20 files changed, 119 insertions, 119 deletions

diff --git a/001help.cc b/001help.cc
index d5e2b9a2..9dcc99e9 100644
--- a/001help.cc
+++ b/001help.cc
@@ -66,22 +66,22 @@ void init_help() {
     "programming directly in machine code, but you have to stick to the\n"
     "instructions it supports.\n"
     "\n"
-    "== Ways to invoke subx\n"
+    "== Ways to invoke bootstrap\n"
     "- Run tests:\n"
-    "    subx test\n"
+    "    bootstrap test\n"
     "- See this message:\n"
-    "    subx --help\n"
+    "    bootstrap --help\n"
     "- Convert a textual SubX program into a standard ELF binary that you can\n"
     "  run on your computer:\n"
-    "    subx translate input1.subx input2.subx ... -o <output ELF binary>\n"
+    "    bootstrap translate input1.subx input2.subx ... -o <output ELF binary>\n"
     "- Run a SubX binary using SubX itself (for better error messages):\n"
-    "    subx run <ELF binary>\n"
+    "    bootstrap run <ELF binary>\n"
     "\n"
     "== Debugging aids\n"
     "- Add '--trace' to any of these commands to save a trace to disk at the end.\n"
     "  This can run out of memory for long-running commands.\n"
-    "- Add '--debug' to add information to traces. 'subx --debug translate' will\n"
-    "  save metadata to disk that 'subx --debug --trace run' uses to make traces\n"
+    "- Add '--debug' to add information to traces. 'bootstrap --debug translate'\n"
+    "  will save metadata to disk that 'bootstrap --trace run' uses to make traces\n"
     "  more informative.\n"
     "- Add '--dump --trace' to emit a trace incrementally to stderr.\n"
     "  This approach will work even for long-running programs.\n"
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void init_help() {
     "\n"
     "To start learning how to write SubX programs, see Readme.md (particularly\n"
     "the section on the x86 instruction set) and then run:\n"
-    "  subx help\n"
+    "  bootstrap help\n"
   );
   // End Help Texts
 }
diff --git a/002test.cc b/002test.cc
index f25e331f..9424cc1a 100644
--- a/002test.cc
+++ b/002test.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //: A simple test harness. To create new tests, define functions starting with
 //: 'test_'. To run all tests so defined, run:
-//:   $ ./mu test
+//:   $ ./bootstrap test
 //:
 //: Every layer should include tests, and can reach into previous layers.
 //: However, it seems like a good idea never to reach into tests from previous
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ if (Run_tests) {
 
 :(after "End Main")
 //: Raise other unrecognized sub-commands as errors.
-//: We couldn't do this until now because we want `./subx test` to always
+//: We couldn't do this until now because we want `./bootstrap test` to always
 //: succeed, no matter how many layers are included in the build.
 cerr << "nothing to do\n";
 return 1;
diff --git a/003trace.cc b/003trace.cc
index b4776d44..25b21825 100644
--- a/003trace.cc
+++ b/003trace.cc
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ void trace_stream::newline() {
     if (should_incrementally_print_trace()) {
       dump_trace_line(cerr, t);
     }
-    // Hack: on 'subx --trace --dump', emit only to stderr, not 'last_run'.
+    // Hack: on 'bootstrap --trace --dump', emit only to stderr, not 'last_run'.
     if (Dump_trace) past_lines.pop_back();  // economize on memory
     // End trace Commit
   }
diff --git a/010---vm.cc b/010---vm.cc
index d67667f7..a0724760 100644
--- a/010---vm.cc
+++ b/010---vm.cc
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ if (key == "opcodes") {
     cerr << "  f3 " << p->first << ": " << p->second << '\n';
   for (map<string, string>::iterator p = Name_f3_0f.begin();  p != Name_f3_0f.end();  ++p)
     cerr << "  f3 0f " << p->first << ": " << p->second << '\n';
-  cerr << "Run `subx help instructions` for details on words like 'r32' and 'disp8'.\n"
+  cerr << "Run `bootstrap help instructions` for details on words like 'r32' and 'disp8'.\n"
           "For complete details on these instructions, consult the IA-32 manual (volume 2).\n"
           "There's various versions of it online, such as https://c9x.me/x86.\n"
           "The mnemonics in brackets will help you locate each instruction.\n";
diff --git a/030---translate.cc b/030---translate.cc
index b950fce7..3c4c7f2f 100644
--- a/030---translate.cc
+++ b/030---translate.cc
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ if (is_equal(argv[1], "translate")) {
   // Outside of tests, traces must be explicitly requested.
   if (Trace_file.is_open()) Trace_stream = new trace_stream;
   reset();
-  // Begin subx translate
+  // Begin bootstrap translate
   program p;
   string output_filename;
-  for (int i = /*skip 'subx translate'*/2;  i < argc;  ++i) {
+  for (int i = /*skip 'bootstrap translate'*/2;  i < argc;  ++i) {
     if (is_equal(argv[i], "-o")) {
       ++i;
       if (i >= argc) {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ if (is_equal(argv[1], "translate")) {
     unlink(output_filename.c_str());
     return 1;
   }
-  // End subx translate
+  // End bootstrap translate
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void transform(program& p) {
 }
 
 void print_translate_usage() {
-  cerr << "Usage: subx translate file1 file2 ... -o output\n";
+  cerr << "Usage: bootstrap translate file1 file2 ... -o output\n";
 }
 
 // write out a program to a bare-bones ELF file
diff --git a/032---operands.cc b/032---operands.cc
index 5d434319..f02ee3a5 100644
--- a/032---operands.cc
+++ b/032---operands.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ put_new(Help, "instructions",
   "The complete list of operand types: mod, subop, r32 (register), rm32\n"
   "(register or memory), scale, index, base, disp8, disp16, disp32, imm8,\n"
   "imm32.\n"
-  "Each of these has its own help page. Try reading 'subx help mod' next.\n"
+  "Each of these has its own help page. Try reading 'bootstrap help mod' next.\n"
 );
 :(before "End Help Contents")
 cerr << "  instructions\n";
diff --git a/036labels.cc b/036labels.cc
index 6f7fdbfe..aff7e08a 100644
--- a/036labels.cc
+++ b/036labels.cc
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ void compute_byte_indices_for_labels(const segment& code, map<string, int32_t>&
 }
 
 :(before "End Globals")
-bool Dump_debug_info = false;  // currently used only by 'subx translate'
+bool Dump_debug_info = false;  // currently used only by 'bootstrap translate'
 ofstream Labels_file;
 ofstream Source_lines_file;
 :(before "End Commandline Options")
@@ -188,14 +188,14 @@ else if (is_equal(*arg, "--debug")) {
   // End --debug Settings
 }
 //: wait to open "labels" for writing until we're sure we aren't trying to read it
-:(after "Begin subx translate")
+:(after "Begin bootstrap translate")
 if (Dump_debug_info) {
   cerr << "saving address->label information to 'labels'\n";
   Labels_file.open("labels");
   cerr << "saving address->source information to 'source_lines'\n";
   Source_lines_file.open("source_lines");
 }
-:(before "End subx translate")
+:(before "End bootstrap translate")
 if (Dump_debug_info) {
   Labels_file.close();
   Source_lines_file.close();
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ void test_duplicate_Entry_label() {
 }
 
 // This test could do with some refactoring.
-// We're duplicating the flow inside `subx translate`, but without
+// We're duplicating the flow inside `bootstrap translate`, but without
 // reading/writing files.
 // We can't just use run(string) because most of our tests allow programs
 // without 'Entry' labels, as a convenience.
diff --git a/039debug.cc b/039debug.cc
index e3dd8073..bb306b06 100644
--- a/039debug.cc
+++ b/039debug.cc
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 //:: Some helpers for debugging.
 
-//: Load the 'map' file generated during 'subx --debug translate' when running
-//: 'subx --debug --trace run'.
+//: Load the 'map' file generated during 'bootstrap --debug translate' when running
+//: 'bootstrap --trace run'.
 //: (It'll only affect the trace.)
 
 :(before "End Globals")
-map</*address*/uint32_t, string> Symbol_name;  // used only by 'subx run'
-map</*address*/uint32_t, string> Source_line;  // used only by 'subx run'
+map</*address*/uint32_t, string> Symbol_name;  // used only by 'bootstrap run'
+map</*address*/uint32_t, string> Source_line;  // used only by 'bootstrap run'
 :(before "End --debug Settings")
 load_labels();
 load_source_lines();
diff --git a/052kernel-string-equal.subx b/052kernel-string-equal.subx
index 57b5b1ec..f63ef9ed 100644
--- a/052kernel-string-equal.subx
+++ b/052kernel-string-equal.subx
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 # null-terminated 'kernel string' with a length-prefixed 'SubX string'.
 #
 # To run (from the subx directory):
-#   $ ./subx translate 05[0-2]*.subx -o /tmp/tmp52
-#   $ ./subx run /tmp/tmp52  # runs a series of tests
+#   $ ./bootstrap translate 05[0-2]*.subx -o /tmp/tmp52
+#   $ ./bootstrap run /tmp/tmp52  # runs a series of tests
 #   ......  # all tests pass
 #
 # (We can't yet run the tests when given a "test" commandline argument,
diff --git a/Readme.md b/Readme.md
index b80be576..bc6f37cd 100644
--- a/Readme.md
+++ b/Readme.md
@@ -90,20 +90,20 @@ x86 machine code. Here's a program (`apps/ex1.subx`) that returns 42:
 You can generate tiny zero-dependency ELF binaries from SubX that run on Linux.
 
   ```sh
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux apps/ex1.subx -o apps/ex1  # on Linux or BSD or Mac
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux apps/ex1.subx -o apps/ex1  # on Linux or BSD or Mac
   $ ./apps/ex1  # only on Linux
   $ echo $?
   42
  ```
 
-(Running `subx` requires a C++ compiler, transparently invoking it as
+(Running `bootstrap` requires a C++ compiler, transparently invoking it as
 necessary.)
 
 You can run the generated binaries on an interpreter/VM for better error
 messages.
 
   ```sh
-  $ ./subx run apps/ex1  # on Linux or BSD or Mac
+  $ ./bootstrap run apps/ex1  # on Linux or BSD or Mac
   $ echo $?
   42
   ```
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ messages.
 Emulated runs can generate a trace that permits [time-travel debugging](https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/tools/browse_trace.readme.md).
 
   ```sh
-  $ ./subx --debug translate init.linux apps/factorial.subx -o apps/factorial
+  $ ./bootstrap --debug translate init.linux apps/factorial.subx -o apps/factorial
   saving address->label information to 'labels'
   saving address->source information to 'source_lines'
 
-  $ ./subx --debug --trace run apps/factorial
+  $ ./bootstrap --debug --trace run apps/factorial
   saving trace to 'last_run'
 
   $ tools/browse_trace last_run  # text-mode debugger UI
@@ -125,20 +125,20 @@ You can write tests for your programs. The entire stack is thoroughly covered
 by automated tests. SubX's tagline: tests before syntax.
 
   ```sh
-  $ ./subx test
-  $ ./subx run apps/factorial test
+  $ ./bootstrap test
+  $ ./bootstrap run apps/factorial test
   ```
 
 You can use SubX to translate itself. For example, running natively on Linux:
 
   ```sh
   # generate translator phases using the C++ translator
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/hex.subx    -o hex
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/survey.subx -o survey
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/pack.subx   -o pack
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/assort.subx -o assort
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/dquotes.subx -o dquotes
-  $ ./subx translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/tests.subx  -o tests
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/hex.subx    -o hex
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/survey.subx -o survey
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/pack.subx   -o pack
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/assort.subx -o assort
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/dquotes.subx -o dquotes
+  $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/tests.subx  -o tests
   $ chmod +x hex survey pack assort dquotes tests
 
   # use the generated translator phases to translate SubX programs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Or, running in a VM on other platforms (much slower):
 
   ```sh
   $ ./translate_subx_emulated init.linux ex1.subx  # generates identical a.elf to above
-  $ ./subx run a.elf
+  $ ./bootstrap run a.elf
   $ echo $?
   42
   ```
@@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ rudimentary but hopefully still workable toolkit:
 * Generate a trace for the failing test while running your program in emulated
   mode (`subx run`):
   ```
-  $ ./subx translate input.subx -o binary
-  $ ./subx --trace run binary arg1 arg2  2>trace
+  $ ./bootstrap translate input.subx -o binary
+  $ ./bootstrap --trace run binary arg1 arg2  2>trace
   ```
   The ability to generate a trace is the essential reason for the existence of
   `subx run` mode. It gives far better visibility into program internals than
@@ -392,8 +392,8 @@ rudimentary but hopefully still workable toolkit:
 * As a further refinement, it is possible to render label names in the trace
   by adding a second flag to both the `translate` and `run` commands:
   ```
-  $ ./subx --debug translate input.subx -o binary
-  $ ./subx --debug --trace run binary arg1 arg2  2>trace
+  $ ./bootstrap --debug translate input.subx -o binary
+  $ ./bootstrap --debug --trace run binary arg1 arg2  2>trace
   ```
   `subx --debug translate` emits a mapping from label to address in a file
   called `labels`. `subx --debug --trace run` reads in the `labels` file at
@@ -731,10 +731,10 @@ a) Try running the tests:
   $ ./test_apps
   ```
 
-b) Check out the online help. Try typing just `./subx`, and then `./subx
+b) Check out the online help. Try typing just `./bootstrap`, and then `./bootstrap
 help`.
 
-c) Familiarize yourself with `./subx help opcodes`. You'll spend a lot of time
+c) Familiarize yourself with `./bootstrap help opcodes`. You'll spend a lot of time
 with it. (It's also [in this repo](https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/opcodes).)
 [Here](https://lobste.rs/s/qglfdp/subx_minimalist_assembly_language_for#c_o9ddqk)
 are some tips on my setup for quickly finding the right opcode for any
diff --git a/SubX-addressing-modes.md b/SubX-addressing-modes.md
index 271de294..cdb056ee 100644
--- a/SubX-addressing-modes.md
+++ b/SubX-addressing-modes.md
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ reader's burden. Here's the order I've been using after opcodes:
 Try running this example now:
 
 ```sh
-$ ./subx translate init.linux apps/ex3.subx -o apps/ex3
-$ ./subx run apps/ex3
+$ ./bootstrap translate init.linux apps/ex3.subx -o apps/ex3
+$ ./bootstrap run apps/ex3
 $ echo $?
 55
 ```
diff --git a/subx b/bootstrap
index 257e2f13..b16da072 100755
--- a/subx
+++ b/bootstrap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 # Run SubX VM, first compiling if necessary.
 set -e
 
-./build  &&  ./subx_bin "$@"
+./build  &&  ./bootstrap_bin "$@"
diff --git a/build b/build
index 96cfc313..6a654fd0 100755
--- a/build
+++ b/build
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 # non-zero exit status only on error during building
 set -e  # stop immediately on error
 
-# [0-9]*.cc -> subx.cc -> subx_bin
-# (layers)   |          |
-#          tangle      $CXX
+# [0-9]*.cc -> bootstrap.cc -> bootstrap_bin
+# (layers)   |               |
+#          tangle           $CXX
 
 # can also be called with a layer to only build until
 #   $ ./build --until 050
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ older_than tools/tangle tools/tangle.cc && {
 }
 
 LAYERS=$(tools/enumerate --until $UNTIL_LAYER  |grep '.cc$')
-older_than subx.cc $LAYERS tools/enumerate tools/tangle && {
+older_than bootstrap.cc $LAYERS tools/enumerate tools/tangle && {
   # no update here; rely on 'update' calls downstream
-  tools/tangle $LAYERS  > subx.cc
+  tools/tangle $LAYERS  > bootstrap.cc
 }
 
-grep -h "^[^[:space:]#].*) {$" subx.cc  |grep -v ":.*("  |sed 's/ {.*/;/'  |update function_list
-grep -h "^\s*void test_" subx.cc  |sed 's/^\s*void \(.*\)() {.*/\1,/'  |update test_list
-grep -h "^\s*void test_" subx.cc  |sed 's/^\s*void \(.*\)() {.*/"\1",/'  |update test_name_list
+grep -h "^[^[:space:]#].*) {$" bootstrap.cc  |grep -v ":.*("  |sed 's/ {.*/;/'  |update function_list
+grep -h "^\s*void test_" bootstrap.cc  |sed 's/^\s*void \(.*\)() {.*/\1,/'  |update test_list
+grep -h "^\s*void test_" bootstrap.cc  |sed 's/^\s*void \(.*\)() {.*/"\1",/'  |update test_name_list
 
-older_than subx_bin subx.cc *_list && {
-  $CXX $CFLAGS subx.cc -o subx_bin
+older_than bootstrap_bin bootstrap.cc *_list && {
+  $CXX $CFLAGS bootstrap.cc -o bootstrap_bin
 }
 
 exit 0
diff --git a/build_and_test_until b/build_and_test_until
index 710e1d55..6f0782e1 100755
--- a/build_and_test_until
+++ b/build_and_test_until
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ then
   echo $1 > .until
 fi
 
-./build --until $1  &&  ./subx_bin test $2
+./build --until $1  &&  ./bootstrap_bin test $2
diff --git a/clean b/clean
index 693599a9..7a0eda83 100755
--- a/clean
+++ b/clean
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 set -e
 
 set -v
-rm -rf subx.cc subx_bin* *_list
+rm -rf bootstrap.cc bootstrap_bin* *_list
 rm -rf .until
 test $# -gt 0 && exit 0  # convenience: 'clean top-level' to leave subsidiary tools alone
 rm -rf tools/enumerate tools/tangle tools/*_list tools/*.dSYM
diff --git a/run_one_test b/run_one_test
index bc237c12..a67cfffa 100755
--- a/run_one_test
+++ b/run_one_test
@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ fi
 set -e
 
 ./debug_translate init.linux $(echo $FILES) /tmp/run_one_test.subx
-CFLAGS=$CFLAGS ./subx --debug --trace run a.elf
+CFLAGS=$CFLAGS ./bootstrap --debug --trace run a.elf
diff --git a/test_apps b/test_apps
index eaf102e8..7b5f0bb1 100755
--- a/test_apps
+++ b/test_apps
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ echo "== translating and running using C++"
 # example programs
 
 echo ex1
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex1.subx  -o apps/ex1
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex1.subx  -o apps/ex1
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex1
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex1  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex1  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 42  # life, the universe and everything
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex2
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex2.subx  -o apps/ex2
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex2.subx  -o apps/ex2
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex2
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex2  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex2  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 2  # 1 + 1
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex3
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex3.subx  -o apps/ex3
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex3.subx  -o apps/ex3
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex3
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex3  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex3  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 55  # 1 + 2 + ... + 10
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex4
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex4.subx  -o apps/ex4
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex4.subx  -o apps/ex4
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex4
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  echo a | ./subx run apps/ex4 >ex4.out  ||  true
+  echo a | ./bootstrap run apps/ex4 >ex4.out  ||  true
   test `cat ex4.out` = 'a'
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex5
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex5.subx  -o apps/ex5
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex5.subx  -o apps/ex5
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex5
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  echo a | ./subx run apps/ex5 >ex5.out  ||  true
+  echo a | ./bootstrap run apps/ex5 >ex5.out  ||  true
   test `cat ex5.out` = 'a'
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex6
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex6.subx  -o apps/ex6
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex6.subx  -o apps/ex6
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex6
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex6 >ex6.out  ||  true
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex6 >ex6.out  ||  true
   test "`cat ex6.out`" = 'Hello, world!'
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex7
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex7.subx  -o apps/ex7
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex7.subx  -o apps/ex7
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/ex7
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex7  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex7  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 97  # 'a'
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex8
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex8.subx  -o apps/ex8
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex8.subx  -o apps/ex8
 test "$1" = 'record'  || git diff --exit-code apps/ex8
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex8 abcd  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex8 abcd  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 4  # length('abcd')
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex9
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex9.subx  -o apps/ex9
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex9.subx  -o apps/ex9
 test "$1" = 'record'  || git diff --exit-code apps/ex9
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex9 z x  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex9 z x  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 2  # 'z' - 'x'
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -136,12 +136,12 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex10
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex10.subx  -o apps/ex10
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex10.subx  -o apps/ex10
 test "$1" = 'record'  || git diff --exit-code apps/ex10
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex10 abc abc  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex10 abc abc  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 1  # equal
-  ./subx run apps/ex10 abc abcd  # 0; not equal
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex10 abc abcd  # 0; not equal
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
   apps/ex10 abc abc  ||  ret=$?
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex11
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex11.subx  -o apps/ex11
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex11.subx  -o apps/ex11
 test "$1" = 'record'  || git diff --exit-code apps/ex11
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/ex11
+  ./bootstrap run apps/ex11
   echo
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -162,20 +162,20 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo ex12
-./subx translate init.$OS apps/ex12.subx  -o apps/ex12
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS apps/ex12.subx  -o apps/ex12
 test "$1" = 'record'  || git diff --exit-code apps/ex12
-test $EMULATED  &&  ./subx run apps/ex12  # final byte of mmap'd address is well-nigh guaranteed to be 0
+test $EMULATED  &&  ./bootstrap run apps/ex12  # final byte of mmap'd address is well-nigh guaranteed to be 0
 test $NATIVE  &&  apps/ex12
 
 # Larger apps that use the standard library.
 
 echo factorial
-./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/factorial.subx  -o apps/factorial
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/factorial.subx  -o apps/factorial
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/factorial
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/factorial  ||  ret=$?
+  ./bootstrap run apps/factorial  ||  ret=$?
   test $ret -eq 120  # factorial(5)
-  ./subx run apps/factorial test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/factorial test
   echo
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -186,10 +186,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo crenshaw2-1
-./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1.subx  -o apps/crenshaw2-1
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1.subx  -o apps/crenshaw2-1
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/crenshaw2-1
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/crenshaw2-1 test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/crenshaw2-1 test
   echo
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -198,10 +198,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo crenshaw2-1b
-./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx  -o apps/crenshaw2-1b
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1b.subx  -o apps/crenshaw2-1b
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/crenshaw2-1b
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/crenshaw2-1b test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/crenshaw2-1b test
   echo
 }
 test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 }
 
 echo handle
-./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/handle.subx  -o apps/handle
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/handle.subx  -o apps/handle
 test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/handle
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/handle > handle.out 2>&1  ||  true
+  ./bootstrap run apps/handle > handle.out 2>&1  ||  true
   grep -q 'lookup succeeded' handle.out  ||  { echo "missing success test"; exit 1; }
   grep -q 'lookup failed' handle.out  ||  { echo "missing failure test"; exit 1; }
 }
@@ -228,10 +228,10 @@ test $NATIVE  &&  {
 for phase in hex survey pack assort dquotes tests
 do
   echo $phase
-  ./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/$phase.subx -o apps/$phase
+  ./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/$phase.subx -o apps/$phase
   test "$1" = 'record'  ||  git diff --exit-code apps/hex
   test $EMULATED  &&  {
-    ./subx run apps/$phase test
+    ./bootstrap run apps/$phase test
     echo
   }
   test $NATIVE  &&  {
@@ -246,10 +246,10 @@ done
 # to go beyond functionality of the C++ bootstrap.
 
 echo sigils
-./subx translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/sigils.subx  -o apps/sigils
+./bootstrap translate init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/sigils.subx  -o apps/sigils
 [ "$1" != record ]  &&  git diff --exit-code apps/sigils
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/sigils test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/sigils test
   echo
 }
 test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
@@ -259,10 +259,10 @@ test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
 
 echo calls
 cat init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/calls.subx  |  apps/sigils  > a.sigils
-./subx translate a.sigils -o apps/calls
+./bootstrap translate a.sigils -o apps/calls
 [ "$1" != record ]  &&  git diff --exit-code apps/calls
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/calls test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/calls test
   echo
 }
 test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
@@ -272,10 +272,10 @@ test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
 
 echo braces
 cat init.$OS 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/braces.subx  |  apps/calls  |  apps/sigils  > a.sigils
-./subx translate a.sigils -o apps/braces
+./bootstrap translate a.sigils -o apps/braces
 [ "$1" != record ]  &&  git diff --exit-code apps/braces
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/braces test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/braces test
   echo
 }
 test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
@@ -285,10 +285,10 @@ test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
 
 echo mu
 cat init.$OS 0*.subx apps/mu.subx  |  apps/braces  |  apps/calls  |  apps/sigils  > a.sigils
-./subx translate a.sigils -o apps/mu
+./bootstrap translate a.sigils -o apps/mu
 [ "$1" != record ]  &&  git diff --exit-code apps/mu
 test $EMULATED  &&  {
-  ./subx run apps/mu test
+  ./bootstrap run apps/mu test
   echo
 }
 test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
diff --git a/test_layers b/test_layers
index bf487c09..568a0f21 100755
--- a/test_layers
+++ b/test_layers
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ done
 for f in [0-9]*.subx
 do
   echo "=== $f"
-  ./subx translate init.linux $(tools/enumerate --until $f |grep '\.subx$') -o a.elf
-  ./subx run a.elf test
+  ./bootstrap translate init.linux $(tools/enumerate --until $f |grep '\.subx$') -o a.elf
+  ./bootstrap run a.elf test
   echo
   test `uname` = 'Linux'  &&  {
     chmod +x a.elf
diff --git a/translate_subx_debug b/translate_subx_debug
index f5754f37..d9038f39 100755
--- a/translate_subx_debug
+++ b/translate_subx_debug
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ cat a.braces    |apps/calls           > a.calls
 echo "  sigils"
 cat a.calls     |apps/sigils          > a.sigils
 
-subx --debug translate a.sigils -o a.elf
+./bootstrap --debug translate a.sigils -o a.elf
 
 chmod +x a.elf
diff --git a/translate_subx_emulated b/translate_subx_emulated
index 639d924e..0eab2c32 100755
--- a/translate_subx_emulated
+++ b/translate_subx_emulated
@@ -21,30 +21,30 @@ set -e
 ./build
 
 echo "  braces"
-cat $*          |./subx_bin run apps/braces   > a.braces
+cat $*          |./bootstrap_bin run apps/braces   > a.braces
 
 echo "  calls"
-cat a.braces    |./subx_bin run apps/calls    > a.calls
+cat a.braces    |./bootstrap_bin run apps/calls    > a.calls
 
 echo "  sigils"
-cat a.calls     |./subx_bin run apps/sigils   > a.sigils
+cat a.calls     |./bootstrap_bin run apps/sigils   > a.sigils
 
 echo "  tests"
-cat a.sigils    |./subx_bin run apps/tests    > a.tests
+cat a.sigils    |./bootstrap_bin run apps/tests    > a.tests
 
 echo "  dquotes"
-cat a.tests     |./subx_bin run apps/dquotes  > a.dquotes
+cat a.tests     |./bootstrap_bin run apps/dquotes  > a.dquotes
 
 echo "  assort"
-cat a.dquotes   |./subx_bin run apps/assort   > a.assort
+cat a.dquotes   |./bootstrap_bin run apps/assort   > a.assort
 
 echo "  pack"
-cat a.assort    |./subx_bin run apps/pack     > a.pack
+cat a.assort    |./bootstrap_bin run apps/pack     > a.pack
 
 echo "  survey"
-cat a.pack      |./subx_bin run apps/survey   > a.survey
+cat a.pack      |./bootstrap_bin run apps/survey   > a.survey
 
 echo "  hex"
-cat a.survey    |./subx_bin run apps/hex      > a.elf
+cat a.survey    |./bootstrap_bin run apps/hex      > a.elf
 
 chmod +x a.elf