span class="Comment"># now wait for f2 to run and modify location 10 before using its value</span>
+  <span class="Constant">11</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">10</span>:number
+]
+def f2 [
+  <span class="Constant">10</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">34</span>
+]
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: f1</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+run: waiting for routine 2 to block</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: f2</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: waking up blocked routine 1</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: f1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># if we got the synchronization wrong we'd be storing 0 in location 11</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 34 in location 11</span>
+
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End routine Fields&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Comment">// only if state == WAITING</span>
+<span class="Normal">int</span> waiting_on_routine_to_block<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End routine Constructor&quot;)</span>
+waiting_on_routine_to_block = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
+WAIT_FOR_ROUTINE_TO_BLOCK<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
+put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;wait-for-routine-to-block&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> WAIT_FOR_ROUTINE_TO_BLOCK<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">case</span> WAIT_FOR_ROUTINE_TO_BLOCK: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'wait-for-routine-to-block' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of 'wait-for-routine-to-block' should be a routine id generated by 'start-running', but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">case</span> WAIT_FOR_ROUTINE_TO_BLOCK: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;routine can't wait for itself! '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state = WAITING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine_to_block = ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9998</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;waiting for routine &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to block&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?   cerr &lt;&lt; Current_routine-&gt;id &lt;&lt; &quot;: waiting for routine &quot; &lt;&lt; ingredients.at(0).at(0) &lt;&lt; &quot; to block\n&quot;;</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Scheduler State Transitions&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Comment">// Wake up any routines waiting for other routines to stop running.</span>
+<span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>state != WAITING<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  routine* waiter = Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine_to_block<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> id = waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine_to_block<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>id != waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// routine can't wait on itself</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> j = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> j &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++j<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">const</span> routine* waitee = Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>j<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>waitee<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id == id &amp;&amp; waitee<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state != RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      <span class="Comment">// routine is WAITING or COMPLETED or DISCONTINUED</span>
+      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;schedule&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;waking up blocked routine &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?       cerr &lt;&lt; id &lt;&lt; &quot; is now unblocked (&quot; &lt;&lt; waitee-&gt;state &lt;&lt; &quot;); waking up waiting routine &quot; &lt;&lt; waiter-&gt;id &lt;&lt; '\n';</span>
+      waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state = RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine_to_block = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+<span class="Comment">//: allow waiting on a routine to complete</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenario wait_for_routine)</span>
 def f1 [
-  <span class="Constant">1</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
-  <span class="Constant">12</span>:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running f2
-  wait-<span class="Normal">for</span>-routine <span class="Constant">12</span>:number/routine
-  <span class="Comment"># now wait for f2 to run and modify location 1 before using its value</span>
-  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:number
+  <span class="Comment"># add a few routines to run</span>
+  <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running f2
+  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running f3
+  wait-<span class="Normal">for</span>-routine <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/routine
+  <span class="Comment"># now wait for f2 to *complete* and modify location 13 before using its value</span>
+  <span class="Constant">20</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">13</span>:number
 ]
 def f2 [
-  <span class="Constant">1</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">34</span>
+  <span class="Constant">10</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># just padding</span>
+  <span class="Normal">switch</span>  <span class="Comment"># simulate a block; routine f1 shouldn't restart at this point</span>
+  <span class="Constant">13</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">34</span>
+]
+def f3 [
+  <span class="Comment"># padding routine just to help simulate the block in f2 using 'switch'</span>
+  <span class="Constant">11</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+  <span class="Constant">12</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
 ]
 <span class="traceContains">+schedule: f1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+run: waiting for routine 2</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+schedule: f2</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: f3</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+schedule: f2</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+schedule: waking up routine 1</span>
 <span class="traceContains">+schedule: f1</span>
-<span class="Comment"># if we got the synchronization wrong we'd be storing 0 in location 3</span>
-<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 34 in location 3</span>
+<span class="Comment"># if we got the synchronization wrong we'd be storing 0 in location 20</span>
+<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 34 in location 20</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End routine Fields&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Comment">// only if state == WAITING</span>
@@ -310,27 +408,34 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state = WAITING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine = ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9998</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;waiting for routine &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?   cerr &lt;&lt; Current_routine-&gt;id &lt;&lt; &quot;: waiting for routine &quot; &lt;&lt; ingredients.at(0).at(0) &lt;&lt; '\n';</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Scheduler State Transitions&quot;)</span>
-<span class="Comment">// Wake up any routines waiting for other routines to go to sleep.</span>
+<span class="Comment">// Wake up any routines waiting for other routines to complete.</span>
 <span class="Comment">// Important: this must come after the scheduler loop above giving routines</span>
 <span class="Comment">// waiting for locations to change a chance to wake up.</span>
 <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>state != WAITING<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> id = Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>id != Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>id<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// routine can't wait on itself</span>
+  routine* waiter = Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> id = waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>id != waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// routine can't wait on itself</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> j = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> j &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++j<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>j<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>id == id &amp;&amp; Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>j<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>state != RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;schedule&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;waking up routine &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>id &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>state = RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Normal">const</span> routine* waitee = Routines<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>j<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>waitee<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id == id &amp;&amp; waitee<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state != RUNNING &amp;&amp; waitee<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state != WAITING<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      <span class="Comment">// routine is COMPLETED or DISCONTINUED</span>
+      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;schedule&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;waking up routine &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span class="CommentedCode">//?       cerr &lt;&lt; id &lt;&lt; &quot; is now done (&quot; &lt;&lt; waitee-&gt;state &lt;&lt; &quot;); waking up waiting routine &quot; &lt;&lt; waiter-&gt;id &lt;&lt; '\n';</span>
+      waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state = RUNNING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      waiter<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
+<span class="Comment">//: yield voluntarily to let some other routine run</span>
+
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
 SWITCH<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
@@ -339,17 +444,18 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Normal">case</span> SWITCH: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: pick another RUNNING routine at random and wait for it to get a chance</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: there might be a better implementation than this</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> SWITCH: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> id = some_other_running_routine<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>id<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>id != Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>id<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>state = WAITING<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine = id<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>waiting_on_routine_to_block = id<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Normal">int</span> some_other_running_routine<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Routines<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
diff --git a/html/075channel.mu.html b/html/075channel.mu.html
index 54fda434..6f34b054 100644
--- a/html/075channel.mu.html
+++ b/html/075channel.mu.html
@@ -454,28 +454,28 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 <span class="Constant">F buffer-lines-blocks-until-newline: channel should be empty after init]</span>
     <span class="Comment"># buffer stdin into buffered-stdin, try to read from buffered-stdin</span>
     buffer-routine:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running buffer-lines, source, buffered-stdin
-    wait-for-routine buffer-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block buffer-routine
     empty?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>channel-empty? buffered-chan
     assert empty?:boolean, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
 <span class="Constant">F buffer-lines-blocks-until-newline: channel should be empty after buffer-lines bring-up]</span>
     <span class="Comment"># write 'a'</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     restart buffer-routine
-    wait-for-routine buffer-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block buffer-routine
     empty?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>channel-empty? buffered-chan
     assert empty?:boolean, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
 <span class="Constant">F buffer-lines-blocks-until-newline: channel should be empty after writing 'a']</span>
     <span class="Comment"># write 'b'</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">98/b</span>
     restart buffer-routine
-    wait-for-routine buffer-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block buffer-routine
     empty?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>channel-empty? buffered-chan
     assert empty?:boolean, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
 <span class="Constant">F buffer-lines-blocks-until-newline: channel should be empty after writing 'b']</span>
     <span class="Comment"># write newline</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
     restart buffer-routine
-    wait-for-routine buffer-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block buffer-routine
     empty?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>channel-empty? buffered-chan
     data-emitted?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>not empty?
     assert data-emitted?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
diff --git a/html/080display.cc.html b/html/080display.cc.html
index fc7d0e22..44613b49 100644
--- a/html/080display.cc.html
+++ b/html/080display.cc.html
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Normal">int</span> h=tb_height<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> height = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>h &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> ? h : <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_row &lt; height-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    Display_row++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    ++Display_row<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     tb_set_cursor<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Display_row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Autodisplay<span class="Delimiter">)</span> tb_present<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> MOVE_CURSOR_UP_ON_DISPLAY: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_row &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    Display_row--<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    --Display_row<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     tb_set_cursor<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Display_row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Autodisplay<span class="Delimiter">)</span> tb_present<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Normal">int</span> w=tb_width<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> width = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>w &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> ? w : <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column &lt; width-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    Display_column++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    ++Display_column<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     tb_set_cursor<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Display_row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Autodisplay<span class="Delimiter">)</span> tb_present<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> MOVE_CURSOR_LEFT_ON_DISPLAY: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column &gt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    Display_column--<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    --Display_column<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     tb_set_cursor<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Display_row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Autodisplay<span class="Delimiter">)</span> tb_present<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Normal">void</span> move_cursor_to_start_of_next_line_on_display<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_row &lt; tb_height<span class="Delimiter">()</span>-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> Display_row++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_row &lt; tb_height<span class="Delimiter">()</span>-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> ++Display_row<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">else</span> Display_row = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   Display_column = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   tb_set_cursor<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Display_column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Display_row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
diff --git a/html/082scenario_screen.cc.html b/html/082scenario_screen.cc.html
index d66b7407..5501e57f 100644
--- a/html/082scenario_screen.cc.html
+++ b/html/082scenario_screen.cc.html
@@ -161,10 +161,13 @@ def main [
 $error: <span class="Constant">0</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenarios run_mu_scenario)</span>
 
+<span class="Comment">//: It's easier to implement assume-screen and other similar scenario-only</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: primitives if they always write to a fixed location. So we'll assign a</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: single fixed location for the per-scenario screen, keyboard, file system,</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: etc. Carve space for these fixed locations out of the reserved-for-test</span>
+<span class="Comment">//: locations.</span>
+
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Globals&quot;)</span>
-<span class="Comment">// Scenarios may not define default-space, so they should fit within the</span>
-<span class="Comment">// initial area of memory reserved for tests. We'll put the predefined</span>
-<span class="Comment">// variables available to them at the end of that region.</span>
 <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> Max_variables_in_scenarios = Reserved_for_tests-<span class="Constant">100</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Normal">int</span> Next_predefined_global_for_scenarios = Max_variables_in_scenarios<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Setup&quot;)</span>
@@ -192,9 +195,17 @@ Name[r][<span class="Constant">&quot;screen&quot;</span>] = SCREEN<span class="D
 <span class="Comment">// `screen:address:screen &lt;- new-fake-screen width, height`</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;assume-screen&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name = <span class="Constant">&quot;new-fake-screen&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
-  curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;screen:address:screen/raw&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>  <span class="Comment">// only allowed in scenario blocks</span>
-  curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>SCREEN<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: 'assume-screen' has no products</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!starts_with<span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;scenario_&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: 'assume-screen' can't be called here, only in scenarios</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
+    curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;screen:address:screen/raw&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+    curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>SCREEN<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenario assume_screen_shows_up_in_errors)</span>
@@ -211,6 +222,14 @@ SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;screen-should-contain&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'screen-should-contain' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_literal_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of 'screen-should-contain' should be a literal string, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -227,6 +246,18 @@ SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN_IN_COLOR<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;screen-should-contain-in-color&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN_IN_COLOR<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> SCREEN_SHOULD_CONTAIN_IN_COLOR: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'screen-should-contain-in-color' requires exactly two ingredients, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of 'screen-should-contain-in-color' should be a number (color code), but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_literal_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;second ingredient of 'screen-should-contain-in-color' should be a literal string, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -269,7 +300,11 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> row = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> row &lt; screen_height<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++row<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>skip_whitespace_and_comments<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at_end<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>get<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>get<span class="Delimiter">()</span> != <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      raise &lt;&lt; Current_scenario<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: each row of the expected screen should start with a '.'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> column = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  column &lt; screen_width<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  ++column<span class="Delimiter">,</span> addr+= <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">size of screen-cell</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
       <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> cell_color_offset = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> curr = cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>get<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
@@ -321,10 +356,17 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!Scenario_testing_scenario<span class="Delimiter">)</span> Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>get<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>get<span class="Delimiter">()</span> != <span class="Constant">'.'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      raise &lt;&lt; Current_scenario<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: row &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; row &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; of the expected screen is too long</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>skip_whitespace_and_comments<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at_end<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!cursor<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at_end<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; Current_scenario<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: expected screen has too many rows</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    Passed = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 raw_string_stream::raw_string_stream<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; backing<span class="Delimiter">)</span> :index<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> max<span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>backing<span class="Delimiter">)),</span> buf<span class="Delimiter">(</span>backing<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{}</span>
diff --git a/html/085scenario_console.cc.html b/html/085scenario_console.cc.html
index f2e79b3c..f4c60570 100644
--- a/html/085scenario_console.cc.html
+++ b/html/085scenario_console.cc.html
@@ -91,70 +91,67 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   slurp_body<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> num_events = count_events<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// initialize the events like in new-fake-console</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> size = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">space for refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">space for length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + num_events*size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-  ensure_space<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> event_data_address = Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> size = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">space for refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span> + num_events*size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> event_data_address = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// store length</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> num_events<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc += <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> event_data_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> num_events<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> curr_address = event_data_address + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; curr = r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;left-click&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst = r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;left-click&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
       trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'left-click' event starting at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'touch-event' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'type' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> TB_KEY_MOUSE_LEFT<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'row' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'column' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-      Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'touch-event' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'type' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> TB_KEY_MOUSE_LEFT<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'row' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+      put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'column' in 'mouse-event'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+      curr_address += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;press&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'press' event starting at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      string key = curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;press&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'press' event starting at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      string key = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>key<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>key<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>key<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
       <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Key<span class="Delimiter">,</span> key<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> Key[key]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> Key[key]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">else</span>
         raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;assume-console: can't press '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; key &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt; <span class="Constant">256</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt; <span class="Constant">256</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
         <span class="Comment">// these keys are in ascii</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'text' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'text' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
         <span class="Comment">// distinguish from unicode</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'keycode' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'keycode' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-      Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      curr_address += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Comment">// End Event Handlers</span>
     <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
       <span class="Comment">// keyboard input</span>
-      assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'type' event starting at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-      <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; contents = curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+      trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'type' event starting at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+      <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; contents = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">char</span>* raw_contents = contents<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
       <span class="Normal">int</span> num_keyboard_events = unicode_length<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">int</span> curr = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; num_keyboard_events<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'text' tag at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'text' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 'text' tag at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">tag for 'text' variant of 'event' exclusive-container</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
         <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
         assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
         tb_utf8_char_to_unicode<span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;curr_character<span class="Delimiter">,</span> &amp;raw_contents[curr]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing character &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_character &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Constant">1</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip exclusive container tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+        trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing character &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_character &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; at &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip exclusive container tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip exclusive container tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr_character<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
         curr += tb_utf8_char_length<span class="Delimiter">(</span>raw_contents[curr]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-        Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+        curr_address += size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc == event_data_address+size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr_address == event_data_address+size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// wrap the array of events in a console object</span>
-  ensure_space<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size_of_console<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> CONSOLE<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing console in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-  Current_routine<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>alloc += size_of_console<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> console_address = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> CONSOLE<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing console data in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; console_address+<span class="Constant">2</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> console_address = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size_of_console<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing console in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; console_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> CONSOLE<span class="Delimiter">,</span> console_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing console data in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; console_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'data' in container 'events'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> console_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span>+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">offset of 'data' in container 'events'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> event_data_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// increment refcount for event data</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> event_data_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
@@ -291,8 +288,8 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> console_address = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> CONSOLE<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> console_data = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> console_address+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> size = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> console_data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// array size</span>
-  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr = console_data+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; size<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr+=size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> length = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> console_data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// array length</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr = console_data+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; length<span class="Delimiter">;</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr+=size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">text</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> != ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> n = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> n &lt; size_of_event<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++n<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
       result += unicode_length<span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">else</span>
-      result++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      ++result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/087file.cc.html b/html/087file.cc.html
index d8af7ae0..052774d9 100644
--- a/html/087file.cc.html
+++ b/html/087file.cc.html
@@ -52,11 +52,18 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$open-file-for-reading' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  string filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of '$open-file-for-reading' should be a string, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$open-file-for-reading' requires exactly one product, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first product of '$open-file-for-reading' should be a number (file handle), but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -80,11 +87,18 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$open-file-for-writing' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  string filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of '$open-file-for-writing' should be a string, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$open-file-for-writing' requires exactly one product, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first product of '$open-file-for-writing' should be a number (file handle), but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -107,11 +121,22 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$read-from-file' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  string filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of '$read-from-file' should be a number, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$read-from-file' requires exactly two products, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_character<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first product of '$read-from-file' should be a character, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_boolean<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;second product of '$read-from-file' should be a boolean, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -122,9 +147,10 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;can't read from null file in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>feof<span class="Delimiter">(</span>f<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// eof</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>ferror<span class="Delimiter">(</span>f<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -132,12 +158,18 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">char</span> c = getc<span class="Delimiter">(</span>f<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// todo: unicode</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">EOF</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// eof</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>ferror<span class="Delimiter">(</span>f<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;couldn't read from file in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;  errno: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; errno &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// not eof</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
@@ -153,7 +185,6 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$write-to-file' requires exactly two ingredients, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  string filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of '$write-to-file' should be a number, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -162,6 +193,10 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;second ingredient of '$write-to-file' should be a character, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$write-to-file' writes to no products, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
@@ -198,11 +233,18 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$close-file' requires exactly one ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  string filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_number<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;first ingredient of '$close-file' should be a number, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$close-file' requires exactly one product, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name != inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'$close-file' requires its product to be the same as its ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
diff --git a/html/088file.mu.html b/html/088file.mu.html
index 6a194227..e86201ed 100644
--- a/html/088file.mu.html
+++ b/html/088file.mu.html
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 </head>
 <body>
 <pre id='vimCodeElement'>
-<span class="Comment"># Wrappers around file-system primitives that take a 'filesystem' object and</span>
+<span class="Comment"># Wrappers around file system primitives that take a 'filesystem' object and</span>
 <span class="Comment"># are thus easier to test.</span>
 
 <span class="muData">container</span> filesystem [
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="muControl">break-if</span> fs
-    <span class="Comment"># real file-system</span>
+    <span class="Comment"># real file system</span>
     file:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$open-file-for-reading filename
     assert file, <span class="Constant">[file not found]</span>
     contents:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">30</span>
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     done?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>greater-or-equal i, len
     <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
     tmp:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *data, i
+    i<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>add i, <span class="Constant">1</span>
     curr-filename:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get tmp, <span class="Constant">name:offset</span>
     found?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal filename, curr-filename
     <span class="muControl">loop-unless</span> found?
@@ -78,13 +79,13 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    c:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$read-from-file file
-    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> c
+    c:character, eof?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$read-from-file file
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> eof?
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, c
     <span class="muControl">loop</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>close sink
-  $close-file file
+  file<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$close-file file
 ]
 
 <span class="muRecipe">def</span> transmit-from-text contents:address:array:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>sink:address:sink:character [
@@ -106,12 +107,21 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 <span class="muRecipe">def</span> start-writing fs:address:filesystem, filename:address:array:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>sink:address:sink:character, routine-id:number [
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
-  file:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$open-file-for-writing filename
   source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">30</span>
-  routine-id<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running transmit-to-file file, source
+  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> fs
+    <span class="Comment"># real file system</span>
+    file:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$open-file-for-writing filename
+    assert file, <span class="Constant">[no such file]</span>
+    routine-id<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running transmit-to-file file, source
+    <span class="muControl">reply</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># fake file system</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># beware: doesn't support multiple concurrent writes yet</span>
+  routine-id<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running transmit-to-fake-file fs, filename, source
 ]
 
-<span class="muRecipe">def</span> transmit-to-file file:number, source:address:source:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>file:number, source:address:source:character [
+<span class="muRecipe">def</span> transmit-to-file file:number, source:address:source:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>source:address:source:character [
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -120,7 +130,52 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     $write-to-file file, c
     <span class="muControl">loop</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  $close-file file
+  file<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>$close-file file
+]
+
+<span class="muRecipe">def</span> transmit-to-fake-file fs:address:filesystem, filename:address:array:character, source:address:source:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>fs:address:filesystem, source:address:source:character [
+  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># compute new file contents</span>
+  buf:address:buffer<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-buffer <span class="Constant">30</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    c:character, done?:boolean, source<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>read source
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
+    buf<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append buf, c
+    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  contents:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>buffer-to-array buf
+  new-file-mapping:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge filename, contents
+  <span class="Comment"># write to filesystem</span>
+  curr-filename:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+  data:address:array:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *fs, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># replace file contents if it already exists</span>
+  i:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+  len:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *data
+  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    done?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>greater-or-equal i, len
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
+    tmp:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *data, i
+    curr-filename<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get tmp, <span class="Constant">name:offset</span>
+    found?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal filename, curr-filename
+    <span class="muControl">loop-unless</span> found?
+    put-index *data, i, new-file-mapping
+    <span class="muControl">reply</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># if file didn't already exist, make room for it</span>
+  new-len:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>add len, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+  new-data:address:array:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">file-mapping:type</span>, new-len
+  put *fs, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>, new-data
+  <span class="Comment"># copy over old files</span>
+  i:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    done?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>greater-or-equal i, len
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
+    tmp:file-mapping<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *data, i
+    put-index *new-data, i, tmp
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># write new file</span>
+  put-index *new-data, len, new-file-mapping
 ]
 </pre>
 </body>
diff --git a/html/089scenario_filesystem.cc.html b/html/089scenario_filesystem.cc.html
index 6dc1faa3..0f9b51b6 100644
--- a/html/089scenario_filesystem.cc.html
+++ b/html/089scenario_filesystem.cc.html
@@ -222,21 +222,34 @@ string munge_filesystem_contents<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Nor
 
 <span class="Normal">void</span> construct_filesystem_object<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> map&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string&gt;&amp; contents<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> filesystem_data_address = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">)</span>*<span class="Constant">2</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">array length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">int</span> curr = filesystem_data_address + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip array length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">int</span> curr = filesystem_data_address + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount and length</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>map&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string&gt;::const_iterator p = contents<span class="Delimiter">.</span>begin<span class="Delimiter">();</span> p != contents<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>first<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-    curr++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing file name &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">),</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing refcount 1 in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    ++curr<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>second<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-    curr++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing file contents &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">),</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing refcount 1 in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    ++curr<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_data_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">));</span>  <span class="Comment">// size of array</span>
+  curr = filesystem_data_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contents<span class="Delimiter">));</span>  <span class="Comment">// size of array</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing filesystem size &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_data_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// initialize refcount</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing refcount 1 in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filesystem_data_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Comment">// wrap the filesystem data in a filesystem object</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> filesystem_address = allocate<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size_of_filesystem<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_data_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  curr = filesystem_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_data_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing filesystem data address &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filesystem_data_address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; curr &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// initialize refcount</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing refcount 1 in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filesystem_address &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Comment">// save in product</span>
   put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> FILESYSTEM<span class="Delimiter">,</span> filesystem_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing filesystem address &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; filesystem_address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; in location &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; FILESYSTEM &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">int</span> size_of_filesystem<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
diff --git a/html/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu.html b/html/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu.html
index 1188f1dd..dc20709d 100644
--- a/html/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu.html
+++ b/html/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu.html
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ pre { white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-
 body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color: #080808; }
 * { font-size: 12pt; font-size: 1em; }
 .muScenario { color: #00af00; }
+.Delimiter { color: #800080; }
+.muRecipe { color: #ff8700; }
 .Comment { color: #9090ff; }
 .Constant { color: #00a0a0; }
 .Special { color: #c00000; }
+.muControl { color: #c0a020; }
 -->
 </style>
 
@@ -51,6 +54,77 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># eof</span>
   ]
 ]
+
+<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> write-to-fake-file [
+  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+  assume-filesystem [
+  ]
+  sink:address:sink:character, writer:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-writing filesystem:address:filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">120/x</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">121/y</span>
+  close sink
+  wait-for-routine writer
+  contents-read-back:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>slurp filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal contents-read-back, <span class="Constant">[xy]</span>
+  memory-should-contain [
+    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># file contents read back exactly match what was written</span>
+  ]
+]
+
+<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> write-to-fake-file-that-exists [
+  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+  assume-filesystem [
+    <span class="Constant">[a]</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[]</span>
+  ]
+  sink:address:sink:character, writer:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-writing filesystem:address:filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">120/x</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">121/y</span>
+  close sink
+  wait-for-routine writer
+  contents-read-back:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>slurp filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal contents-read-back, <span class="Constant">[xy]</span>
+  memory-should-contain [
+    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># file contents read back exactly match what was written</span>
+  ]
+]
+
+<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> write-to-existing-file-preserves-other-files [
+  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+  assume-filesystem [
+    <span class="Constant">[a]</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">[b]</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>[
+<span class="Constant">      |bcd|</span>
+    ]
+  ]
+  sink:address:sink:character, writer:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-writing filesystem:address:filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">120/x</span>
+  sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">121/y</span>
+  close sink
+  wait-for-routine writer
+  contents-read-back:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>slurp filesystem, <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+  <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal contents-read-back, <span class="Constant">[xy]</span>
+  other-file-contents:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>slurp filesystem, <span class="Constant">[b]</span>
+  <span class="Constant">11</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal other-file-contents, <span class="Constant">[bcd</span>
+<span class="Constant">]</span>
+  memory-should-contain [
+    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># file contents read back exactly match what was written</span>
+    <span class="Constant">11</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># other files also continue to persist unchanged</span>
+  ]
+]
+
+<span class="muRecipe">def</span> slurp fs:address:filesystem, filename:address:array:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>contents:address:array:character [
+  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
+  source:address:source:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-reading fs, filename
+  buf:address:buffer<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-buffer <span class="Constant">30/capacity</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    c:character, done?:boolean, source<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>read source
+    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
+    buf<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append buf, c
+    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  contents<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>buffer-to-array buf
+]
 </pre>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/html/chessboard.mu.html b/html/chessboard.mu.html
index 0b583444..95eea356 100644
--- a/html/chessboard.mu.html
+++ b/html/chessboard.mu.html
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">2/capacity</span>
     read-move-routine:number/routine<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running read-move, source, screen:address:screen
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' is waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' still waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">50/'2'</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' still waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">45/'-'</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' still waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' still waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">52/'4'</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' still waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">10</span>  <span class="Comment"># newline</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' now completes</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     completed?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">1/completed</span>
     assert completed?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">2/capacity</span>
     read-move-routine:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running read-move, source, screen:address:screen
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' is waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">113/q</span>
     restart read-move-routine
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' completes</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     completed?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">1/completed</span>
     assert completed?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -505,14 +505,14 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">2/capacity</span>
     read-move-routine:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running read-move, source, screen:address:screen
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' is waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
 <span class="Constant">F read-move-file: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">50/'2'</span>
     restart read-move-routine
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant"> .file too low: 2     .</span>
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">2/capacity</span>
     read-move-routine:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running read-move, source, screen:address:screen
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' is waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     restart read-move-routine
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant"> .rank too high: a    .</span>
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     source:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-channel <span class="Constant">2/capacity</span>
     read-move-routine:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>start-running read-move, source, screen:address:screen
     <span class="Comment"># 'read-move' is waiting for input</span>
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
     read-move-state:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>routine-state read-move-routine
     waiting?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal read-move-state, <span class="Constant">3/waiting</span>
     assert waiting?, <span class="Constant">[ </span>
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
     sink<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
     restart read-move-routine
-    wait-for-routine read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant"> .that's not enough   .</span>
diff --git a/html/filesystem.mu.html b/html/filesystem.mu.html
index 8fb32b8a..d29130e8 100644
--- a/html/filesystem.mu.html
+++ b/html/filesystem.mu.html
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     c:character, done?:boolean, source-file<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>read source-file
     <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
-    eof?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal c, <span class="Constant">-1</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> eof?
     sink-file<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>write sink-file, c
     <span class="muControl">loop</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>