.

Delete the examples from Crenshaw. They're extremely rudimentary, and
they were really just trial runs for the Mu toolchain.

2 files changed, 0 insertions, 1306 deletions

diff --git a/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx b/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
deleted file mode 100644
index 73c0f16e..00000000
--- a/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,556 +0,0 @@
-# Port of https://github.com/akkartik/crenshaw/blob/master/tutor2.1.pas
-# which corresponds to the section "single digits" in https://compilers.iecc.com/crenshaw/tutor2.txt
-# except that we support hex digits.
-#
-# To run:
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap translate [01]*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1.subx -o crenshaw2-1
-#   $ echo '3'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1
-# Expected output:
-#   # syscall(exit, 3)
-#   bb/copy-to-ebx  3/imm32
-#   b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
-#   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
-#
-# To run the generated output:
-#   $ echo '3'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1 > z1.subx
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap translate z1.subx -o z1
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap run z1
-#   $ echo $?
-#   3
-#
-# Stdin must contain just a single hex digit. Other input will print an error:
-#   $ echo 'xyz'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1
-#   Error: integer expected
-#
-# Names in this file sometimes follow Crenshaw's original rather than my usual
-# naming conventions.
-
-== code
-#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
-# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
-# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
-
-Entry:  # run tests if necessary, call 'compile' if not
-    # . prologue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-
-    # initialize heap
-    # . Heap = new-segment(Heap-size)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  Heap/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Heap-size/disp32                  # push *Heap-size
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-
-    # - if argc > 1 and argv[1] == "test", then return run_tests()
-    # if (argc <= 1) goto run-main
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *ebp
-    7e/jump-if-<=  $run-main/disp8
-    # if (!kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")) goto run-main
-    # . eax = kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "test"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  kernel-string-equal?/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . if (eax == false) goto run-main
-    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/false
-    74/jump-if-=  $run-main/disp8
-    # run-tests()
-    e8/call  run-tests/disp32
-    # syscall(exit, *Num-test-failures)
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/ebx   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to ebx
-    eb/jump  $main:end/disp8
-$run-main:
-    # - otherwise read a program from stdin and emit its translation to stdout
-    # . compile(Stdin, 1/stdout, 2/stderr, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0/imm32/exit-descriptor
-    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
-    68/push  1/imm32/stdout
-    68/push  Stdin/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  compile/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # syscall(exit, 0)
-    bb/copy-to-ebx  0/imm32
-$main:end:
-    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
-
-# the main entry point
-compile:  # in: (addr buffered-file), out: fd or (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    # prime the pump
-    # . Look = get-char(in)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # var num/ecx: (stream byte 7)
-    # Numbers can be 32 bits or 8 hex bytes long. One of them will be in 'Look', so we need space for 7 bytes.
-    # Sizing the stream just right buys us overflow-handling for free inside 'get-num'.
-    # Add 12 bytes for 'read', 'write' and 'size' fields, for a total of 19 bytes, or 0x13 in hex.
-    # The stack pointer is no longer aligned, so dump_stack() can be misleading past this point.
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x13/imm32        # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
-    # initialize the stream
-    # . num->size = 7
-    c7          0/subop/copy        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         7/imm32           # copy to *(ecx+8)
-    # . clear-stream(num)
-    # . . push args
-    51/push-ecx
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # read a digit from 'in' into 'num'
-    # . get-num(in, num, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    51/push-ecx/num
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # render 'num' into the following template on 'out':
-    #   bb/copy-to-ebx  _num_
-    #   b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
-    #   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
-    #
-    # . write(out, "bb/copy-to-ebx  ")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "bb/copy-to-ebx  "/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write-stream(out, num)
-    # . . push args
-    51/push-ecx/num
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, Newline)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  Newline/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, "b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-$compile:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-# Read a single digit into 'out'. Abort if there are none, or if there is no
-# space in 'out'.
-# Input comes from the global variable 'Look' (first byte) and the argument
-# 'in' (rest). We leave the next byte from 'in' into 'Look' on exit.
-get-num:  # in: (addr buffered-file), out: (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
-    # pseudocode:
-    #   if (!digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    #   if out->write >= out->size
-    #     write(err, "Error: too many digits in number\n")
-    #     stop(ed, 1)
-    #   out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
-    #   ++out->write
-    #   Look = get-char(in)
-    #
-    # registers:
-    #   in: esi
-    #   out: edi
-    #   out->write: ecx (cached copy; need to keep in sync)
-    #   out->size: edx
-    #   temporaries: eax, ebx
-    # We can't allocate Look to a register because it gets written implicitly in
-    # get-char in each iteration of the loop. (Thereby demonstrating that it's
-    # not the right interface for us. But we'll keep it just to follow Crenshaw.)
-    #
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # - if (digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    # . eax = digit?(Look)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Look/disp32     .                 # push *Look
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  digit?/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . if (eax == false)
-    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/false
-    75/jump-if-!=  $get-num:main/disp8
-    # . expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "integer"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  expected/disp32  # never returns
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-$get-num:main:
-    # - otherwise read a digit
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    52/push-edx
-    53/push-ebx
-    56/push-esi
-    57/push-edi
-    # read necessary variables to registers
-    # esi = in
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
-    # edi = out
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           7/r32/edi   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to edi
-    # ecx = out->write
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *edi to ecx
-    # edx = out->size
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(edi+8) to edx
-$get-num:loop:
-    # if (out->write >= out->size) error
-    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # compare edx with ecx
-    7d/jump-if-<  $get-num:stage2/disp8
-    # . error(ed, err, msg)  # TODO: show full number
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "get-num: too many digits in number"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  error/disp32  # never returns
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-$get-num:stage2:
-    # out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
-    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  1/index/ecx   .           3/r32/ebx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy edi+ecx+12 to ebx
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/eax   Look/disp32     .                 # copy *Look to eax
-    88/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy byte at AL to *ebx
-    # ++out->write
-    41/increment-ecx
-    # Look = get-char(in)
-    # . . push args
-    56/push-esi
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-$get-num:loop-end:
-    # persist necessary variables from registers
-    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy ecx to *edi
-$get-num:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    5f/pop-to-edi
-    5e/pop-to-esi
-    5b/pop-to-ebx
-    5a/pop-to-edx
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-reads-single-digit:
-    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # prime the pump
-    # . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3', msg)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-reads-single-digit"/imm32
-    68/push  0x33/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(eax+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look:
-    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # *don't* prime the pump
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check that get-num tried to call exit(1)
-    # . check-ints-equal(ed->value, 2, msg)  # i.e. stop was called with value 1
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look"/imm32
-    68/push  2/imm32
-    # . . push ed->value
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(eax+4)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-## helpers
-
-# write(f, "Error: "+s+" expected\n") then stop(ed, 1)
-expected:  # ed: (addr exit-descriptor), f: fd or (addr stream byte), s: (addr array byte)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # write(f, "Error: ")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "Error: "/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # write(f, s)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # write(f, " expected\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  " expected\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # stop(ed, 1)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  1/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  stop/disp32
-    # should never get past this point
-$expected:dead-end:
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-# read a byte from 'f', and save it in 'Look'
-get-char:  # f: (addr buffered-file)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    # eax = read-byte-buffered(f)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  read-byte-buffered/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # save eax to Look
-    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/eax   Look/disp32     .                 # copy eax to *Look
-$get-char:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-digit?:  # c: int -> eax: boolean
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # eax = false
-    b8/copy-to-eax  0/imm32
-    # if (c < '0') return false
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x30/imm32        # compare *(ebp+8)
-    7c/jump-if-<  $digit?:end/disp8
-    # if (c > '9') return false
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x39/imm32        # compare *(ebp+8)
-    7f/jump-if->  $digit?:end/disp8
-    # otherwise return true
-    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32
-$digit?:end:
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-== data
-
-Look:  # (char with some extra padding)
-    0/imm32
-
-# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0
diff --git a/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx b/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx
deleted file mode 100644
index 033c69c5..00000000
--- a/linux/apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,750 +0,0 @@
-# Port of https://github.com/akkartik/crenshaw/blob/master/tutor2.1.pas
-# which corresponds to the section "single digits" in https://compilers.iecc.com/crenshaw/tutor2.txt
-# except that we support hex numbers of multiple digits.
-#
-# To run:
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap translate [01]*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx -o crenshaw2-1b
-#   $ echo '1a'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1b
-# Expected output:
-#   # syscall(exit, 1a)
-#   bb/copy-to-ebx  3/imm32
-#   b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
-#   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
-#
-# To run the generated output:
-#   $ echo '1a'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1b > z1.subx
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap translate z1.subx -o z1
-#   $ bootstrap/bootstrap run z1
-#   $ echo $?
-#   26  # 0x1a in decimal
-#
-# Stdin must contain just a single hex digit. Other input will print an error:
-#   $ echo 'xyz'  |bootstrap/bootstrap run crenshaw2-1b
-#   Error: integer expected
-#
-# Names in this file sometimes follow Crenshaw's original rather than my usual
-# naming conventions.
-
-== code
-#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
-# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
-# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
-
-Entry:  # run tests if necessary, call 'compile' if not
-    # . prologue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-
-    # initialize heap
-    # . Heap = new-segment(Heap-size)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  Heap/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Heap-size/disp32                  # push *Heap-size
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-
-    # - if argc > 1 and argv[1] == "test", then return run_tests()
-    # if (argc <= 1) goto run-main
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *ebp
-    7e/jump-if-<=  $run-main/disp8
-    # if (!kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")) goto run-main
-    # . eax = kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "test"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  kernel-string-equal?/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . if (eax == false) goto run-main
-    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/false
-    74/jump-if-=  $run-main/disp8
-    # run-tests()
-    e8/call  run-tests/disp32
-    # syscall(exit, *Num-test-failures)
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/ebx   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to ebx
-    eb/jump  $main:end/disp8
-$run-main:
-    # - otherwise read a program from stdin and emit its translation to stdout
-    # . compile(Stdin, 1/stdout, 2/stderr, 0)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0/imm32/exit-descriptor
-    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
-    68/push  1/imm32/stdout
-    68/push  Stdin/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  compile/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # syscall(exit, 0)
-    bb/copy-to-ebx  0/imm32
-$main:end:
-    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
-
-# the main entry point
-compile:  # in: (addr buffered-file), out: fd or (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    # prime the pump
-    # . Look = get-char(in)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # var num/ecx: (stream byte 7)
-    # Numbers can be 32 bits or 8 hex bytes long. One of them will be in 'Look', so we need space for 7 bytes.
-    # Sizing the stream just right buys us overflow-handling for free inside 'get-num'.
-    # Add 12 bytes for 'read', 'write' and 'size' fields, for a total of 19 bytes, or 0x13 in hex.
-    # The stack pointer is no longer aligned, so dump_stack() can be misleading past this point.
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x13/imm32        # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
-    # initialize the stream
-    # . num->size = 7
-    c7          0/subop/copy        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         7/imm32           # copy to *(ecx+8)
-    # . clear-stream(num)
-    # . . push args
-    51/push-ecx
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # read a digit from 'in' into 'num'
-    # . get-num(in, num, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    51/push-ecx/num
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # render 'num' into the following template on 'out':
-    #   bb/copy-to-ebx  _num_
-    #   b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
-    #   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
-    #
-    # . write(out, "bb/copy-to-ebx  ")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "bb/copy-to-ebx  "/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write-stream(out, num)
-    # . . push args
-    51/push-ecx/num
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, Newline)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  Newline/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, "b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . write(out, "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-$compile:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-# Read a sequence of digits into 'out'. Abort if there are none, or if there is
-# no space in 'out'.
-# Input comes from the global variable 'Look' (first byte) and the argument
-# 'in' (rest). We leave the next byte from 'in' into 'Look' on exit.
-get-num:  # in: (addr buffered-file), out: (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
-    # pseudocode:
-    #   if (!digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    #   do
-    #     if out->write >= out->size
-    #       write(err, "Error: too many digits in number\n")
-    #       stop(ed, 1)
-    #     out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
-    #     ++out->write
-    #     Look = get-char(in)
-    #   while digit?(Look)
-    # This is complicated because I don't want to hard-code the error strategy in
-    # a general helper like write-byte-buffered. Maybe I should just create a
-    # local helper.
-    #
-    # within the loop we'll try to keep things in registers:
-    #   in: esi
-    #   out: edi
-    #   out->write: ecx (cached copy; need to keep in sync)
-    #   out->size: edx
-    #   temporaries: eax, ebx
-    # We can't allocate Look to a register because it gets written implicitly in
-    # get-char in each iteration of the loop. (Thereby demonstrating that it's
-    # not the right interface for us. But we'll keep it just to follow Crenshaw.)
-    #
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # - if (digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    # . eax = digit?(Look)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Look/disp32     .                 # push *Look
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  digit?/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . if (eax == false)
-    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/false
-    75/jump-if-!=  $get-num:main/disp8
-    # . expected(ed, err, "integer")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "integer"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  expected/disp32  # never returns
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-$get-num:main:
-    # - otherwise read a digit
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    52/push-edx
-    53/push-ebx
-    56/push-esi
-    57/push-edi
-    # read necessary variables to registers
-    # esi = in
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
-    # edi = out
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           7/r32/edi   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to edi
-    # ecx = out->write
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *edi to ecx
-    # edx = out->size
-    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(edi+8) to edx
-$get-num:loop:
-    # if (out->write >= out->size) error
-    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # compare edx with ecx
-    7d/jump-if-<  $get-num:loop-stage2/disp8
-    # . error(ed, err, msg)  # TODO: show full number
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "get-num: too many digits in number"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+20)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  error/disp32  # never returns
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-$get-num:loop-stage2:
-    # out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
-    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  1/index/ecx   .           3/r32/ebx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy edi+ecx+12 to ebx
-    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/eax   Look/disp32     .                 # copy *Look to eax
-    88/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy byte at AL to *ebx
-    # ++out->write
-    41/increment-ecx
-    # Look = get-char(in)
-    # . . push args
-    56/push-esi
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # if (digit?(Look)) loop
-    # . eax = digit?(Look)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Look/disp32     .                 # push *Look
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  digit?/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . if (eax != false) loop
-    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/false
-    0f 85/jump-if-!=  $get-num:loop/disp32
-$get-num:loop-end:
-    # persist necessary variables from registers
-    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy ecx to *edi
-$get-num:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    5f/pop-to-edi
-    5e/pop-to-esi
-    5b/pop-to-ebx
-    5a/pop-to-edx
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-reads-single-digit:
-    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # prime the pump
-    # . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3', msg)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-reads-single-digit"/imm32
-    68/push  0x33/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(eax+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look:
-    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # *don't* prime the pump
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check that get-num tried to call exit(1)
-    # . check-ints-equal(ed->value, 2, msg)  # i.e. stop was called with value 1
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look"/imm32
-    68/push  2/imm32
-    # . . push ed->value
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(eax+4)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-reads-multiple-digits:
-    # - check that get-num returns all initial digits until it encounters a non-digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3456 x")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3456"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # prime the pump
-    # . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3456', msg)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-reads-multiple-digits"/imm32
-    68/push  0x36353433/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(eax+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-get-num-reads-multiple-digits-followed-by-nondigit:
-    # - check that get-num returns all initial digits until it encounters a non-digit
-    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # clear all streams
-    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize 'in'
-    # . write(_test-stream, "3456 x")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "3456 x"/imm32
-    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
-    # . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
-    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from esp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to eax
-    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # prime the pump
-    # . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-char/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
-    # . . push args
-    50/push-eax/ed
-    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  get-num/disp32
-    # registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
-    # check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3456', msg)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "F - test-get-num-reads-multiple-digits-followed-by-nondigit"/imm32
-    68/push  0x36353433/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax  _test-output-stream/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(eax+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
-    # . reclaim locals
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-## helpers
-
-# write(f, "Error: "+s+" expected\n") then stop(ed, 1)
-expected:  # ed: (addr exit-descriptor), f: fd or (addr stream byte), s: (addr array byte)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # write(f, "Error: ")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  "Error: "/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # write(f, s)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # write(f, " expected\n")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  " expected\n"/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  write/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
-    # stop(ed, 1)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push  1/imm32
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  stop/disp32
-    # should never get past this point
-$expected:dead-end:
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-# read a byte from 'f', and save it in 'Look'
-get-char:  # f: (addr buffered-file)
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    # eax = read-byte-buffered(f)
-    # . . push args
-    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
-    # . . call
-    e8/call  read-byte-buffered/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
-    # save eax to Look
-    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/eax   Look/disp32     .                 # copy eax to *Look
-$get-char:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-digit?:  # c: int -> eax: boolean
-    # . prologue
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
-    # eax = false
-    b8/copy-to-eax  0/imm32
-    # if (c < '0') return false
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x30/imm32        # compare *(ebp+8)
-    7c/jump-if-<  $digit?:end/disp8
-    # if (c > '9') return false
-    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x39/imm32        # compare *(ebp+8)
-    7f/jump-if->  $digit?:end/disp8
-    # otherwise return true
-    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32
-$digit?:end:
-    # . epilogue
-    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-== data
-
-Look:  # (char with some extra padding)
-    0/imm32
-
-# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0