about summary refs log tree commit diff stats
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
-rw-r--r--html/subx/010core.cc.html366
-rw-r--r--html/subx/011direct_addressing.cc.html38
-rw-r--r--html/subx/012indirect_addressing.cc.html34
-rw-r--r--html/subx/013immediate_addressing.cc.html70
-rw-r--r--subx/010core.cc4
5 files changed, 260 insertions, 252 deletions
diff --git a/html/subx/010core.cc.html b/html/subx/010core.cc.html
index f6772607..6b0d2643 100644
--- a/html/subx/010core.cc.html
+++ b/html/subx/010core.cc.html
@@ -98,190 +98,194 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span><span class="Comment">//: how the flag registers are updated after each instruction</span>
 <span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span>
 <span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
-<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span><span class="Comment">// beware: no side-effects in args</span>
-<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="PreProc">#define BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(op</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg2) </span><span class="Delimiter">{</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment"> arg1 and arg2 must be signed </span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Normal">int64_t</span><span class="PreProc"> tmp = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span><span class="PreProc">  arg1 = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span><span class="PreProc">  trace(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; </span><span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span><span class="PreProc"> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg1 &lt;&lt; end()</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span><span class="PreProc">  SF = (arg1 &lt; </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L30'>ZF</a> = (arg1 == </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L31'>OF</a> = (arg1 != tmp)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span>
-<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span><span class="PreProc">#define BINARY_BITWISE_OP(op</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg2) </span><span class="Delimiter">{</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment"> arg1 and arg2 must be unsigned </span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span><span class="PreProc">  arg1 = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span><span class="PreProc">  trace(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; </span><span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span><span class="PreProc"> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg1 &lt;&lt; end()</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span><span class="PreProc">  SF = (arg1 &gt;&gt; </span><span class="Constant">31</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L30'>ZF</a> = (arg1 == </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L31'>OF</a> = </span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
-<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span>
-<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: simulated RAM</span>
-<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span>
-<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Globals&quot;)</span>
-<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span>vector&lt;<span class="Normal">uint8_t</span>&gt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span><span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L62'>End_of_program</a> = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Reset&quot;)</span>
-<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1024</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L62'>End_of_program</a> = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span>
-<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: core interpreter loop</span>
-<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span>
-<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(scenario add_imm32_to_eax)</span>
-<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span><span class="Comment"># In scenarios, programs are a series of hex bytes, each (variable-length)</span>
-<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span><span class="Comment"># instruction on one line.</span>
-<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span>#
-<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span><span class="Comment"># x86 instructions consist of the following parts (see cheatsheet.pdf):</span>
-<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span><span class="Comment">#   opcode        ModR/M                    SIB                   displacement    immediate</span>
-<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span><span class="Comment">#   instruction   mod, reg, Reg/Mem bits    scale, index, base</span>
-<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span><span class="Comment">#   1-3 bytes     0/1 byte                  0/1 byte              0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes</span>
-<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">5</span>                                                                            0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># add 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX</span>
-<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span><span class="Comment"># All hex bytes must be exactly 2 characters each. No '0x' prefixes.</span>
-<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 1 -&gt; 05</span>
-<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 2 -&gt; 0a</span>
-<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 3 -&gt; 0b</span>
-<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 4 -&gt; 0c</span>
-<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 5 -&gt; 0d</span>
-<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: add <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
-<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0d0c0b0a</span>
-<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span>
-<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
-<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span><span class="Comment">// helper for tests: load a program into memory from a textual representation</span>
-<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span><span class="Comment">// of its bytes, and run it</span>
-<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L91'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L143'>load_program</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// preserve null pointer</span>
-<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> &lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L62'>End_of_program</a><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
-<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L99'>run_one_instruction</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span>
-<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span><span class="Comment">// skeleton of how x86 instructions are decoded</span>
-<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L99'>run_one_instruction</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> op=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> op2=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> op3=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span>  <span class="Normal">switch</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>op = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0xf4</span>:  <span class="Comment">// hlt</span>
-<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> = <a href='010core.cc.html#L62'>End_of_program</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="Comment">// our first opcode</span>
-<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x05</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// add imm32 to EAX</span>
-<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Single-Byte Opcodes</span>
-<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0f</span>:
-<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Two-Byte Opcodes Starting With 0f</span>
-<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized second opcode after 0f: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L217'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0xf3</span>:
-<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Two-Byte Opcodes Starting With f3</span>
-<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0f</span>:
-<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op3 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Three-Byte Opcodes Starting With f3 0f</span>
-<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized third opcode after f3 0f: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L217'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op3<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized second opcode after f3: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L217'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span>  <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized opcode: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L217'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span>
-<span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L143'>load_program</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> addr = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span>  istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>  in &gt;&gt; std::noskipws<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c1 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L166'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c1 == <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!has_data<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;input program truncated mid-byte</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L166'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c2 == <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;input program truncated mid-byte</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>addr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> = <a href='010core.cc.html#L192'>to_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>c1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> c2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L160" class="LineNr">160 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">99</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;load&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; addr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; -&gt; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L217'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>addr<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L161" class="LineNr">161 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> addr++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L62'>End_of_program</a> = addr<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span>
-<span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span><span class="Normal">char</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L166'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c = <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L169" class="LineNr">169 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L170" class="LineNr">170 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">' '</span> || c == <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L171" class="LineNr">171 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'#'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L172" class="LineNr">172 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L180" class="LineNr">180 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'0'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'9'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'a'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'f'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'A'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'F'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> tolower<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// disallow any non-hex characters, including a '0x' prefix</span>
-<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!isspace<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;invalid non-hex character '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; c &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L188" class="LineNr">188 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span>
-<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L192'>to_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">char</span> hex_byte1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> hex_byte2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L195'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>hex_byte1<span class="Delimiter">)</span>*<span class="Constant">16</span> + <a href='010core.cc.html#L195'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>hex_byte2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span><span class="Comment">// Combine 'arg1' and 'arg2' with arithmetic operation 'op' and store the</span>
+<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="Comment">// result in 'arg1', then update flags.</span>
+<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="Comment">// beware: no side-effects in args</span>
+<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span><span class="PreProc">#define BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(op</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg2) </span><span class="Delimiter">{</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment"> arg1 and arg2 must be signed </span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Normal">int64_t</span><span class="PreProc"> tmp = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span><span class="PreProc">  arg1 = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span><span class="PreProc">  trace(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; </span><span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span><span class="PreProc"> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg1 &lt;&lt; end()</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span><span class="PreProc">  SF = (arg1 &lt; </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L30'>ZF</a> = (arg1 == </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L31'>OF</a> = (arg1 != tmp)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span>
+<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span><span class="Comment">// Combine 'arg1' and 'arg2' with bitwise operation 'op' and store the result</span>
+<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span><span class="Comment">// in 'arg1', then update flags.</span>
+<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span><span class="PreProc">#define BINARY_BITWISE_OP(op</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg1</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> arg2) </span><span class="Delimiter">{</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span><span class="PreProc">  </span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment"> arg1 and arg2 must be unsigned </span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span><span class="PreProc">  arg1 = arg1 op arg2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span><span class="PreProc">  trace(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; </span><span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span><span class="PreProc"> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg1 &lt;&lt; end()</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span><span class="PreProc">  SF = (arg1 &gt;&gt; </span><span class="Constant">31</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L30'>ZF</a> = (arg1 == </span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span><span class="PreProc">  <a href='010core.cc.html#L31'>OF</a> = </span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> \</span>
+<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span>
+<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: simulated RAM</span>
+<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span>
+<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Globals&quot;)</span>
+<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span>vector&lt;<span class="Normal">uint8_t</span>&gt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span><span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L66'>End_of_program</a> = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Reset&quot;)</span>
+<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1024</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><a href='010core.cc.html#L66'>End_of_program</a> = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span>
+<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span><span class="SalientComment">//:: core interpreter loop</span>
+<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span>
+<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(scenario add_imm32_to_eax)</span>
+<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span><span class="Comment"># In scenarios, programs are a series of hex bytes, each (variable-length)</span>
+<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span><span class="Comment"># instruction on one line.</span>
+<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span>#
+<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span><span class="Comment"># x86 instructions consist of the following parts (see cheatsheet.pdf):</span>
+<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span><span class="Comment">#   opcode        ModR/M                    SIB                   displacement    immediate</span>
+<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span><span class="Comment">#   instruction   mod, reg, Reg/Mem bits    scale, index, base</span>
+<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span><span class="Comment">#   1-3 bytes     0/1 byte                  0/1 byte              0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes</span>
+<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">5</span>                                                                            0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># add 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX</span>
+<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span><span class="Comment"># All hex bytes must be exactly 2 characters each. No '0x' prefixes.</span>
+<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 1 -&gt; 05</span>
+<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 2 -&gt; 0a</span>
+<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 3 -&gt; 0b</span>
+<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 4 -&gt; 0c</span>
+<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span><span class="traceContains">+load: 5 -&gt; 0d</span>
+<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: add <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
+<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0d0c0b0a</span>
+<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span>
+<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
+<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span><span class="Comment">// helper for tests: load a program into memory from a textual representation</span>
+<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span><span class="Comment">// of its bytes, and run it</span>
+<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L95'>run</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L147'>load_program</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// preserve null pointer</span>
+<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> &lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L66'>End_of_program</a><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L103'>run_one_instruction</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span>
+<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span><span class="Comment">// skeleton of how x86 instructions are decoded</span>
+<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L103'>run_one_instruction</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> op=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> op2=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> op3=<span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="Normal">switch</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>op = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0xf4</span>:  <span class="Comment">// hlt</span>
+<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L21'>EIP</a> = <a href='010core.cc.html#L66'>End_of_program</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span>  <span class="Comment">// our first opcode</span>
+<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x05</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// add imm32 to EAX</span>
+<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Single-Byte Opcodes</span>
+<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0f</span>:
+<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Two-Byte Opcodes Starting With 0f</span>
+<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
+<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized second opcode after 0f: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L221'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0xf3</span>:
+<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Two-Byte Opcodes Starting With f3</span>
+<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0f</span>:
+<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">switch</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op3 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// End Three-Byte Opcodes Starting With f3 0f</span>
+<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
+<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized third opcode after f3 0f: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L221'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op3<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">default</span>:
+<span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized second opcode after f3: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L221'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span>  <span class="Normal">default</span>:
+<span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized opcode: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L221'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>op<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>
+<span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L147'>load_program</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> addr = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>  istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>text_bytes<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>  in &gt;&gt; std::noskipws<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c1 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L170'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c1 == <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!has_data<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;input program truncated mid-byte</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L170'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c2 == <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L160" class="LineNr">160 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;input program truncated mid-byte</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L161" class="LineNr">161 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>addr<span class="Delimiter">)</span> = <a href='010core.cc.html#L196'>to_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>c1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> c2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">99</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;load&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; addr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; -&gt; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L221'>HEXBYTE</a> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>addr<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> addr++<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L66'>End_of_program</a> = addr<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L169" class="LineNr">169 </span>
+<span id="L170" class="LineNr">170 </span><span class="Normal">char</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L170'>next_hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L171" class="LineNr">171 </span>  <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L172" class="LineNr">172 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> c = <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">' '</span> || c == <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="Constant">'#'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L188'>has_data</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c == <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> in &gt;&gt; c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L180" class="LineNr">180 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'0'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'9'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'a'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'f'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'A'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'F'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> tolower<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// disallow any non-hex characters, including a '0x' prefix</span>
+<span id="L188" class="LineNr">188 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!isspace<span class="Delimiter">(</span>c<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L167'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;invalid non-hex character '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; c &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L195'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">char</span> c<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'0'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'9'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c - <span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'a'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'f'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c - <span class="Constant">'a'</span> + <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span>  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>
-<span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span><span class="Normal">inline</span> <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>EIP++<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span>
+<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L196'>to_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">char</span> hex_byte1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">char</span> hex_byte2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L199'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>hex_byte1<span class="Delimiter">)</span>*<span class="Constant">16</span> + <a href='010core.cc.html#L199'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>hex_byte2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span><span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L199'>to_hex_num</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">char</span> c<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'0'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'9'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c - <span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>c &gt;= <span class="Constant">'a'</span> &amp;&amp; c &lt;= <span class="Constant">'f'</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> c - <span class="Constant">'a'</span> + <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span>  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L204" class="LineNr">204 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L205" class="LineNr">205 </span>
-<span id="L206" class="LineNr">206 </span><span class="Comment">// read a 32-bit immediate in little-endian order from the instruction stream</span>
-<span id="L207" class="LineNr">207 </span><span class="Normal">int32_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-<span id="L208" class="LineNr">208 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> result = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L209" class="LineNr">209 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L210" class="LineNr">210 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">16</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L211" class="LineNr">211 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">24</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L212" class="LineNr">212 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L213" class="LineNr">213 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-<span id="L214" class="LineNr">214 </span>
-<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
-<span id="L216" class="LineNr">216 </span><span class="PreProc">#include </span><span class="Constant">&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
-<span id="L217" class="LineNr">217 </span><span class="PreProc">#define HEXBYTE  std::hex &lt;&lt; std::setw(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; std::setfill(</span><span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="PreProc">)</span>
-<span id="L218" class="LineNr">218 </span><span class="PreProc">#define HEXWORD  std::hex &lt;&lt; std::setw(</span><span class="Constant">8</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; std::setfill(</span><span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="PreProc">)</span>
-<span id="L219" class="LineNr">219 </span><span class="Comment">// ugly that iostream doesn't print uint8_t as an integer</span>
-<span id="L220" class="LineNr">220 </span><span class="PreProc">#define NUM(X) </span><span class="Normal">static_cast</span><span class="PreProc">&lt;</span><span class="Normal">int</span><span class="PreProc">&gt;(X)</span>
-<span id="L221" class="LineNr">221 </span><span class="PreProc">#include </span><span class="Constant">&lt;stdint.h&gt;</span>
+<span id="L206" class="LineNr">206 </span><span class="Normal">inline</span> <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L207" class="LineNr">207 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>EIP++<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L208" class="LineNr">208 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L209" class="LineNr">209 </span>
+<span id="L210" class="LineNr">210 </span><span class="Comment">// read a 32-bit immediate in little-endian order from the instruction stream</span>
+<span id="L211" class="LineNr">211 </span><span class="Normal">int32_t</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+<span id="L212" class="LineNr">212 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> result = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L213" class="LineNr">213 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L214" class="LineNr">214 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">16</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span>  result |= <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="Constant">24</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L216" class="LineNr">216 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L217" class="LineNr">217 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+<span id="L218" class="LineNr">218 </span>
+<span id="L219" class="LineNr">219 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
+<span id="L220" class="LineNr">220 </span><span class="PreProc">#include </span><span class="Constant">&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
+<span id="L221" class="LineNr">221 </span><span class="PreProc">#define HEXBYTE  std::hex &lt;&lt; std::setw(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; std::setfill(</span><span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="PreProc">)</span>
+<span id="L222" class="LineNr">222 </span><span class="PreProc">#define HEXWORD  std::hex &lt;&lt; std::setw(</span><span class="Constant">8</span><span class="PreProc">) &lt;&lt; std::setfill(</span><span class="Constant">'0'</span><span class="PreProc">)</span>
+<span id="L223" class="LineNr">223 </span><span class="Comment">// ugly that iostream doesn't print uint8_t as an integer</span>
+<span id="L224" class="LineNr">224 </span><span class="PreProc">#define NUM(X) </span><span class="Normal">static_cast</span><span class="PreProc">&lt;</span><span class="Normal">int</span><span class="PreProc">&gt;(X)</span>
+<span id="L225" class="LineNr">225 </span><span class="PreProc">#include </span><span class="Constant">&lt;stdint.h&gt;</span>
 </pre>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/html/subx/011direct_addressing.cc.html b/html/subx/011direct_addressing.cc.html
index 97745fd0..7918cf20 100644
--- a/html/subx/011direct_addressing.cc.html
+++ b/html/subx/011direct_addressing.cc.html
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span>
 <span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x01</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// add r32 to r/m32</span>
-<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg2 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span>
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L31" class="LineNr"> 31 </span>  <span class="Normal">switch</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>mod<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L32" class="LineNr"> 32 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">3</span>:
 <span id="L33" class="LineNr"> 33 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Comment">// mod 3 is just register direct addressing</span>
-<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>rm<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>rm<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> result = &amp;Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Mod Special-cases</span>
 <span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span>  <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized mod bits: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>mod<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized mod bits: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>mod<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span>
 <span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x29</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// subtract r32 from r/m32</span>
-<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg2 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; from effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; from effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span>
@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span>
 <span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x21</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// and r32 with r/m32</span>
-<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg2 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span>
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span>
 <span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x09</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// or r32 with r/m32</span>
-<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg2 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>
@@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>
 <span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x31</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// xor r32 with r/m32</span>
-<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg2 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg2<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg2]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span>
 <span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0xf7</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// xor r32 with r/m32</span>
-<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'not' of effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span>  *arg1 = ~<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*arg1<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; *arg1 &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;storing 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; *arg1 &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>  SF = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>*arg1 &gt;&gt; <span class="Constant">31</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L30'>ZF</a> = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>*arg1 == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L31'>OF</a> = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
diff --git a/html/subx/012indirect_addressing.cc.html b/html/subx/012indirect_addressing.cc.html
index 8f0f7adf..863b554d 100644
--- a/html/subx/012indirect_addressing.cc.html
+++ b/html/subx/012indirect_addressing.cc.html
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <span class="Comment">// mod 0 is usually indirect addressing</span>
 <span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span>  <span class="Normal">switch</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>rm<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>  <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;effective address is mem at address 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; std::hex &lt;&lt; Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; (reg &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>rm<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a> + <span class="Normal">sizeof</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int32_t</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;= <a href='010core.cc.html#L61'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>size<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
+<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;effective address is mem at address 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; std::hex &lt;&lt; Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; (reg &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>rm<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a> + <span class="Normal">sizeof</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int32_t</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;= <a href='010core.cc.html#L65'>Mem</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>size<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
 <span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> result = <span class="Normal">reinterpret_cast</span>&lt;<span class="Normal">int32_t</span>*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;Mem<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Reg[rm]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">));</span>  <span class="Comment">// rely on the host itself being in little-endian order</span>
 <span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Mod 0 Special-cases</span>
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span>
 <span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x03</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// add r/m32 to r32</span>
-<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg1 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add effective address to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;add effective address to <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span>  <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg2 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span>
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span>
 <span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x2b</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// subtract r/m32 from r32</span>
-<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg1 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract effective address from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract effective address from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span>  <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg2 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span>
 <span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x23</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// and r/m32 with r32</span>
-<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg1 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>  <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg2 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>
@@ -213,11 +213,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>
 <span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0b</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// or r/m32 with r32</span>
-<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg1 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span>  <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg2 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span>
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span>
 <span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x33</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// xor r/m32 with r32</span>
-<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> arg1 = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor effective address with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>arg1<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span>  <span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg2 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[arg1]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L17'>u</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>
diff --git a/html/subx/013immediate_addressing.cc.html b/html/subx/013immediate_addressing.cc.html
index b8ee4442..02a931db 100644
--- a/html/subx/013immediate_addressing.cc.html
+++ b/html/subx/013immediate_addressing.cc.html
@@ -68,26 +68,26 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L4" class="LineNr">  4 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[3].i = 1;</span>
 <span id="L5" class="LineNr">  5 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L6" class="LineNr">  6 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  c3                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># add 0x0d0c0b0a to EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L7" class="LineNr">  7 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L7" class="LineNr">  7 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L8" class="LineNr">  8 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> 3</span>
 <span id="L9" class="LineNr">  9 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop add</span>
 <span id="L10" class="LineNr"> 10 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0d0c0b0b</span>
 <span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span>
 <span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x81</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// combine imm32 with r/m32</span>
-<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L202'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> modrm = <a href='010core.cc.html#L206'>next</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with effective address&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span>* arg1 = <a href='011direct_addressing.cc.html#L26'>effective_address</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> subop = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>modrm&gt;&gt;<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>&amp;<span class="Constant">0x7</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// middle 3 'reg opcode' bits</span>
 <span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>  <span class="Normal">switch</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>subop<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span>  <span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>:
 <span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subop add&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>+<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L24" class="LineNr"> 24 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Op 81 Subops</span>
 <span id="L25" class="LineNr"> 25 </span>  <span class="Normal">default</span>:
-<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized sub-opcode after 81: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L220'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>subop<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;unrecognized sub-opcode after 81: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L224'>NUM</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>subop<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L27" class="LineNr"> 27 </span>  <span class="Conceal">¦</span> exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L28" class="LineNr"> 28 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L29" class="LineNr"> 29 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span><span class="Special">% Mem.at(0x60) = 1;</span>
 <span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">3</span>                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># add 0x0d0c0b0a to *EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is mem at address 0x60 (reg 3)</span>
 <span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop add</span>
 <span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0d0c0b0b</span>
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[EAX].i = 0x0d0c0baa;</span>
 <span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span>  2d                              0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># subtract 0x0d0c0b0a from EAX (reg 0)</span>
-<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
+<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
 <span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x000000a0</span>
 <span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span>
 <span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x2d</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// subtract imm32 from EAX</span>
-<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subtract <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; from <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span>
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span><span class="Special">% Mem.at(0x60) = 10;</span>
 <span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  2b                          <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">1</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># subtract 1 from *EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x00000001 with effective address</span>
+<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x00000001 with effective address</span>
 <span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is mem at address 0x60 (reg 3)</span>
 <span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop subtract</span>
 <span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x00000009</span>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[3].i = 10;</span>
 <span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  eb                          <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">1</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span> <span class="PreProc">0</span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># subtract 1 from EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x00000001 with effective address</span>
+<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x00000001 with effective address</span>
 <span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> 3</span>
 <span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop subtract</span>
 <span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x00000009</span>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Op 81 Subops&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">5</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subop subtract&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L39'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L41'>BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>-<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span>
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[EAX].i = 0xff;</span>
 <span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span>  <span class="Constant">25</span>                              0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># and 0x0d0c0b0a with EAX (reg 0)</span>
-<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: and <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
+<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: and <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
 <span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0000000a</span>
 <span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span>
 <span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x25</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// and imm32 with EAX</span>
-<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;and <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span><span class="Special">% Mem.at(0x60) = 0xff;</span>
 <span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  <span class="Constant">23</span>                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># and 0x0d0c0b0a with *EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is mem at address 0x60 (reg 3)</span>
 <span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop and</span>
 <span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0000000a</span>
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[3].i = 0xff;</span>
 <span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  e3                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># and 0x0d0c0b0a with EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> 3</span>
 <span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop and</span>
 <span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0x0000000a</span>
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Op 81 Subops&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">4</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subop and&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span>
@@ -205,14 +205,14 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[EAX].i = 0xd0c0b0a0;</span>
 <span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span>  0d                              0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># or 0x0d0c0b0a with EAX (reg 0)</span>
-<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: or <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
+<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: or <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
 <span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xddccbbaa</span>
 <span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>
 <span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x0d</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// or imm32 with EAX</span>
-<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;or <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span><span class="Special">% Mem.at(0x63) = 0xd0;</span>
 <span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  0b                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># or 0x0d0c0b0a with *EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is mem at address 0x60 (reg 3)</span>
 <span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop or</span>
 <span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xddccbbaa</span>
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[3].i = 0xd0c0b0a0;</span>
 <span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  cb                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># or 0x0d0c0b0a with EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> 3</span>
 <span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop or</span>
 <span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xddccbbaa</span>
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Op 81 Subops&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subop or&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>|<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span>
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[EAX].i = 0xddccb0a0;</span>
 <span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>  <span class="Constant">35</span>                              0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># xor 0x0d0c0b0a with EAX (reg 0)</span>
-<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
+<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> <a href='010core.cc.html#L5'>EAX</a></span>
 <span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xd0c0bbaa</span>
 <span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span>
 <span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Single-Byte Opcodes&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">0x35</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>  <span class="Comment">// xor imm32 with EAX</span>
-<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L218'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>  <span class="Normal">int32_t</span> arg2 = <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;xor <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010core.cc.html#L222'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; arg2 &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; with <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> EAX&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> Reg[EAX]<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='010core.cc.html#L16'>i</a><span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span id="L204" class="LineNr">204 </span>
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L212" class="LineNr">212 </span><span class="Special">% Mem.at(0x63) = 0xd0;</span>
 <span id="L213" class="LineNr">213 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L214" class="LineNr">214 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  <span class="Constant">33</span>                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># xor 0x0d0c0b0a with *EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L216" class="LineNr">216 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is mem at address 0x60 (reg 3)</span>
 <span id="L217" class="LineNr">217 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop xor</span>
 <span id="L218" class="LineNr">218 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xddccbbaa</span>
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L223" class="LineNr">223 </span><span class="Special">% Reg[3].i = 0xd0c0b0a0;</span>
 <span id="L224" class="LineNr">224 </span><span class="Comment"># op  ModRM   SIB   displacement  immediate</span>
 <span id="L225" class="LineNr">225 </span>  <span class="Constant">81</span>  f3                          0a 0b 0c 0d  <span class="Comment"># xor 0x0d0c0b0a with EBX (reg 3)</span>
-<span id="L226" class="LineNr">226 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L207'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
+<span id="L226" class="LineNr">226 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: combine <a href='010core.cc.html#L211'>imm32</a> 0x0d0c0b0a with effective address</span>
 <span id="L227" class="LineNr">227 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: effective address is <a href='010core.cc.html#L15'>reg</a> 3</span>
 <span id="L228" class="LineNr">228 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: subop xor</span>
 <span id="L229" class="LineNr">229 </span><span class="traceContains">+run: storing 0xddccbbaa</span>
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ if ('onhashchange' in window) {
 <span id="L231" class="LineNr">231 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Op 81 Subops&quot;)</span>
 <span id="L232" class="LineNr">232 </span><span class="Normal">case</span> <span class="Constant">6</span>: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
 <span id="L233" class="LineNr">233 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L160'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;subop xor&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='003trace.cc.html#L184'>end</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
-<span id="L234" class="LineNr">234 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L49'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span id="L234" class="LineNr">234 </span>  <a href='010core.cc.html#L53'>BINARY_BITWISE_OP</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>^<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *arg1<span class="Delimiter">,</span> arg2<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span id="L235" class="LineNr">235 </span>  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span id="L236" class="LineNr">236 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 </pre>
diff --git a/subx/010core.cc b/subx/010core.cc
index 058cc065..9229143b 100644
--- a/subx/010core.cc
+++ b/subx/010core.cc
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ SF = ZF = OF = false;
 //: how the flag registers are updated after each instruction
 
 :(before "End Includes")
+// Combine 'arg1' and 'arg2' with arithmetic operation 'op' and store the
+// result in 'arg1', then update flags.
 // beware: no side-effects in args
 #define BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(op, arg1, arg2) { \
   /* arg1 and arg2 must be signed */ \
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ SF = ZF = OF = false;
   OF = (arg1 != tmp); \
 }
 
+// Combine 'arg1' and 'arg2' with bitwise operation 'op' and store the result
+// in 'arg1', then update flags.
 #define BINARY_BITWISE_OP(op, arg1, arg2) { \
   /* arg1 and arg2 must be unsigned */ \
   arg1 = arg1 op arg2; \