3337 - first use of type abbreviations: text

In the process I've uncover a couple of situations we don't support type
abbreviations yet. They're next.

35 files changed, 971 insertions, 968 deletions

diff --git a/018type_abbreviations.cc b/018type_abbreviations.cc
index d3e84050..beb7bdab 100644
--- a/018type_abbreviations.cc
+++ b/018type_abbreviations.cc
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ def f [
 +transform: ingredient type after expanding abbreviations: ("array" ("address" "number") "3")
 
 :(before "Transform.push_back(update_instruction_operations)")
-// Begin Type Modifying Transforms
 Transform.push_back(expand_type_abbreviations);  // idempotent
+// Begin Type Modifying Transforms
 // End Type Modifying Transforms
 
 :(code)
diff --git a/047check_type_by_name.cc b/047check_type_by_name.cc
index 780392ad..d631a188 100644
--- a/047check_type_by_name.cc
+++ b/047check_type_by_name.cc
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def main [
 ]
 +error: main: 'x' used with multiple types
 
-:(after "Begin Instruction Modifying Transforms")
+:(after "Transform.push_back(expand_type_abbreviations)")
 Transform.push_back(check_or_set_types_by_name);  // idempotent
 
 :(code)
diff --git a/061text.mu b/061text.mu
index 4ef96629..40041b3b 100644
--- a/061text.mu
+++ b/061text.mu
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def equal a:address:array:character, b:address:array:character -> result:boolean
 scenario text-equal-reflexive [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     10:boolean/raw <- equal x, x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ scenario text-equal-reflexive [
 scenario text-equal-identical [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [abc]
     10:boolean/raw <- equal x, y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ scenario text-equal-identical [
 scenario text-equal-distinct-lengths [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [abcd]
     10:boolean/raw <- equal x, y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ scenario text-equal-distinct-lengths [
 scenario text-equal-with-empty [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
+    x:text <- new []
+    y:text <- new [abcd]
     10:boolean/raw <- equal x, y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ scenario text-equal-with-empty [
 scenario text-equal-common-lengths-but-distinct [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abd]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [abd]
     10:boolean/raw <- equal x, y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def new-buffer capacity:number -> result:address:buffer [
     # capacity not provided
     capacity <- copy 10
   }
-  data:address:array:character <- new character:type, capacity
+  data:text <- new character:type, capacity
   *result <- put *result, data:offset, data
   return result
 ]
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ def grow-buffer in:address:buffer -> in:address:buffer [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   # double buffer size
-  olddata:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  olddata:text <- get *in, data:offset
   oldlen:number <- length *olddata
   newlen:number <- multiply oldlen, 2
-  newdata:address:array:character <- new character:type, newlen
+  newdata:text <- new character:type, newlen
   *in <- put *in, data:offset, newdata
   # copy old contents
   i:number <- copy 0
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def buffer-full? in:address:buffer -> result:boolean [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   len:number <- get *in, length:offset
-  s:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  s:text <- get *in, data:offset
   capacity:number <- length *s
   result <- greater-or-equal len, capacity
 ]
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def append in:address:buffer, c:character -> in:address:buffer [
     break-unless full?
     in <- grow-buffer in
   }
-  s:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  s:text <- get *in, data:offset
   *s <- put-index *s, len, c
   len <- add len, 1
   *in <- put *in, length:offset, len
@@ -210,20 +210,20 @@ scenario buffer-append-works [
   run [
     local-scope
     x:address:buffer <- new-buffer 3
-    s1:address:array:character <- get *x, data:offset
+    s1:text <- get *x, data:offset
     c:character <- copy 97/a
     x <- append x, c
     c:character <- copy 98/b
     x <- append x, c
     c:character <- copy 99/c
     x <- append x, c
-    s2:address:array:character <- get *x, data:offset
+    s2:text <- get *x, data:offset
     10:boolean/raw <- equal s1, s2
     11:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
     +buffer-filled
     c:character <- copy 100/d
     x <- append x, c
-    s3:address:array:character <- get *x, data:offset
+    s3:text <- get *x, data:offset
     20:boolean/raw <- equal s1, s3
     21:number/raw <- get *x, length:offset
     30:array:character/raw <- copy *s3
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ scenario buffer-append-handles-backspace [
     x <- append x, c
     c:character <- copy 8/backspace
     x <- append x, c
-    s:address:array:character <- buffer-to-array x
+    s:text <- buffer-to-array x
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *s
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ def buffer-to-array in:address:buffer -> result:address:array:character [
     return 0
   }
   len:number <- get *in, length:offset
-  s:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  s:text <- get *in, data:offset
   # we can't just return s because it is usually the wrong length
   result <- new character:type, len
   i:number <- copy 0
@@ -343,9 +343,9 @@ def append a:address:array:character, b:address:array:character -> result:addres
 scenario text-append-1 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [hello,]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [ world!]
-    z:address:array:character <- append x, y
+    x:text <- new [hello,]
+    y:text <- new [ world!]
+    z:text <- append x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -356,9 +356,9 @@ scenario text-append-1 [
 scenario text-append-null [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- copy 0
-    y:address:array:character <- new [ world!]
-    z:address:array:character <- append x, y
+    x:text <- copy 0
+    y:text <- new [ world!]
+    z:text <- append x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -369,9 +369,9 @@ scenario text-append-null [
 scenario text-append-null-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [hello,]
-    y:address:array:character <- copy 0
-    z:address:array:character <- append x, y
+    x:text <- new [hello,]
+    y:text <- copy 0
+    z:text <- append x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ scenario text-append-null-2 [
 scenario replace-character-in-text [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     x <- replace x, 98/b, 122/z
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *x
   ]
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ def replace s:address:array:character, oldc:character, newc:character, from:numb
 scenario replace-character-at-start [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     x <- replace x, 97/a, 122/z
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *x
   ]
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ scenario replace-character-at-start [
 scenario replace-character-at-end [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     x <- replace x, 99/c, 122/z
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *x
   ]
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ scenario replace-character-at-end [
 scenario replace-character-missing [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     x <- replace x, 100/d, 122/z
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *x
   ]
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ scenario replace-character-missing [
 scenario replace-all-characters [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [banana]
+    x:text <- new [banana]
     x <- replace x, 97/a, 122/z
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *x
   ]
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ def interpolate template:address:array:character -> result:address:array:charact
   result-len:number <- copy tem-len
   {
     # while ingredients remain
-    a:address:array:character, arg-received?:boolean <- next-ingredient
+    a:text, arg-received?:boolean <- next-ingredient
     break-unless arg-received?
     # result-len = result-len + arg.length - 1 (for the 'underscore' being replaced)
     a-len:number <- length *a
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ def interpolate template:address:array:character -> result:address:array:charact
   i:number <- copy 0
   {
     # while arg received
-    a:address:array:character, arg-received?:boolean <- next-ingredient
+    a:text, arg-received?:boolean <- next-ingredient
     break-unless arg-received?
     # copy template into result until '_'
     {
@@ -528,9 +528,9 @@ def interpolate template:address:array:character -> result:address:array:charact
 scenario interpolate-works [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc_ghi]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [def]
-    z:address:array:character <- interpolate x, y
+    x:text <- new [abc_ghi]
+    y:text <- new [def]
+    z:text <- interpolate x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -541,9 +541,9 @@ scenario interpolate-works [
 scenario interpolate-at-start [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [_, hello!]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    z:address:array:character <- interpolate x, y
+    x:text <- new [_, hello!]
+    y:text <- new [abc]
+    z:text <- interpolate x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -554,9 +554,9 @@ scenario interpolate-at-start [
 
 scenario interpolate-at-end [
   run [
-    x:address:array:character <- new [hello, _]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    z:address:array:character <- interpolate x, y
+    x:text <- new [hello, _]
+    y:text <- new [abc]
+    z:text <- interpolate x, y
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ def trim s:address:array:character -> result:address:array:character [
   }
   # result = new character[end+1 - start]
   new-len:number <- subtract end, start, -1
-  result:address:array:character <- new character:type, new-len
+  result:text <- new character:type, new-len
   # copy the untrimmed parts between start and end
   i:number <- copy start
   j:number <- copy 0
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ def trim s:address:array:character -> result:address:array:character [
 scenario trim-unmodified [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- trim x
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- trim x
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -690,8 +690,8 @@ scenario trim-unmodified [
 scenario trim-left [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [  abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- trim x
+    x:text <- new [  abc]
+    y:text <- trim x
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -702,8 +702,8 @@ scenario trim-left [
 scenario trim-right [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc  ]
-    y:address:array:character <- trim x
+    x:text <- new [abc  ]
+    y:text <- trim x
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -714,8 +714,8 @@ scenario trim-right [
 scenario trim-left-right [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [  abc   ]
-    y:address:array:character <- trim x
+    x:text <- new [  abc   ]
+    y:text <- trim x
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -726,9 +726,9 @@ scenario trim-left-right [
 scenario trim-newline-tab [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [	abc
+    x:text <- new [	abc
 ]
-    y:address:array:character <- trim x
+    y:text <- trim x
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ def find-next text:address:array:character, pattern:character, idx:number -> nex
 scenario text-find-next [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [a/b]
+    x:text <- new [a/b]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ scenario text-find-next [
 scenario text-find-next-empty [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
+    x:text <- new []
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-empty [
 scenario text-find-next-initial [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [/abc]
+    x:text <- new [/abc]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-initial [
 scenario text-find-next-final [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc/]
+    x:text <- new [abc/]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-final [
 scenario text-find-next-missing [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
+    x:text <- new [abcd]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-missing [
 scenario text-find-next-invalid-index [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 4/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-invalid-index [
 scenario text-find-next-first [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [ab/c/]
+    x:text <- new [ab/c/]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 0/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ scenario text-find-next-first [
 scenario text-find-next-second [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [ab/c/]
+    x:text <- new [ab/c/]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, 47/slash, 3/start-index
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -865,8 +865,8 @@ def find-next text:address:array:character, pattern:address:array:character, idx
 scenario find-next-text-1 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [bc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [bc]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -877,8 +877,8 @@ scenario find-next-text-1 [
 scenario find-next-text-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [bc]
+    x:text <- new [abcd]
+    y:text <- new [bc]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, y, 1
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -889,8 +889,8 @@ scenario find-next-text-2 [
 scenario find-next-no-match [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [bd]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [bd]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -901,8 +901,8 @@ scenario find-next-no-match [
 scenario find-next-suffix-match [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [cd]
+    x:text <- new [abcd]
+    y:text <- new [cd]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -913,8 +913,8 @@ scenario find-next-suffix-match [
 scenario find-next-suffix-match-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [cde]
+    x:text <- new [abcd]
+    y:text <- new [cde]
     10:number/raw <- find-next x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -957,8 +957,8 @@ def match-at text:address:array:character, pattern:address:array:character, idx:
 scenario match-at-checks-pattern-at-index [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [ab]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [ab]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ scenario match-at-checks-pattern-at-index [
 scenario match-at-reflexive [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, x, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -980,8 +980,8 @@ scenario match-at-reflexive [
 scenario match-at-outside-bounds [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [a]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [a]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 4
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -992,8 +992,8 @@ scenario match-at-outside-bounds [
 scenario match-at-empty-pattern [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new []
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new []
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1004,8 +1004,8 @@ scenario match-at-empty-pattern [
 scenario match-at-empty-pattern-outside-bound [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new []
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new []
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 4
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1016,8 +1016,8 @@ scenario match-at-empty-pattern-outside-bound [
 scenario match-at-empty-text [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
-    y:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+    x:text <- new []
+    y:text <- new [abc]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ scenario match-at-empty-text [
 scenario match-at-empty-against-empty [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
+    x:text <- new []
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, x, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1039,8 +1039,8 @@ scenario match-at-empty-against-empty [
 scenario match-at-inside-bounds [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [bc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [bc]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 1
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1051,8 +1051,8 @@ scenario match-at-inside-bounds [
 scenario match-at-inside-bounds-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- new [bc]
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- new [bc]
     10:boolean/raw <- match-at x, y, 0
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ def split s:address:array:character, delim:character -> result:address:array:add
     break-if done?
     end:number <- find-next s, delim, start
     # copy start..end into result[curr-result]
-    dest:address:array:character <- copy-range s, start, end
+    dest:text <- copy-range s, start, end
     *result <- put-index *result, curr-result, dest
     # slide over to next slice
     start <- add end, 1
@@ -1105,11 +1105,11 @@ def split s:address:array:character, delim:character -> result:address:array:add
 scenario text-split-1 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [a/b]
-    y:address:array:address:array:character <- split x, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new [a/b]
+    y:address:array:text <- split x, 47/slash
     10:number/raw <- length *y
-    a:address:array:character <- index *y, 0
-    b:address:array:character <- index *y, 1
+    a:text <- index *y, 0
+    b:text <- index *y, 1
     20:array:character/raw <- copy *a
     30:array:character/raw <- copy *b
   ]
@@ -1123,12 +1123,12 @@ scenario text-split-1 [
 scenario text-split-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [a/b/c]
-    y:address:array:address:array:character <- split x, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new [a/b/c]
+    y:address:array:text <- split x, 47/slash
     10:number/raw <- length *y
-    a:address:array:character <- index *y, 0
-    b:address:array:character <- index *y, 1
-    c:address:array:character <- index *y, 2
+    a:text <- index *y, 0
+    b:text <- index *y, 1
+    c:text <- index *y, 2
     20:array:character/raw <- copy *a
     30:array:character/raw <- copy *b
     40:array:character/raw <- copy *c
@@ -1144,10 +1144,10 @@ scenario text-split-2 [
 scenario text-split-missing [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:address:array:character <- split x, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:address:array:text <- split x, 47/slash
     10:number/raw <- length *y
-    a:address:array:character <- index *y, 0
+    a:text <- index *y, 0
     20:array:character/raw <- copy *a
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1159,8 +1159,8 @@ scenario text-split-missing [
 scenario text-split-empty [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
-    y:address:array:address:array:character <- split x, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new []
+    y:address:array:text <- split x, 47/slash
     10:number/raw <- length *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1171,13 +1171,13 @@ scenario text-split-empty [
 scenario text-split-empty-piece [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [a/b//c]
-    y:address:array:address:array:character <- split x:address:array:character, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new [a/b//c]
+    y:address:array:text <- split x:text, 47/slash
     10:number/raw <- length *y
-    a:address:array:character <- index *y, 0
-    b:address:array:character <- index *y, 1
-    c:address:array:character <- index *y, 2
-    d:address:array:character <- index *y, 3
+    a:text <- index *y, 0
+    b:text <- index *y, 1
+    c:text <- index *y, 2
+    d:text <- index *y, 3
     20:array:character/raw <- copy *a
     30:array:character/raw <- copy *b
     40:array:character/raw <- copy *c
@@ -1200,21 +1200,21 @@ def split-first text:address:array:character, delim:character -> x:address:array
   {
     empty?:boolean <- equal len, 0
     break-unless empty?
-    x:address:array:character <- new []
-    y:address:array:character <- new []
+    x:text <- new []
+    y:text <- new []
     return
   }
   idx:number <- find-next text, delim, 0
-  x:address:array:character <- copy-range text, 0, idx
+  x:text <- copy-range text, 0, idx
   idx <- add idx, 1
-  y:address:array:character <- copy-range text, idx, len
+  y:text <- copy-range text, idx, len
 ]
 
 scenario text-split-first [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [a/b]
-    y:address:array:character, z:address:array:character <- split-first x, 47/slash
+    x:text <- new [a/b]
+    y:text, z:text <- split-first x, 47/slash
     10:array:character/raw <- copy *y
     20:array:character/raw <- copy *z
   ]
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ def copy-range buf:address:array:character, start:number, end:number -> result:a
   end:number <- min len, end
   # allocate space for result
   len <- subtract end, start
-  result:address:array:character <- new character:type, len
+  result:text <- new character:type, len
   # copy start..end into result[curr-result]
   src-idx:number <- copy start
   dest-idx:number <- copy 0
@@ -1250,8 +1250,8 @@ def copy-range buf:address:array:character, start:number, end:number -> result:a
 scenario text-copy-copies-partial-text [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- copy-range x, 1, 3
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- copy-range x, 1, 3
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1262,8 +1262,8 @@ scenario text-copy-copies-partial-text [
 scenario text-copy-out-of-bounds [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- copy-range x, 2, 4
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- copy-range x, 2, 4
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1274,8 +1274,8 @@ scenario text-copy-out-of-bounds [
 scenario text-copy-out-of-bounds-2 [
   run [
     local-scope
-    x:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    y:address:array:character <- copy-range x, 3, 3
+    x:text <- new [abc]
+    y:text <- copy-range x, 3, 3
     1:array:character/raw <- copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
diff --git a/066stream.mu b/066stream.mu
index cd99e882..bf0d1845 100644
--- a/066stream.mu
+++ b/066stream.mu
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def peek in:address:stream:_elem -> result:_elem, empty?:boolean [
   load-ingredients
   empty?:boolean <- copy 0/false
   idx:number <- get *in, index:offset
-  s:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  s:address:array:_elem <- get *in, data:offset
   len:number <- length *s
   at-end?:boolean <- greater-or-equal idx len
   {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def read-line in:address:stream:character -> result:address:array:character, in:
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   idx:number <- get *in, index:offset
-  s:address:array:character <- get *in, data:offset
+  s:text <- get *in, data:offset
   next-idx:number <- find-next s, 10/newline, idx
   result <- copy-range s, idx, next-idx
   idx <- add next-idx, 1  # skip newline
diff --git a/070table.mu b/070table.mu
index 4c98cf91..05741f55 100644
--- a/070table.mu
+++ b/070table.mu
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ scenario table-read-write [
 scenario table-read-write-non-integer [
   run [
     local-scope
-    key:address:array:character <- new [abc def]
-    {tab: (address table (address array character) number)} <- new-table 30
+    key:text <- new [abc def]
+    {tab: (address table text number)} <- new-table 30
     put-index tab, key, 34
     1:number/raw <- index tab, key
   ]
diff --git a/075channel.mu b/075channel.mu
index f299836a..7bd371fe 100644
--- a/075channel.mu
+++ b/075channel.mu
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ def buffer-lines in:address:source:character, buffered-out:address:sink:characte
     }
     # copy line into 'buffered-out'
     i:number <- copy 0
-    line-contents:address:array:character <- get *line, data:offset
+    line-contents:text <- get *line, data:offset
     max:number <- get *line, length:offset
     {
       done?:boolean <- greater-or-equal i, max
diff --git a/081print.mu b/081print.mu
index 5efafd2b..59ce9ed6 100644
--- a/081print.mu
+++ b/081print.mu
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@ scenario print-text-stops-at-right-margin [
   run [
     local-scope
     fake-screen:address:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abcd]
-    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, s:address:array:character
+    s:text <- new [abcd]
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, s:text
     cell:address:array:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
     10:array:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
   ]
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ def print-integer screen:address:screen, n:number -> screen:address:screen [
     bg-color <- copy 0/black
   }
   # todo: other bases besides decimal
-  s:address:array:character <- to-text n
+  s:text <- to-text n
   screen <- print screen, s, color, bg-color
 ]
 
diff --git a/088file.mu b/088file.mu
index 012de50a..8a34b375 100644
--- a/088file.mu
+++ b/088file.mu
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ def start-reading fs:address:filesystem, filename:address:array:character -> con
     break-if done?
     tmp:file-mapping <- index *data, i
     i <- add i, 1
-    curr-filename:address:array:character <- get tmp, name:offset
+    curr-filename:text <- get tmp, name:offset
     found?:boolean <- equal filename, curr-filename
     loop-unless found?
     contents:address:source:character, sink:address:sink:character <- new-channel 30
-    curr-contents:address:array:character <- get tmp, contents:offset
+    curr-contents:text <- get tmp, contents:offset
     start-running transmit-from-text curr-contents, sink
     return
   }
@@ -111,10 +111,10 @@ def transmit-to-fake-file fs:address:filesystem, filename:address:array:characte
     buf <- append buf, c
     loop
   }
-  contents:address:array:character <- buffer-to-array buf
+  contents:text <- buffer-to-array buf
   new-file-mapping:file-mapping <- merge filename, contents
   # write to filesystem
-  curr-filename:address:array:character <- copy 0
+  curr-filename:text <- copy 0
   data:address:array:file-mapping <- get *fs, data:offset
   # replace file contents if it already exists
   i:number <- copy 0
diff --git a/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu b/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu
index b959c141..0eefadad 100644
--- a/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu
+++ b/090scenario_filesystem_test.mu
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ scenario write-to-fake-file [
   sink <- write sink, 121/y
   close sink
   wait-for-routine writer
-  contents-read-back:address:array:character <- slurp filesystem, [a]
+  contents-read-back:text <- slurp filesystem, [a]
   10:boolean/raw <- equal contents-read-back, [xy]
   memory-should-contain [
     10 <- 1  # file contents read back exactly match what was written
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ scenario write-to-fake-file-that-exists [
   sink <- write sink, 121/y
   close sink
   wait-for-routine writer
-  contents-read-back:address:array:character <- slurp filesystem, [a]
+  contents-read-back:text <- slurp filesystem, [a]
   10:boolean/raw <- equal contents-read-back, [xy]
   memory-should-contain [
     10 <- 1  # file contents read back exactly match what was written
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ scenario write-to-existing-file-preserves-other-files [
   sink <- write sink, 121/y
   close sink
   wait-for-routine writer
-  contents-read-back:address:array:character <- slurp filesystem, [a]
+  contents-read-back:text <- slurp filesystem, [a]
   10:boolean/raw <- equal contents-read-back, [xy]
-  other-file-contents:address:array:character <- slurp filesystem, [b]
+  other-file-contents:text <- slurp filesystem, [b]
   11:boolean/raw <- equal other-file-contents, [bcd
 ]
   memory-should-contain [
diff --git a/chessboard.mu b/chessboard.mu
index c7c02648..b58f2d6b 100644
--- a/chessboard.mu
+++ b/chessboard.mu
@@ -62,10 +62,12 @@ scenario print-board-and-read-move [
 
 ## Here's how 'chessboard' is implemented.
 
+type board = address:array:address:array:character
+
 def chessboard screen:address:screen, console:address:console -> screen:address:screen, console:address:console [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  board:address:array:address:array:character <- initial-position
+  board:board <- initial-position
   # hook up stdin
   stdin-in:address:source:character, stdin-out:address:sink:character <- new-channel 10/capacity
   start-running send-keys-to-channel, console, stdin-out, screen
@@ -200,7 +202,7 @@ scenario printing-the-board [
   assume-screen 30/width, 12/height
   run [
     local-scope
-    board:address:array:address:array:character <- initial-position
+    board:board <- initial-position
     screen:address:screen <- print-board screen:address:screen, board
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -548,7 +550,7 @@ scenario making-a-move [
   assume-screen 30/width, 12/height
   run [
     local-scope
-    board:address:array:address:array:character <- initial-position
+    board:board <- initial-position
     move:address:move <- new move:type
     *move <- merge 6/g, 1/'2', 6/g, 3/'4'
     board <- make-move board, move
diff --git a/edit/001-editor.mu b/edit/001-editor.mu
index be210b95..f59c43e1 100644
--- a/edit/001-editor.mu
+++ b/edit/001-editor.mu
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ def! main text:address:array:character [
 scenario editor-initially-prints-text-to-screen [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+    1:text <- new [abc]
+    new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     # top line of screen reserved for menu
@@ -257,9 +257,9 @@ def clear-rest-of-screen screen:address:screen, row:number, left:number, right:n
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ def]
 scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abc]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -285,9 +285,9 @@ scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines-at-offset [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ def]
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abc def]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abcde]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   # still wrap, even though the line would fit. We need room to click on the
   # end of the line
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
 scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:address:array:character <- new []
-    2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    1:text <- new []
+    2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
     3:number <- get *2:address:editor-data, cursor-row:offset
     4:number <- get *2:address:editor-data, cursor-column:offset
   ]
@@ -363,10 +363,10 @@ scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
 scenario render-colors-comments [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 # de
 f]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -444,10 +444,10 @@ def get-color color:number, c:character -> color:number [
 scenario render-colors-assignment [
   assume-screen 8/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 d <- e
 f]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .        .
diff --git a/edit/002-typing.mu b/edit/002-typing.mu
index effdf5ae..f30e50ec 100644
--- a/edit/002-typing.mu
+++ b/edit/002-typing.mu
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ def editor-render screen:address:screen, editor:address:editor-data -> screen:ad
 
 scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console []
   run [
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # last line, to the right of text
@@ -346,9 +346,9 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # interior line, to the right of text
@@ -367,9 +367,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 7  # below text
@@ -388,9 +388,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+  1:text <- new [abc]
   # editor occupies only left half of screen
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -439,8 +439,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -460,8 +460,8 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # type two letters at different places
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-5 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -530,8 +530,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -552,9 +552,9 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-6 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [ab]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [01]
@@ -621,8 +621,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
 
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type a letter
   assume-console [
@@ -659,9 +659,9 @@ scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert-2 [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdefg
+  1:text <- new [abcdefg
 defg]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type more text at the start
   assume-console [
@@ -741,8 +741,8 @@ after <insert-character-special-case> [
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-in-middle-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3  # right before the wrap icon
     type [f]
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-at-end-of-line [
   local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # create an editor containing two lines
-  contents:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 xyz]
   1:address:editor-data/raw <- new-editor contents, screen, 0/left, 5/right
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -796,8 +796,8 @@ xyz]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-to-left-margin [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 2/left, 7/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 2/left, 7/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 5  # line is full; no wrap icon yet
     type [01]
@@ -832,8 +832,8 @@ after <editor-initialization> [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
@@ -938,8 +938,8 @@ def line-indent curr:address:duplex-list:character, start:address:duplex-list:ch
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
@@ -958,8 +958,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
 
 scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press enter
   ]
@@ -985,10 +985,10 @@ scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-indent-after-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline'
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
@@ -1009,10 +1009,10 @@ ef]
 
 scenario editor-skips-indent-around-paste [
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline' surrounded by paste markers
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
diff --git a/edit/003-shortcuts.mu b/edit/003-shortcuts.mu
index 40956cb3..0de84d48 100644
--- a/edit/003-shortcuts.mu
+++ b/edit/003-shortcuts.mu
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 scenario editor-inserts-two-spaces-on-tab [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press tab
   ]
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 
 scenario editor-handles-backspace-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ def previous-line-length curr:address:duplex-list:character, start:address:duple
 scenario editor-clears-last-line-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 0  # cursor at only character in final line
     press backspace
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ cd]
 scenario editor-joins-and-wraps-lines-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two long-ish but non-wrapping lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc def
+  1:text <- new [abc def
 ghi jkl]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position the cursor at the start of the second and hit backspace
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ ghi jkl]
 scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor in part of the screen with a long line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc def ghij]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+  1:text <- new [abc def ghij]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # confirm that it wraps
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
 
 scenario editor-handles-delete-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ def delete-at-cursor editor:address:editor-data, screen:address:screen -> editor
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-right-with-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -490,9 +490,9 @@ def move-cursor-coordinates-right editor:address:editor-data, screen-height:numb
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # type right-arrow a few times to get to start of second line
@@ -525,9 +525,9 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     press right-arrow
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # line just barely wrapping
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at last character before wrap and hit right-arrow
@@ -616,8 +616,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 6/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 6/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-at-end-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # move to end of line, press right-arrow, type a character
@@ -676,8 +676,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-left-with-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -719,9 +719,9 @@ after <handle-special-key> [
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of second line (so there's no previous newline)
@@ -744,10 +744,10 @@ d]
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with three lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor further down (so there's a newline before the character at
@@ -772,10 +772,10 @@ g]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of text, press left-arrow, then type a character
@@ -801,10 +801,10 @@ g]
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with text containing an empty line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor right after empty line
@@ -829,8 +829,8 @@ d]
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -860,9 +860,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line followed by a second line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef
+  1:text <- new [abcdef
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -892,9 +892,9 @@ g]
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-non-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a line on the verge of wrapping, followed by a second line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcd
+  1:text <- new [abcd
 e]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -927,9 +927,9 @@ e]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-with-up-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1043,9 +1043,9 @@ def move-to-previous-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-da
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-previous-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1079,9 +1079,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-empty-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [
+  1:text <- new [
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1116,10 +1116,10 @@ def]
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-from-left-margin [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # start out with three lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # click on the third line and hit up-arrow, so you end up just after a newline
@@ -1156,9 +1156,9 @@ ghi]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-next-line-with-down-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # cursor starts out at (1, 0)
@@ -1261,9 +1261,9 @@ def move-to-next-line editor:address:editor-data, screen-height:number -> editor
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-next-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 de]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1299,9 +1299,9 @@ de]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press ctrl-a
@@ -1374,9 +1374,9 @@ def move-to-start-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-da
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-a
@@ -1399,9 +1399,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press 'home'
   assume-console [
@@ -1423,9 +1423,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press 'home'
@@ -1450,9 +1450,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press ctrl-e
@@ -1542,9 +1542,9 @@ def move-to-end-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-data
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-e
@@ -1567,9 +1567,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press 'end'
@@ -1592,9 +1592,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press 'end'
@@ -1619,9 +1619,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
@@ -1682,9 +1682,9 @@ def delete-to-start-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:duplex-
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
@@ -1705,9 +1705,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
@@ -1728,9 +1728,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of final line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
@@ -1753,9 +1753,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line, press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
@@ -1808,9 +1808,9 @@ def delete-to-end-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:duplex-li
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
@@ -1831,9 +1831,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
@@ -1854,9 +1854,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
@@ -1877,9 +1877,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
@@ -1900,9 +1900,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-6 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
@@ -1927,11 +1927,11 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-down-using-arrow-keys [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with >3 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -2005,11 +2005,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-down-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with a long, wrapped line and more than a screen of
   # other lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef
+  1:text <- new [abcdef
 g
 h
 i]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .abcd↩     .
@@ -2037,11 +2037,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-down-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys-2 [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # editor starts with a long line wrapping twice
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdefghij
+  1:text <- new [abcdefghij
 k
 l
 m]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at last line, then try to move further down
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 0
@@ -2077,10 +2077,10 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-down-when-line-wraps [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a long line in the third line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 cdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at end, type a character
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 4
@@ -2107,10 +2107,10 @@ cdef]
 scenario editor-scrolls-down-on-newline [
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # position cursor after last line and type newline
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 4
     type [
@@ -2138,10 +2138,10 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-down-on-right-arrow [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a wrapped line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 cdefgh]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at end of screen and try to move right
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 3
@@ -2169,11 +2169,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-down-on-right-arrow-2 [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # editor contains more lines than can fit on screen
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at end of screen and try to move right
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 3
@@ -2199,9 +2199,9 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-scrolls-at-end-on-down-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 de]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # try to move down past end of text
@@ -2266,14 +2266,14 @@ scenario editor-combines-page-and-line-scroll [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with a few pages of lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e
 f
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # scroll down one page and one line
   assume-console [
     press page-down
@@ -2298,11 +2298,11 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-up-using-arrow-keys [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with >3 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -2386,11 +2386,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-up-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with a long, wrapped line and more than a screen of
   # other lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef
+  1:text <- new [abcdef
 g
 h
 i]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .abcd↩     .
@@ -2430,11 +2430,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-up-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys-2 [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 4 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # editor starts with a long line wrapping twice, occupying 3 of the 4 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdefghij
+  1:text <- new [abcdefghij
 k
 l
 m]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at top of second page
   assume-console [
     press page-down
@@ -2503,11 +2503,11 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-up-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with a long, wrapped line and more than a screen of
   # other lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef
+  1:text <- new [abcdef
 g
 h
 i]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 6/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 6/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .abcde↩    .
@@ -2547,13 +2547,13 @@ i]
 scenario editor-scrolls-up-past-wrapped-line-using-arrow-keys-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with some lines around an empty line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 
 c
 d
 e]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 6/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 6/right
   assume-console [
     press page-down
   ]
@@ -2596,12 +2596,12 @@ scenario editor-scrolls-up-on-left-arrow [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # editor contains >3 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at top of second page
   assume-console [
     press page-down
@@ -2641,11 +2641,11 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-up-to-start-of-file [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with >3 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -2689,11 +2689,11 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-can-scroll [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -2776,9 +2776,9 @@ def page-down editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-data [
 
 scenario editor-does-not-scroll-past-end [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -2806,11 +2806,11 @@ scenario editor-starts-next-page-at-start-of-wrapped-line [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines for text
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a long last line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 cdefgh]
   # editor screen triggers wrap of last line
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   # some part of last line is not displayed
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -2839,9 +2839,9 @@ scenario editor-starts-next-page-at-start-of-wrapped-line-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a very long line that occupies last two lines of screen
   # and still has something left over
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 bcdefgh]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   # some part of last line is not displayed
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -2869,11 +2869,11 @@ bcdefgh]
 
 scenario editor-can-scroll-up [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -2965,7 +2965,7 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-up-multiple-pages [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # initialize editor with 8 lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
@@ -2973,7 +2973,7 @@ e
 f
 g
 h]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -3029,7 +3029,7 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-up-wrapped-lines [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 5 lines for text
   assume-screen 10/width, 6/height
   # editor contains a long line in the first page
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 cdefgh
 i
@@ -3040,7 +3040,7 @@ m
 n
 o]
   # editor screen triggers wrap of last line
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   # some part of last line is not displayed
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -3091,9 +3091,9 @@ scenario editor-can-scroll-up-wrapped-lines-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a very long line that occupies last two lines of screen
   # and still has something left over
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 bcdefgh]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   # some part of last line is not displayed
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -3134,7 +3134,7 @@ bcdefgh]
 scenario editor-can-scroll-up-past-nonempty-lines [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # text with empty line in second screen
-  1:address:array:character <- new [axx
+  1:text <- new [axx
 bxx
 cxx
 dxx
@@ -3143,7 +3143,7 @@ fxx
 gxx
 hxx
 ]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .axx       .
@@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ hxx
 scenario editor-can-scroll-up-past-empty-lines [
   assume-screen 10/width, 4/height
   # text with empty line in second screen
-  1:address:array:character <- new [axy
+  1:text <- new [axy
 bxy
 cxy
 
@@ -3201,7 +3201,7 @@ exy
 fxy
 gxy
 ]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 4/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .axy       .
diff --git a/edit/004-programming-environment.mu b/edit/004-programming-environment.mu
index e83aa642..261be52b 100644
--- a/edit/004-programming-environment.mu
+++ b/edit/004-programming-environment.mu
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 def! main [
   local-scope
   open-console
-  initial-recipe:address:array:character <- restore [recipes.mu]
-  initial-sandbox:address:array:character <- new []
+  initial-recipe:text <- restore [recipes.mu]
+  initial-sandbox:text <- new []
   hide-screen 0/screen
   env:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment 0/screen, initial-recipe, initial-sandbox
   render-all 0/screen, env, render
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ scenario point-at-multiple-editors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 30/width, 5/height
   # initialize both halves of screen
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [def]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:text <- new [def]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # focus on both sides
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
@@ -322,9 +322,9 @@ scenario edit-multiple-editors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 30/width, 5/height
   # initialize both halves of screen
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [def]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:text <- new [def]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # type one letter in each of them
   assume-console [
@@ -367,9 +367,9 @@ scenario multiple-editors-cover-only-their-own-areas [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 60/width, 10/height
   run [
-    1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    2:address:array:character <- new [def]
-    3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+    1:text <- new [abc]
+    2:text <- new [def]
+    3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
     render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   ]
   # divider isn't messed up
@@ -385,9 +385,9 @@ scenario multiple-editors-cover-only-their-own-areas [
 scenario editor-in-focus-keeps-cursor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 30/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [def]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:text <- new [def]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # initialize programming environment and highlight cursor
   assume-console []
@@ -425,10 +425,10 @@ scenario backspace-in-sandbox-editor-joins-lines [
 #?   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 30/width, 5/height
   # initialize sandbox side with two lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   screen-should-contain [
     .           run (F4)           .
diff --git a/edit/005-sandbox.mu b/edit/005-sandbox.mu
index 1e203718..b49e342e 100644
--- a/edit/005-sandbox.mu
+++ b/edit/005-sandbox.mu
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 def! main [
   local-scope
   open-console
-  initial-recipe:address:array:character <- restore [recipes.mu]
-  initial-sandbox:address:array:character <- new []
+  initial-recipe:text <- restore [recipes.mu]
+  initial-sandbox:text <- new []
   hide-screen 0/screen
   env:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment 0/screen, initial-recipe, initial-sandbox
   env <- restore-sandboxes env
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ scenario run-and-show-results [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
   # recipe editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  2:address:array:character <- new [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def run-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scree
   <run-sandboxes-begin>
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   {
-    sandbox-contents:address:array:character <- editor-contents current-sandbox
+    sandbox-contents:text <- editor-contents current-sandbox
     break-unless sandbox-contents
     # if contents exist, first save them
     # run them and turn them into a new sandbox-data
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scre
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   recipes:address:editor-data <- get *env, recipes:offset
-  in:address:array:character <- editor-contents recipes
+  in:text <- editor-contents recipes
   save [recipes.mu], in  # newlayer: persistence
   reload in
   errors-found? <- copy 0/false
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ def update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scre
 def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data, idx:number -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, _, fake-screen:address:screen <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, _, fake-screen:address:screen <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
 ]
@@ -224,8 +224,8 @@ def save-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data [
   idx:number <- copy 0
   {
     break-unless curr
-    data:address:array:character <- get *curr, data:offset
-    filename:address:array:character <- to-text idx
+    data:text <- get *curr, data:offset
+    filename:text <- to-text idx
     save filename, data
     <end-save-sandbox>
     idx <- add idx, 1
@@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ def render-sandboxes screen:address:screen, sandbox:address:sandbox-data, left:n
     # render sandbox contents
     row <- add row, 1
     screen <- move-cursor screen, row, left
-    sandbox-data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+    sandbox-data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
     row, screen <- render-code screen, sandbox-data, left, right, row
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, code-ending-row-on-screen:offset, row
     # render sandbox warnings, screen or response, in that order
-    sandbox-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, response:offset
+    sandbox-response:text <- get *sandbox, response:offset
     <render-sandbox-results>
     {
       sandbox-screen:address:screen <- get *sandbox, screen:offset
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ def restore-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data -> env:address:pr
   curr:address:sandbox-data <- copy 0
   prev:address:sandbox-data <- copy 0
   {
-    filename:address:array:character <- to-text idx
-    contents:address:array:character <- restore filename
+    filename:text <- to-text idx
+    contents:text <- restore filename
     break-unless contents  # stop at first error; assuming file didn't exist
                            # todo: handle empty sandbox
     # create new sandbox for file
@@ -519,15 +519,15 @@ scenario run-updates-results [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 12/height
   # define a recipe (no indent for the 'add' line below so column numbers are more obvious)
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
 local-scope
 z:number <- add 2, 2
 reply z
 ]]
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -572,10 +572,10 @@ scenario run-instruction-manages-screen-per-sandbox [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 20/height
   # left editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # right editor contains an instruction
-  2:address:array:character <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the code in the editor
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -622,16 +622,16 @@ def editor-contents editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:array:character
 
 scenario editor-provides-edited-contents [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     type [def]
   ]
   run [
     editor-event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:editor-data
-    3:address:array:character <- editor-contents 2:address:editor-data
-    4:array:character <- copy *3:address:array:character
+    3:text <- editor-contents 2:address:editor-data
+    4:array:character <- copy *3:text
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     4:array:character <- [abdefc]
@@ -798,9 +798,9 @@ scenario scrolling-down-past-bottom-of-sandbox-editor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize sandbox side
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new [add 2, 2]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new [add 2, 2]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   assume-console [
     # create a sandbox
@@ -931,11 +931,11 @@ scenario scrolling-down-on-recipe-side [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize sandbox side and create a sandbox
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 ]
   # create a sandbox
-  2:address:array:character <- new [add 2, 2]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [add 2, 2]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -964,9 +964,9 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
@@ -1116,9 +1116,9 @@ scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create a sandbox
   assume-console [
diff --git a/edit/006-sandbox-copy.mu b/edit/006-sandbox-copy.mu
index a5a98d4d..a08a1ec7 100644
--- a/edit/006-sandbox-copy.mu
+++ b/edit/006-sandbox-copy.mu
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor-2 [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def try-copy-sandbox click-row:number, env:address:programming-environment-data
   sandbox:address:sandbox-data <- find-sandbox env, click-row
   return-unless sandbox, 0/false
   clicked-on-copy-button? <- copy 1/true
-  text:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  text:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   current-sandbox <- insert-text current-sandbox, text
   # reset scroll
@@ -224,16 +224,16 @@ scenario copy-fails-if-sandbox-editor-not-empty [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
diff --git a/edit/007-sandbox-delete.mu b/edit/007-sandbox-delete.mu
index def5c0c5..3dac73f6 100644
--- a/edit/007-sandbox-delete.mu
+++ b/edit/007-sandbox-delete.mu
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 scenario deleting-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run a few commands
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 80
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ scenario deleting-updates-sandbox-count [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
diff --git a/edit/008-sandbox-edit.mu b/edit/008-sandbox-edit.mu
index b208c277..2b6a1179 100644
--- a/edit/008-sandbox-edit.mu
+++ b/edit/008-sandbox-edit.mu
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -64,16 +64,16 @@ scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor-2 [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def try-edit-sandbox click-row:number, env:address:programming-environment-data
   return-unless sandbox, 0/false
   clicked-on-edit-button? <- copy 1/true
   # 'edit' button = 'copy' button + 'delete' button
-  text:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  text:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   current-sandbox <- insert-text current-sandbox, text
   env <- delete-sandbox env, sandbox
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ scenario sandbox-with-print-can-be-edited [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 20/height
   # left editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # right editor contains an instruction
-  2:address:array:character <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   render-all screen, 3:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
diff --git a/edit/009-sandbox-test.mu b/edit/009-sandbox-test.mu
index 05738626..b02461a1 100644
--- a/edit/009-sandbox-test.mu
+++ b/edit/009-sandbox-test.mu
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-result-toggles-color-to-green [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ container sandbox-data [
 # include expected response when saving or restoring a sandbox
 before <end-save-sandbox> [
   {
-    expected-response:address:array:character <- get *curr, expected-response:offset
+    expected-response:text <- get *curr, expected-response:offset
     break-unless expected-response
     filename <- append filename, [.out]
     save filename, expected-response
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def find-click-in-sandbox-output env:address:programming-environment-data, click
 def toggle-expected-response sandbox:address:sandbox-data -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  expected-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
+  expected-response:text <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
   {
     # if expected-response is set, reset
     break-unless expected-response
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def toggle-expected-response sandbox:address:sandbox-data -> sandbox:address:san
   {
     # if not, set expected response to the current response
     break-if expected-response
-    response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, response:offset
+    response:text <- get *sandbox, response:offset
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, expected-response:offset, response
   }
 ]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ after <render-sandbox-response> [
   {
     break-unless sandbox-response
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response-starting-row-on-screen:offset, row
-    expected-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
+    expected-response:text <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
     break-unless expected-response  # fall-through to print in grey
     response-is-expected?:boolean <- equal expected-response, sandbox-response
     {
diff --git a/edit/010-sandbox-trace.mu b/edit/010-sandbox-trace.mu
index 38cf80af..8a860d31 100644
--- a/edit/010-sandbox-trace.mu
+++ b/edit/010-sandbox-trace.mu
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   stash [abc]
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ scenario sandbox-shows-app-trace-and-result [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   stash [abc]
   reply 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ recipe foo [
 scenario clicking-on-app-trace-does-nothing [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # create and expand the trace
-  2:address:array:character <- new [stash 123456789]
+  2:text <- new [stash 123456789]
   assume-console [
     press F4
     left-click 4, 51
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                                                                                 run (F4)           .
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ container sandbox-data [
 def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data, idx:number -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, _, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:address:array:character <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, _, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:text <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, trace:offset, trace
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ after <render-sandbox-results> [
   {
     display-trace?:boolean <- get *sandbox, display-trace?:offset
     break-unless display-trace?
-    sandbox-trace:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, trace:offset
+    sandbox-trace:text <- get *sandbox, trace:offset
     break-unless sandbox-trace  # nothing to print; move on
     row, screen <- render-text screen, sandbox-trace, left, right, 245/grey, row
   }
diff --git a/edit/011-errors.mu b/edit/011-errors.mu
index 774aedb1..6498d9a5 100644
--- a/edit/011-errors.mu
+++ b/edit/011-errors.mu
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ def! update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scr
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   recipes:address:editor-data <- get *env, recipes:offset
-  in:address:array:character <- editor-contents recipes
+  in:text <- editor-contents recipes
   save [recipes.mu], in
-  recipe-errors:address:array:character <- reload in
+  recipe-errors:text <- reload in
   *env <- put *env, recipe-errors:offset, recipe-errors
   # if recipe editor has errors, stop
   {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def! update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scr
 
 before <render-components-end> [
   trace 11, [app], [render status]
-  recipe-errors:address:array:character <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
+  recipe-errors:text <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
   {
     break-unless recipe-errors
     update-status screen, [errors found     ], 1/red
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ before <render-components-end> [
 
 before <render-recipe-components-end> [
   {
-    recipe-errors:address:array:character <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
+    recipe-errors:text <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
     break-unless recipe-errors
     row, screen <- render-text screen, recipe-errors, left, right, 1/red, row
   }
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ before <render-components-end> [
     error-index:number <- get *env, error-index:offset
     sandboxes-completed-successfully?:boolean <- equal error-index, -1
     break-if sandboxes-completed-successfully?
-    error-index-text:address:array:character <- to-text error-index
-    status:address:array:character <- interpolate [errors found (_)    ], error-index-text
+    error-index-text:text <- to-text error-index
+    status:text <- interpolate [errors found (_)    ], error-index-text
     update-status screen, status, 1/red
   }
 ]
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ container sandbox-data [
 def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data, idx:number -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, errors:address:array:character, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:address:array:character, completed?:boolean <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, errors:text, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:text, completed?:boolean <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, errors:offset, errors
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-enviro
 # make sure we render any trace
 after <render-sandbox-trace-done> [
   {
-    sandbox-errors:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, errors:offset
+    sandbox-errors:text <- get *sandbox, errors:offset
     break-unless sandbox-errors
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response-starting-row-on-screen:offset, 0  # no response
     row, screen <- render-text screen, sandbox-errors, left, right, 1/red, row
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ after <render-sandbox-trace-done> [
 scenario run-shows-errors-in-get [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   get 123:number, foo:offset
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ recipe foo [
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 80
     # create invalid sandbox 1
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 80
     # create invalid sandbox 2
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
 scenario run-hides-errors-from-past-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new [get foo, x:offset]  # invalid
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new [get foo, x:offset]  # invalid
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4  # generate error
   ]
@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ scenario run-updates-errors-for-shape-shifting-recipes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
   # define a shape-shifting recipe with an error
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
+  1:text <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
 local-scope
 load-ingredients
 y:address:number <- copy 0
 z <- add x, y
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo 2]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo 2]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -291,12 +291,12 @@ scenario run-avoids-spurious-errors-on-reloading-shape-shifting-recipes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
   # overload a well-known shape-shifting recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe length l:address:list:_elem -> n:number [
+  1:text <- new [recipe length l:address:list:_elem -> n:number [
 ]]
   # call code that uses other variants of it, but not it itself
-  2:address:array:character <- new [x:address:list:number <- copy 0
+  2:text <- new [x:address:list:number <- copy 0
 to-text x]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run it once
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ to-text x]
 scenario run-shows-missing-type-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   x <- copy 0
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -376,12 +376,12 @@ scenario run-shows-unbalanced-bracket-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
   # recipe is incomplete (unbalanced '[')
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo \\[
   x <- copy 0
 ]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -403,14 +403,14 @@ recipe foo \\[
 scenario run-shows-get-on-non-container-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:address:point <- new point:type
   get x:address:point, 1:offset
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -435,15 +435,15 @@ recipe foo [
 scenario run-shows-non-literal-get-argument-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:number <- copy 0
   y:address:point <- new point:type
   get *y:address:point, x:number
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -470,13 +470,13 @@ scenario run-shows-errors-everytime [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   # try to run a file with an error
   assume-screen 100/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:number <- copy y:number
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -516,10 +516,10 @@ scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # left editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # right editor contains an illegal instruction
-  2:address:array:character <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -579,10 +579,10 @@ scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors-only-once [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # left editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
+  1:text <- new []
   # right editor contains an illegal instruction
-  2:address:array:character <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the code in the editors multiple times
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -610,14 +610,14 @@ scenario sandbox-can-handle-infinite-loop [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 20/height
   # left editor is empty
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe foo [
+  1:text <- new [recipe foo [
   {
     loop
   }
 ]]
   # right editor contains an instruction
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ scenario sandbox-with-errors-shows-trace [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 100/width, 10/height
   # generate a stash and a error
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe foo [
+  1:text <- new [recipe foo [
 local-scope
 a:number <- next-ingredient
 b:number <- next-ingredient
@@ -649,8 +649,8 @@ stash [dividing by], b
 _, c:number <- divide-with-remainder a, b
 reply b
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo 4, 0]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo 4, 0]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text, 2:text
   # run
   assume-console [
     press F4
diff --git a/edit/012-editor-undo.mu b/edit/012-editor-undo.mu
index 75872cf0..a245e77d 100644
--- a/edit/012-editor-undo.mu
+++ b/edit/012-editor-undo.mu
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing [
   # create an editor and type a character
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [0]
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ after <handle-undo> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
   # create an editor and type multiple characters
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [a]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type some characters
   assume-console [
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [  abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [  abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # new line
   assume-console [
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
 scenario editor-redo-typing [
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [a]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -476,10 +476,10 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
 scenario editor-work-clears-redo-stack [
   # create an editor with some text, do some work, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [1]
@@ -518,8 +518,8 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and tabs, hit enter, some more text and tabs
   assume-console [
@@ -675,10 +675,10 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
 scenario editor-can-undo-touch [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -766,10 +766,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-scroll [
   # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
   assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
   # editor contains a wrapped line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 cdefgh]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   # position cursor at end of screen and try to move right
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 3
@@ -828,10 +828,10 @@ cdefgh]
 scenario editor-can-undo-left-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -872,10 +872,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-up-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -922,10 +922,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-down-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -966,13 +966,13 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-f [
   # create an editor with multiple pages of text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e
 f]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # scroll the page
   assume-console [
@@ -1001,13 +1001,13 @@ f]
 scenario editor-can-undo-page-down [
   # create an editor with multiple pages of text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e
 f]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # scroll the page
   assume-console [
@@ -1036,13 +1036,13 @@ f]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-b [
   # create an editor with multiple pages of text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e
 f]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # scroll the page down and up
   assume-console [
@@ -1072,13 +1072,13 @@ f]
 scenario editor-can-undo-page-up [
   # create an editor with multiple pages of text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a
+  1:text <- new [a
 b
 c
 d
 e
 f]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # scroll the page down and up
   assume-console [
@@ -1108,10 +1108,10 @@ f]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-a [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1152,10 +1152,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-home [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1196,10 +1196,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-e [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1240,10 +1240,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-end [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1284,10 +1284,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-multiple-arrows-in-the-same-direction [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -1338,10 +1338,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-redo-touch [
   # create an editor with some text, click on a character, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
@@ -1395,8 +1395,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
   # create an editor, type some text, move the cursor, type some more text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
@@ -1544,8 +1544,8 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit backspace
   assume-console [
@@ -1689,8 +1689,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -1878,9 +1878,9 @@ before <delete-character-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-k [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -1980,9 +1980,9 @@ before <delete-to-end-of-line-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -2081,8 +2081,8 @@ before <delete-to-start-of-line-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u-2 [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
diff --git a/lambda-to-mu.mu b/lambda-to-mu.mu
index a65f5387..32727916 100644
--- a/lambda-to-mu.mu
+++ b/lambda-to-mu.mu
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 scenario convert-lambda [
   run [
     local-scope
-    1:address:array:character/raw <- lambda-to-mu [(add a (multiply b c))]
-    2:array:character/raw <- copy *1:address:array:character/raw
+    1:text/raw <- lambda-to-mu [(add a (multiply b c))]
+    2:array:character/raw <- copy *1:text/raw
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     2:array:character <- [t1 <- multiply b c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def is-pair? x:address:cell -> result:boolean [
 
 scenario atom-is-not-pair [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [a]
+  s:text <- new [a]
   x:address:cell <- new-atom s
   10:boolean/raw <- is-atom? x
   11:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ scenario atom-is-not-pair [
 scenario pair-is-not-atom [
   local-scope
   # construct (a . nil)
-  s:address:array:character <- new [a]
+  s:text <- new [a]
   x:address:cell <- new-atom s
   y:address:cell <- new-pair x, 0/nil
   10:boolean/raw <- is-atom? y
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ scenario pair-is-not-atom [
 def atom-match? x:address:cell, pat:address:array:character -> result:boolean [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  s:address:array:character, is-atom?:boolean <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
+  s:text, is-atom?:boolean <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
   reply-unless is-atom?, 0/false
   result <- equal pat, s
 ]
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def set-rest base:address:cell, new-rest:address:cell -> base:address:cell [
 
 scenario cell-operations-on-atom [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [a]
+  s:text <- new [a]
   x:address:cell <- new-atom s
   10:address:cell/raw <- first x
   11:address:cell/raw <- rest x
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ scenario cell-operations-on-atom [
 scenario cell-operations-on-pair [
   local-scope
   # construct (a . nil)
-  s:address:array:character <- new [a]
+  s:text <- new [a]
   x:address:cell <- new-atom s
   y:address:cell <- new-pair x, 0/nil
   x2:address:cell <- first y
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def parse in:address:stream:character -> out:address:cell, in:address:stream:cha
       b <- append b, c
       loop
     }
-    s:address:array:character <- buffer-to-array b
+    s:text <- buffer-to-array b
     out <- new-atom s
   }
   {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ def to-buffer x:address:cell, buf:address:buffer -> buf:address:buffer [
   }
   # base case: atom
   {
-    s:address:array:character, atom?:boolean <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
+    s:text, atom?:boolean <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
     break-unless atom?
     buf <- append buf, s
     reply
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ def to-buffer x:address:cell, buf:address:buffer -> buf:address:buffer [
 
 scenario parse-single-letter-atom [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [a]
+  s:text <- new [a]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
-  s2:address:array:character, 10:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 10:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
   11:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
   memory-should-contain [
     10 <- 1  # parse result is an atom
@@ -327,9 +327,9 @@ scenario parse-single-letter-atom [
 
 scenario parse-atom [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+  s:text <- new [abc]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
-  s2:address:array:character, 10:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 10:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x, atom:variant
   11:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
   memory-should-contain [
     10 <- 1  # parse result is an atom
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ scenario parse-atom [
 
 scenario parse-list-of-two-atoms [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [(abc def)]
+  s:text <- new [(abc def)]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < abc | < def | <> > >
@@ -347,10 +347,10 @@ scenario parse-list-of-two-atoms [
   10:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   x2:address:cell <- rest x
-  s1:address:array:character, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
   12:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x2
   x3:address:cell <- first x2
-  s2:address:array:character, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
   14:address:cell/raw <- rest x2
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ scenario parse-list-of-two-atoms [
 
 scenario parse-list-with-extra-spaces [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [ ( abc  def ) ]  # extra spaces
+  s:text <- new [ ( abc  def ) ]  # extra spaces
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < abc | < def | <> > >
@@ -375,10 +375,10 @@ scenario parse-list-with-extra-spaces [
   10:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   x2:address:cell <- rest x
-  s1:address:array:character, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
   12:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x2
   x3:address:cell <- first x2
-  s2:address:array:character, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
   14:address:cell/raw <- rest x2
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ scenario parse-list-with-extra-spaces [
 
 scenario parse-list-of-more-than-two-atoms [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [(abc def ghi)]
+  s:text <- new [(abc def ghi)]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < abc | < def | < ghi | <> > > >
@@ -403,14 +403,14 @@ scenario parse-list-of-more-than-two-atoms [
   10:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   x2:address:cell <- rest x
-  s1:address:array:character, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
   12:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x2
   x3:address:cell <- first x2
-  s2:address:array:character, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
   x4:address:cell <- rest x2
   14:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x4
   x5:address:cell <- first x4
-  s3:address:array:character, 15:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x5, atom:variant
+  s3:text, 15:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x5, atom:variant
   16:address:cell/raw <- rest x4
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ scenario parse-list-of-more-than-two-atoms [
 
 scenario parse-nested-list [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [((abc))]
+  s:text <- new [((abc))]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < < abc | <> > | <> >
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ scenario parse-nested-list [
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   11:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x2:address:cell <- first x1
-  s1:address:array:character, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
   13:address:cell/raw <- rest x1
   14:address:cell/raw <- rest x
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ scenario parse-nested-list [
 
 scenario parse-nested-list-2 [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [((abc) def)]
+  s:text <- new [((abc) def)]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < < abc | <> > | < def | <> > >
@@ -465,11 +465,11 @@ scenario parse-nested-list-2 [
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   11:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x2:address:cell <- first x1
-  s1:address:array:character, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
   13:address:cell/raw <- rest x1
   x3:address:cell <- rest x
   x4:address:cell <- first x3
-  s2:address:array:character, 14:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x4, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 14:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x4, atom:variant
   15:address:cell/raw <- rest x3
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ scenario parse-nested-list-2 [
 # assertion failures
 #? scenario parse-error [
 #?   local-scope
-#?   s:address:array:character <- new [(]
+#?   s:text <- new [(]
 #? #?   hide-errors
 #?   x:address:cell <- parse s
 #? #?   show-errors
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ scenario parse-nested-list-2 [
 #? 
 #? scenario parse-error-after-element [
 #?   local-scope
-#?   s:address:array:character <- new [(abc]
+#?   s:text <- new [(abc]
 #? #?   hide-errors
 #?   x:address:cell <- parse s
 #? #?   show-errors
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ scenario parse-nested-list-2 [
 
 scenario parse-dotted-list-of-two-atoms [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [(abc . def)]
+  s:text <- new [(abc . def)]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < abc | def >
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ scenario parse-dotted-list-of-two-atoms [
   10:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   x2:address:cell <- rest x
-  s1:address:array:character, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
-  s2:address:array:character, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 12:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x2, atom:variant
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ scenario parse-dotted-list-of-two-atoms [
 
 scenario parse-dotted-list-of-more-than-two-atoms [
   local-scope
-  s:address:array:character <- new [(abc def . ghi)]
+  s:text <- new [(abc def . ghi)]
   x:address:cell <- parse s
   trace-should-contain [
     app/parse: < abc | < def | ghi > >
@@ -543,12 +543,12 @@ scenario parse-dotted-list-of-more-than-two-atoms [
   10:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x
   x1:address:cell <- first x
   x2:address:cell <- rest x
-  s1:address:array:character, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
+  s1:text, 11:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x1, atom:variant
   12:boolean/raw <- is-pair? x2
   x3:address:cell <- first x2
-  s2:address:array:character, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
+  s2:text, 13:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x3, atom:variant
   x4:address:cell <- rest x2
-  s3:address:array:character, 14:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x4, atom:variant
+  s3:text, 14:boolean/raw <- maybe-convert *x4, atom:variant
   20:array:character/raw <- copy *s1
   30:array:character/raw <- copy *s2
   40:array:character/raw <- copy *s3
@@ -580,4 +580,5 @@ def to-mu in:address:cell, buf:address:buffer -> buf:address:buffer, result-name
   # null cell? no change.
   # pair with all atoms? gensym a new variable
   # pair containing other pairs? recurse
+  result-name <- copy 0
 ]
diff --git a/sandbox/001-editor.mu b/sandbox/001-editor.mu
index be210b95..f59c43e1 100644
--- a/sandbox/001-editor.mu
+++ b/sandbox/001-editor.mu
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ def! main text:address:array:character [
 scenario editor-initially-prints-text-to-screen [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+    1:text <- new [abc]
+    new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     # top line of screen reserved for menu
@@ -257,9 +257,9 @@ def clear-rest-of-screen screen:address:screen, row:number, left:number, right:n
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ def]
 scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abc]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -285,9 +285,9 @@ scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines-at-offset [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ def]
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc def]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abc def]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    s:text <- new [abcde]
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   # still wrap, even though the line would fit. We need room to click on the
   # end of the line
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
 scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:address:array:character <- new []
-    2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    1:text <- new []
+    2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
     3:number <- get *2:address:editor-data, cursor-row:offset
     4:number <- get *2:address:editor-data, cursor-column:offset
   ]
@@ -363,10 +363,10 @@ scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
 scenario render-colors-comments [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 # de
 f]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -444,10 +444,10 @@ def get-color color:number, c:character -> color:number [
 scenario render-colors-assignment [
   assume-screen 8/width, 5/height
   run [
-    s:address:array:character <- new [abc
+    s:text <- new [abc
 d <- e
 f]
-    new-editor s:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+    new-editor s:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .        .
diff --git a/sandbox/002-typing.mu b/sandbox/002-typing.mu
index 1c4bae8a..b8ca7462 100644
--- a/sandbox/002-typing.mu
+++ b/sandbox/002-typing.mu
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ def editor-render screen:address:screen, editor:address:editor-data -> screen:ad
 
 scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console []
   run [
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # last line, to the right of text
@@ -346,9 +346,9 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # interior line, to the right of text
@@ -367,9 +367,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 7  # below text
@@ -388,9 +388,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
+  1:text <- new [abc]
   # editor occupies only left half of screen
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -439,8 +439,8 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -460,8 +460,8 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # type two letters at different places
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-5 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -530,8 +530,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -552,9 +552,9 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-6 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [ab]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [01]
@@ -621,8 +621,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
 
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type a letter
   assume-console [
@@ -659,9 +659,9 @@ scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert-2 [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdefg
+  1:text <- new [abcdefg
 defg]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type more text at the start
   assume-console [
@@ -740,8 +740,8 @@ after <insert-character-special-case> [
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-in-middle-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3  # right before the wrap icon
     type [f]
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-at-end-of-line [
   local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # create an editor containing two lines
-  contents:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 xyz]
   1:address:editor-data/raw <- new-editor contents, screen, 0/left, 5/right
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ xyz]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-to-left-margin [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 2/left, 7/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 2/left, 7/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 5  # line is full; no wrap icon yet
     type [01]
@@ -831,8 +831,8 @@ after <editor-initialization> [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
@@ -936,8 +936,8 @@ def line-indent curr:address:duplex-list:character, start:address:duplex-list:ch
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
@@ -956,8 +956,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
 
 scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press enter
   ]
@@ -983,10 +983,10 @@ scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
 
 scenario editor-inserts-indent-after-newline [
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline'
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
@@ -1007,10 +1007,10 @@ ef]
 
 scenario editor-skips-indent-around-paste [
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline' surrounded by paste markers
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
diff --git a/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu b/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
index 46ab636e..05d42128 100644
--- a/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
+++ b/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 scenario editor-inserts-two-spaces-on-tab [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press tab
   ]
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 
 scenario editor-handles-backspace-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ def previous-line-length curr:address:duplex-list:character, start:address:duple
 scenario editor-clears-last-line-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 0  # cursor at only character in final line
     press backspace
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ cd]
 scenario editor-joins-and-wraps-lines-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two long-ish but non-wrapping lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc def
+  1:text <- new [abc def
 ghi jkl]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position the cursor at the start of the second and hit backspace
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ ghi jkl]
 scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor in part of the screen with a long line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc def ghij]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+  1:text <- new [abc def ghij]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 8/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # confirm that it wraps
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
 
 scenario editor-handles-delete-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -387,8 +387,8 @@ def delete-at-cursor editor:address:editor-data, screen:address:screen -> editor
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-right-with-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ def move-cursor-coordinates-right editor:address:editor-data, screen-height:numb
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # type right-arrow a few times to get to start of second line
@@ -517,9 +517,9 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     press right-arrow
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -572,8 +572,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # line just barely wrapping
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcde]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcde]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at last character before wrap and hit right-arrow
@@ -608,8 +608,8 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 6/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 1/left, 6/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -637,9 +637,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-at-end-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # move to end of line, press right-arrow, type a character
@@ -668,8 +668,8 @@ d]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-left-with-key [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -711,9 +711,9 @@ after <handle-special-key> [
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of second line (so there's no previous newline)
@@ -736,10 +736,10 @@ d]
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with three lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor further down (so there's a newline before the character at
@@ -764,10 +764,10 @@ g]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of text, press left-arrow, then type a character
@@ -793,10 +793,10 @@ g]
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with text containing an empty line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 
 d]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor right after empty line
@@ -821,8 +821,8 @@ d]
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  1:text <- new [abcdef]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -852,9 +852,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line followed by a second line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcdef
+  1:text <- new [abcdef
 g]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -884,9 +884,9 @@ g]
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-non-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a line on the verge of wrapping, followed by a second line
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abcd
+  1:text <- new [abcd
 e]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -919,9 +919,9 @@ e]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-with-up-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1034,9 +1034,9 @@ def move-to-previous-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-da
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-previous-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ab
+  1:text <- new [ab
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1070,9 +1070,9 @@ def]
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-empty-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [
+  1:text <- new [
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1107,10 +1107,10 @@ def]
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-from-left-margin [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # start out with three lines
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # click on the third line and hit up-arrow, so you end up just after a newline
@@ -1147,9 +1147,9 @@ ghi]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-next-line-with-down-arrow [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # cursor starts out at (1, 0)
@@ -1238,9 +1238,9 @@ def move-to-next-line editor:address:editor-data, screen-height:number -> editor
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-next-line [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 de]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
@@ -1276,9 +1276,9 @@ de]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press ctrl-a
@@ -1351,9 +1351,9 @@ def move-to-start-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-da
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-a
@@ -1376,9 +1376,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press 'home'
   assume-console [
@@ -1400,9 +1400,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press 'home'
@@ -1427,9 +1427,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press ctrl-e
@@ -1519,9 +1519,9 @@ def move-to-end-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> editor:address:editor-data
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-e
@@ -1544,9 +1544,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press 'end'
@@ -1569,9 +1569,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press 'end'
@@ -1596,9 +1596,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
@@ -1659,9 +1659,9 @@ def delete-to-start-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:duplex-
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
@@ -1682,9 +1682,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
@@ -1705,9 +1705,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of final line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
@@ -1730,9 +1730,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line, press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
@@ -1785,9 +1785,9 @@ def delete-to-end-of-line editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:duplex-li
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
@@ -1808,9 +1808,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
@@ -1831,9 +1831,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
@@ -1854,9 +1854,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
@@ -1877,9 +1877,9 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-6 [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [123
+  1:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
diff --git a/sandbox/004-programming-environment.mu b/sandbox/004-programming-environment.mu
index b2f0ebc0..bcbc5197 100644
--- a/sandbox/004-programming-environment.mu
+++ b/sandbox/004-programming-environment.mu
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 def! main [
   local-scope
   open-console
-  initial-sandbox:address:array:character <- new []
+  initial-sandbox:text <- new []
   hide-screen 0/screen
   env:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment 0/screen, initial-sandbox
   env <- restore-sandboxes env
diff --git a/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu b/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
index 54013373..810aab5f 100644
--- a/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
+++ b/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ scenario run-and-show-results [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  1:address:array:character <- new [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ after <global-keypress> [
     do-run?:boolean <- equal k, 65532/F4
     break-unless do-run?
     screen <- update-status screen, [running...       ], 245/grey
-    test-recipes:address:array:character, _/optional <- next-ingredient
+    test-recipes:text, _/optional <- next-ingredient
     error?:boolean, env, screen <- run-sandboxes env, screen, test-recipes
 #?     test-recipes <- copy 0  # abandon
     # F4 might update warnings and results on both sides
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def run-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scree
   <run-sandboxes-begin>
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   {
-    sandbox-contents:address:array:character <- editor-contents current-sandbox
+    sandbox-contents:text <- editor-contents current-sandbox
     break-unless sandbox-contents
     # if contents exist, first save them
     # run them and turn them into a new sandbox-data
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scre
   load-ingredients
   {
     break-if test-recipes
-    in:address:array:character <- restore [recipes.mu]  # newlayer: persistence
+    in:text <- restore [recipes.mu]  # newlayer: persistence
     reload in
   }
   {
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ def update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scre
 def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data, idx:number -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, _, fake-screen:address:screen <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, _, fake-screen:address:screen <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
 ]
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ def save-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data [
   idx:number <- copy 0
   {
     break-unless curr
-    data:address:array:character <- get *curr, data:offset
-    filename:address:array:character <- to-text idx
+    data:text <- get *curr, data:offset
+    filename:text <- to-text idx
     save filename, data
     <end-save-sandbox>
     idx <- add idx, 1
@@ -262,11 +262,11 @@ def render-sandboxes screen:address:screen, sandbox:address:sandbox-data, left:n
     # render sandbox contents
     row <- add row, 1
     screen <- move-cursor screen, row, left
-    sandbox-data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+    sandbox-data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
     row, screen <- render-code screen, sandbox-data, left, right, row
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, code-ending-row-on-screen:offset, row
     # render sandbox warnings, screen or response, in that order
-    sandbox-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, response:offset
+    sandbox-response:text <- get *sandbox, response:offset
     <render-sandbox-results>
     {
       sandbox-screen:address:screen <- get *sandbox, screen:offset
@@ -409,8 +409,8 @@ def! restore-sandboxes env:address:programming-environment-data -> env:address:p
   curr:address:sandbox-data <- copy 0
   prev:address:sandbox-data <- copy 0
   {
-    filename:address:array:character <- to-text idx
-    contents:address:array:character <- restore filename
+    filename:text <- to-text idx
+    contents:text <- restore filename
     break-unless contents  # stop at first error; assuming file didn't exist
                            # todo: handle empty sandbox
     # create new sandbox for file
@@ -504,20 +504,20 @@ scenario run-updates-results [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 12/height
   # define a recipe (no indent for the 'add' line below so column numbers are more obvious)
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
 local-scope
 z:number <- add 2, 2
 return z
 ]]
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ return z
     .                                                  .
   ]
   # make a change (incrementing one of the args to 'add'), then rerun
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
 local-scope
 z:number <- add 2, 3
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ return z
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/recipes
   ]
   # check that screen updates the result on the right
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -558,8 +558,8 @@ scenario run-instruction-manages-screen-per-sandbox [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # editor contains an instruction
-  1:address:array:character <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run the code in the editor
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -606,16 +606,16 @@ def editor-contents editor:address:editor-data -> result:address:array:character
 
 scenario editor-provides-edited-contents [
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     type [def]
   ]
   run [
     editor-event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:editor-data
-    3:address:array:character <- editor-contents 2:address:editor-data
-    4:array:character <- copy *3:address:array:character
+    3:text <- editor-contents 2:address:editor-data
+    4:array:character <- copy *3:text
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     4:array:character <- [abdefc]
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ scenario scrolling-down-past-bottom-of-sandbox-editor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize
-  1:address:array:character <- new [add 2, 2]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [add 2, 2]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   assume-console [
     # create a sandbox
@@ -764,8 +764,8 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
@@ -925,8 +925,8 @@ scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create a sandbox
   assume-console [
diff --git a/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu b/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
index d1d221d1..754a4a3d 100644
--- a/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
+++ b/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [add 1, 1]
+  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
 scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor-2 [
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [add 1, 1]
+  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def try-copy-sandbox click-row:number, env:address:programming-environment-data
   sandbox:address:sandbox-data <- find-sandbox env, click-row
   return-unless sandbox, 0/false
   clicked-on-copy-button? <- copy 1/true
-  text:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  text:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   current-sandbox <- insert-text current-sandbox, text
   # reset scroll
@@ -217,11 +217,11 @@ def within-range? x:number, low:number, high:number -> result:boolean [
 scenario copy-fails-if-sandbox-editor-not-empty [
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [add 1, 1]
+  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
diff --git a/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu b/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
index 00738646..74a50d3c 100644
--- a/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
+++ b/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 scenario deleting-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run a few commands
   assume-console [
     type [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ scenario deleting-updates-sandbox-count [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
diff --git a/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu b/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
index 66aeadc7..c92ec445 100644
--- a/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
+++ b/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # run something
-  1:address:array:character <- new [add 2, 2]
+  1:text <- new [add 2, 2]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def try-edit-sandbox click-row:number, env:address:programming-environment-data
   return-unless sandbox, 0/false
   clicked-on-edit-button? <- copy 1/true
   # 'edit' button = 'copy' button + 'delete' button
-  text:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  text:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
   current-sandbox:address:editor-data <- get *env, current-sandbox:offset
   current-sandbox <- insert-text current-sandbox, text
   env <- delete-sandbox env, sandbox
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ scenario sandbox-with-print-can-be-edited [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # run a print instruction
-  1:address:array:character <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   render-all screen, 2:address:programming-environment-data, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
diff --git a/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu b/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
index 6d0ca691..c89775a4 100644
--- a/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
+++ b/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-result-toggles-color-to-green [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   return 4
 ]]
   # run it
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
+  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def foo [
     left-click 5, 21
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   # color toggles to green
   screen-should-contain-in-color 2/green, [
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def foo [
     .                                                  .
   ]
   # now change the result
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   return 3
 ]]
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def foo [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/new-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/new-test-recipes
   ]
   # result turns red
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ container sandbox-data [
 # include expected response when saving or restoring a sandbox
 before <end-save-sandbox> [
   {
-    expected-response:address:array:character <- get *curr, expected-response:offset
+    expected-response:text <- get *curr, expected-response:offset
     break-unless expected-response
     filename <- append filename, [.out]
     save filename, expected-response
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def find-click-in-sandbox-output env:address:programming-environment-data, click
 def toggle-expected-response sandbox:address:sandbox-data -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  expected-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
+  expected-response:text <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
   {
     # if expected-response is set, reset
     break-unless expected-response
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def toggle-expected-response sandbox:address:sandbox-data -> sandbox:address:san
   {
     # if not, set expected response to the current response
     break-if expected-response
-    response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, response:offset
+    response:text <- get *sandbox, response:offset
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, expected-response:offset, response
   }
 ]
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ after <render-sandbox-response> [
   {
     break-unless sandbox-response
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response-starting-row-on-screen:offset, row
-    expected-response:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
+    expected-response:text <- get *sandbox, expected-response:offset
     break-unless expected-response  # fall-through to print in grey
     response-is-expected?:boolean <- equal expected-response, sandbox-response
     {
diff --git a/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu b/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
index 7af6598b..c42a9dfc 100644
--- a/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
+++ b/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # run a stash instruction
-  1:address:array:character <- new [stash [abc]]
+  1:text <- new [stash [abc]]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ scenario sandbox-shows-app-trace-and-result [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # run a stash instruction and some code
-  1:address:array:character <- new [stash [abc]
+  1:text <- new [stash [abc]
 add 2, 2]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -119,12 +119,12 @@ scenario clicking-on-app-trace-does-nothing [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # create and expand the trace
-  1:address:array:character <- new [stash 123456789]
+  1:text <- new [stash 123456789]
   assume-console [
     press F4
     left-click 4, 1
   ]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 2:address:programming-environment-data
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ container sandbox-data [
 def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data, idx:number -> sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-environment-data [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, _, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:address:array:character <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, _, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:text <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, trace:offset, trace
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ after <render-sandbox-results> [
   {
     display-trace?:boolean <- get *sandbox, display-trace?:offset
     break-unless display-trace?
-    sandbox-trace:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, trace:offset
+    sandbox-trace:text <- get *sandbox, trace:offset
     break-unless sandbox-trace  # nothing to print; move on
     row, screen <- render-text screen, sandbox-trace, left, right, 245/grey, row
   }
diff --git a/sandbox/011-errors.mu b/sandbox/011-errors.mu
index e311cb52..108ec0ab 100644
--- a/sandbox/011-errors.mu
+++ b/sandbox/011-errors.mu
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ def! update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scr
   load-ingredients
   {
     break-if test-recipes
-    in:address:array:character <- restore [recipes.mu]
-    recipe-errors:address:array:character <- reload in
+    in:text <- restore [recipes.mu]
+    recipe-errors:text <- reload in
     *env <- put *env, recipe-errors:offset, recipe-errors
   }
   {
     break-unless test-recipes
-    recipe-errors:address:array:character <- reload test-recipes
+    recipe-errors:text <- reload test-recipes
   }
   *env <- put *env, recipe-errors:offset, recipe-errors
   # if recipe editor has errors, stop
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def! update-recipes env:address:programming-environment-data, screen:address:scr
 
 before <render-components-end> [
   trace 11, [app], [render status]
-  recipe-errors:address:array:character <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
+  recipe-errors:text <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
   {
     break-unless recipe-errors
     update-status screen, [errors found     ], 1/red
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ before <render-components-end> [
     error-index:number <- get *env, error-index:offset
     sandboxes-completed-successfully?:boolean <- equal error-index, -1
     break-if sandboxes-completed-successfully?
-    error-index-text:address:array:character <- to-text error-index
-    status:address:array:character <- interpolate [errors found (_)    ], error-index-text
+    error-index-text:text <- to-text error-index
+    status:text <- interpolate [errors found (_)    ], error-index-text
     update-status screen, status, 1/red
   }
 ]
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-enviro
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   {
-    recipe-errors:address:array:character <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
+    recipe-errors:text <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
     break-unless recipe-errors
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, errors:offset, recipe-errors
     return
   }
-  data:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, data:offset
-  response:address:array:character, errors:address:array:character, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:address:array:character, completed?:boolean <- run-sandboxed data
+  data:text <- get *sandbox, data:offset
+  response:text, errors:text, fake-screen:address:screen, trace:text, completed?:boolean <- run-sandboxed data
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response:offset, response
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, errors:offset, errors
   *sandbox <- put *sandbox, screen:offset, fake-screen
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ def! update-sandbox sandbox:address:sandbox-data, env:address:programming-enviro
 # make sure we render any trace
 after <render-sandbox-trace-done> [
   {
-    sandbox-errors:address:array:character <- get *sandbox, errors:offset
+    sandbox-errors:text <- get *sandbox, errors:offset
     break-unless sandbox-errors
     *sandbox <- put *sandbox, response-starting-row-on-screen:offset, 0  # no response
     {
       break-unless env
-      recipe-errors:address:array:character <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
+      recipe-errors:text <- get *env, recipe-errors:offset
       row, screen <- render-text screen, recipe-errors, left, right, 1/red, row
     }
     row, screen <- render-text screen, sandbox-errors, left, right, 1/red, row
@@ -127,17 +127,17 @@ after <render-sandbox-trace-done> [
 scenario run-shows-errors-in-get [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   get 123:number, foo:offset
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ def foo [
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     # create invalid sandbox 1
     type [get foo, x:offset]
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/empty-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
   ]
   # status line shows that error is in first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new []
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new []
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     # create invalid sandbox 2
     type [get foo, x:offset]
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/empty-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
   ]
   # status line shows that error is in second sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -207,13 +207,13 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
 scenario run-hides-errors-from-past-sandboxes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:array:character <- new [get foo, x:offset]  # invalid
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:text <- new [get foo, x:offset]  # invalid
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4  # generate error
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/empty-test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 10
     press ctrl-k
@@ -240,18 +240,18 @@ scenario run-updates-errors-for-shape-shifting-recipes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # define a shape-shifting recipe with an error
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
+  1:text <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
 local-scope
 load-ingredients
 y:address:number <- copy 0
 z <- add x, y
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo 2]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo 2]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ z <- add x, y
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   # error should remain unchanged
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -288,17 +288,17 @@ scenario run-avoids-spurious-errors-on-reloading-shape-shifting-recipes [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # overload a well-known shape-shifting recipe
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe length l:address:list:_elem -> n:number [
+  1:text <- new [recipe length l:address:list:_elem -> n:number [
 ]]
   # call code that uses other variants of it, but not it itself
-  2:address:array:character <- new [x:address:list:number <- copy 0
+  2:text <- new [x:address:list:number <- copy 0
 to-text x]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   # run it once
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   # no errors anywhere on screen (can't check anything else, since to-text will return an address)
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
     .                                                  .
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ to-text x]
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   # still no errors
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
@@ -335,17 +335,17 @@ to-text x]
 scenario run-shows-missing-type-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   x <- copy 0
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -361,17 +361,17 @@ scenario run-shows-unbalanced-bracket-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # recipe is incomplete (unbalanced '[')
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo \\[
   x <- copy 0
 ]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -389,19 +389,19 @@ recipe foo \\[
 scenario run-shows-get-on-non-container-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   local-scope
   x:address:point <- new point:type
   get x:address:point, 1:offset
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -417,20 +417,20 @@ def foo [
 scenario run-shows-non-literal-get-argument-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   local-scope
   x:number <- copy 0
   y:address:point <- new point:type
   get *y:address:point, x:number
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -447,17 +447,17 @@ scenario run-shows-errors-everytime [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # try to run a file with an error
-  1:address:array:character <- new [ 
+  1:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
   local-scope
   x:number <- copy y:number
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ def foo [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ def foo [
 scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [get 1:address:point, 1:offset]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [get 1:address:point, 1:offset]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
@@ -522,8 +522,8 @@ scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors-only-once [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # editor contains an illegal instruction
-  1:address:array:character <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  1:text <- new [get 1234:number, foo:offset]
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run the code in the editors multiple times
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -551,10 +551,10 @@ scenario sandbox-can-handle-infinite-loop [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # editor contains an infinite loop
-  1:address:array:character <- new [{
+  1:text <- new [{
 loop
 }]
-  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:address:array:character
+  2:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 1:text
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ scenario sandbox-with-errors-shows-trace [
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # generate a stash and a error
-  1:address:array:character <- new [recipe foo [
+  1:text <- new [recipe foo [
 local-scope
 a:number <- next-ingredient
 b:number <- next-ingredient
@@ -588,13 +588,13 @@ stash [dividing by], b
 _, c:number <- divide-with-remainder a, b
 return b
 ]]
-  2:address:array:character <- new [foo 4, 0]
-  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:address:array:character
+  2:text <- new [foo 4, 0]
+  3:address:programming-environment-data <- new-programming-environment screen:address:screen, 2:text
   # run
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   # screen prints error message
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ return b
     left-click 4, 15
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:address:array:character/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:address:screen, console:address:console, 3:address:programming-environment-data, 1:text/test-recipes
   ]
   # screen should expand trace
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu b/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
index 14c156e9..2239560b 100644
--- a/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
+++ b/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing [
   # create an editor and type a character
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [0]
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ after <handle-undo> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
   # create an editor and type multiple characters
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [a]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # type some characters
   assume-console [
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [  abc]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [  abc]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # new line
   assume-console [
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
 scenario editor-redo-typing [
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [a]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new [a]
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [012]
@@ -476,10 +476,10 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
 scenario editor-work-clears-redo-stack [
   # create an editor with some text, do some work, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [1]
@@ -518,8 +518,8 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and tabs, hit enter, some more text and tabs
   assume-console [
@@ -675,10 +675,10 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
 scenario editor-can-undo-touch [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -765,10 +765,10 @@ after <handle-undo> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-left-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -809,10 +809,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-up-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -859,10 +859,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-down-arrow [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -903,10 +903,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-a [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -947,10 +947,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-home [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -991,10 +991,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-e [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1035,10 +1035,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-end [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
@@ -1079,10 +1079,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-can-undo-multiple-arrows-in-the-same-direction [
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
@@ -1133,10 +1133,10 @@ ghi]
 scenario editor-redo-touch [
   # create an editor with some text, click on a character, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
@@ -1190,8 +1190,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
   # create an editor, type some text, move the cursor, type some more text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
@@ -1339,8 +1339,8 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit backspace
   assume-console [
@@ -1484,8 +1484,8 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -1673,9 +1673,9 @@ before <delete-character-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-k [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -1775,9 +1775,9 @@ before <delete-to-end-of-line-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new [abc
+  1:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
@@ -1876,8 +1876,8 @@ before <delete-to-start-of-line-end> [
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u-2 [
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:address:array:character <- new []
-  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:address:array:character, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  1:text <- new []
+  2:address:editor-data <- new-editor 1:text, screen:address:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   editor-render screen, 2:address:editor-data
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [