about summary refs log tree commit diff stats
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
-rw-r--r--subx/050write_stderr.subx6
-rw-r--r--subx/051test.subx6
-rw-r--r--subx/052kernel_string_equal.subx42
-rw-r--r--subx/apps/crenshaw2-1bin1322 -> 1360 bytes
-rw-r--r--subx/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx26
-rwxr-xr-xsubx/apps/factorialbin1320 -> 1358 bytes
-rw-r--r--subx/apps/factorial.subx22
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex1.subx2
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex10.subx10
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex11.subx54
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex12.subx6
-rwxr-xr-xsubx/examples/ex2bin102 -> 97 bytes
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex2.subx6
-rwxr-xr-xsubx/examples/ex3bin119 -> 114 bytes
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex3.subx10
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex4.subx14
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex5.subx16
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex6.subx6
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex7.subx28
-rwxr-xr-xsubx/examples/ex8bin144 -> 139 bytes
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex8.subx12
-rw-r--r--subx/examples/ex9.subx4
22 files changed, 135 insertions, 135 deletions
diff --git a/subx/050write_stderr.subx b/subx/050write_stderr.subx
index b595baec..575fbd77 100644
--- a/subx/050write_stderr.subx
+++ b/subx/050write_stderr.subx
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ write_stderr:  # s : (address array byte) -> <void>
   53/push-EBX
   # write(2/stderr, (data) s+4, (size) *s)
     # fd = 2 (stderr)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               2/imm32           # copy 2 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               2/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # x = s+4
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           1/r32/ECX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ECX
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ECX
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ECX
     # size = *s
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           2/r32/EDX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to EDX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDX to EDX
     # call write()
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
   # restore registers
   5b/pop-to-EBX
diff --git a/subx/051test.subx b/subx/051test.subx
index c8c4b89c..2903b6c7 100644
--- a/subx/051test.subx
+++ b/subx/051test.subx
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ check_ints_equal:  # (a : int, b : int, msg : (address array byte)) -> boolean
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
     # return
   eb/jump  $check_ints_equal:end/disp8
   # else:
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ $check_ints_equal:else:
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
     # print newline
       # push args
   68/push  Newline/imm32
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
 $check_ints_equal:end:
   # restore registers
   5b/pop-to-EBX
diff --git a/subx/052kernel_string_equal.subx b/subx/052kernel_string_equal.subx
index 1a8a3b64..fd5e2194 100644
--- a/subx/052kernel_string_equal.subx
+++ b/subx/052kernel_string_equal.subx
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
   e8/call  run_tests/disp32  # 'run_tests' is a function created automatically by SubX. It calls all functions that start with 'test_'.
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # compare a null-terminated ascii string with a more idiomatic length-prefixed byte array
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ kernel_string_equal:  # s : null-terminated ascii string, benchmark : length-pre
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDX to EDX
   # initialize benchmark data into ESI
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           6/r32/ESI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to ESI
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESI
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESI
   # initialize loop counter i into ECX
-  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to ECX
+  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/exit      # copy to ECX
   # while (i/ECX < n/EDX)
 $kernel_string_loop:
   39/compare                      3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # compare ECX with EDX
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ $kernel_string_loop:
   bb/copy  0/imm32  # clear EBX
   8a/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # copy byte at *ESI to lower byte of EBX
     # if (c1 == 0) return false
-  3d/compare                      .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX with 0
+  3d/compare-EAX  0/imm32
   74/jump-if-equal  $kernel_string_fail/disp8
     # if (c1 != c2) return false
   39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # compare EAX with EBX
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ $kernel_string_break:
   # if (*s/EDI == 0) return true
   b8/copy  0/imm32  # clear EAX
   8a/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy byte at *EDI to lower byte of EAX
-  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX with 0
+  3d/compare-EAX  0/imm32
   75/jump-if-not-equal  $kernel_string_fail/disp8
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   eb/jump  $kernel_string_end/disp8
   # return false
 $kernel_string_fail:
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EAX
 
 $kernel_string_end:
   # restore registers
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 1, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array"/imm32
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array"/imm32
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 1, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array"/imm32
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array"/imm32
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 == data
diff --git a/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1 b/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1
index 266414fa..299e7870 100644
--- a/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1
+++ b/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1
Binary files differdiff --git a/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx b/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
index c0bdc768..dec4023a 100644
--- a/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
+++ b/subx/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
     # call
   e8/call  abort/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # exit(0)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EBX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 ## helpers
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ abort:  # s : (address array byte) -> <void>
     # call
   e8/call  error/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # exit(1)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EBX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # print out "Error: #{s} expected\n" to stderr
@@ -56,28 +56,28 @@ error:  # s : (address array byte) -> <void>
     # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # write_stderr(s)
     # push args
   ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    4/base/ESP  4/index/none  .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ESP+4)
     # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # write_stderr(" expected")
     # push args
   68/push  " expected"/imm32
     # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # write_stderr("\n")
     # push args
   68/push  Newline/imm32
     # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # end
   c3/return
 
@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@ write_stdout:  # s : (address array byte) -> <void>
   53/push-EBX
   # write(1/stdout, (data) s+4, (size) *s)
     # fd = 1 (stdout)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # x = s+4
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           1/r32/ECX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ECX
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ECX
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ECX
     # size = *s
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           2/r32/EDX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to EDX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDX to EDX
     # call write()
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
   # restore registers
   5b/pop-to-EBX
diff --git a/subx/apps/factorial b/subx/apps/factorial
index 2686b934..d9596ee6 100755
--- a/subx/apps/factorial
+++ b/subx/apps/factorial
Binary files differdiff --git a/subx/apps/factorial.subx b/subx/apps/factorial.subx
index 9b014313..d223b692 100644
--- a/subx/apps/factorial.subx
+++ b/subx/apps/factorial.subx
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   # prolog
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
   # if (argc > 1)
-  81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           .           0/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *EBP with 1
+  81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           .           0/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *EBP
   7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal  $run_main/disp8
   # and if (argv[1] == "test")
     # push args
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
     # check result
-  3d/compare                      .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # compare EAX with 1
+  3d/compare-EAX  1/imm32
   75/jump-if-not-equal  $run_main/disp8
   # then
   e8/call  run_tests/disp32
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ $run_main:
     # EAX <- call
   e8/call  factorial/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
 $main_exit:
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # factorial(n)
@@ -60,18 +60,18 @@ factorial:
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
   53/push-EBX
   # initialize EAX to 1 (base case)
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   # if (n <= 1) jump exit
-  81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           .           8/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *(EBP+8) with 1
+  81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           .           8/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *(EBP+8)
   7e/jump-if-<=  $factorial:exit/disp8
   # EBX: n-1
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none              3/r32/EBX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to EBX
-  81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # subtract 1 from EBX
+  81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # subtract from EBX
   # EAX: factorial(n-1)
   53/push-EBX
   e8/call                         .               .             .           .             .           .           factorial/disp32
   # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # return n * factorial(n-1)
   f7          4/subop/multiply    1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none                          8/disp8         .                 # multiply *(EBP+8) into EAX
   # TODO: check for overflow
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ test_factorial:
     # call
   e8/call  factorial/disp32
     # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
   # check_ints_equal(EAX, 120, failure message)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_factorial"/imm32
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ test_factorial:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   # end
   c3/return
 
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex1.subx b/subx/examples/ex1.subx
index ddcdc4a0..790e24fe 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex1.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex1.subx
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
   bb/copy                                                                                                                         2a/imm32          # copy 42 to EBX
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # vim:ft=subx
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex10.subx b/subx/examples/ex10.subx
index d5e9b628..78577a76 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex10.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex10.subx
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
   # exit(EAX)
 $exit:
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # compare two null-terminated ascii strings
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ $argv_loop:
   bb/copy  0/imm32  # clear EBX
   8a/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # copy byte at *EDX to lower byte of EBX
     # if (c1 == 0) break
-  3d/compare                      .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX with 0
+  3d/compare-EAX  0/imm32
   74/jump-if-equal  $argv_break/disp8
     # if (c1 != c2) return false
   39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # compare EAX with EBX
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ $argv_loop:
   eb/jump  $argv_loop/disp8
 $argv_break:
   # if (c2 == 0) return true
-  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EBX with 0
+  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EBX
   75/jump-if-not-equal  $argv_fail/disp8
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   c3/return
   # return false
 $argv_fail:
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EAX
   c3/return
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex11.subx b/subx/examples/ex11.subx
index cae4de40..46a6c1ea 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex11.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex11.subx
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
   e8/call  run_tests/disp32  # 'run_tests' is a function created automatically by SubX. It calls all functions that start with 'test_'.
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # compare a null-terminated ascii string with a more idiomatic length-prefixed byte array
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ kernel_string_equal:  # s : null-terminated ascii string, benchmark : length-pre
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDX to EDX
   # initialize benchmark data into ESI
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           6/r32/ESI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to ESI
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESI
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESI
   # initialize loop counter i into ECX
-  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to ECX
+  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/exit      # copy to ECX
   # while (i/ECX < n/EDX)
 $kernel_string_loop:
   39/compare                      3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # compare ECX with EDX
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ $kernel_string_loop:
   bb/copy  0/imm32  # clear EBX
   8a/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # copy byte at *ESI to lower byte of EBX
     # if (c1 == 0) return false
-  3d/compare                      .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX with 0
+  3d/compare-EAX  0/imm32
   74/jump-if-equal  $kernel_string_fail/disp8
     # if (c1 != c2) return false
   39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # compare EAX with EBX
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ $kernel_string_break:
   # if (*s/EDI == 0) return true
   b8/copy  0/imm32  # clear EAX
   8a/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy byte at *EDI to lower byte of EAX
-  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX with 0
+  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX
   75/jump-if-not-equal  $kernel_string_fail/disp8
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   eb/jump  $kernel_string_end/disp8
   # return false
 $kernel_string_fail:
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EAX
 
 $kernel_string_end:
   # restore registers
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 1, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array"/imm32
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array"/imm32
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_compare_null_kernel_string_with_non_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 1, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0, msg)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_inequal_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_equal_array"/imm32
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_empty_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array"/imm32
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_shorter_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
     # call
   e8/call  kernel_string_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # call check_ints_equal(EAX, 0)
     # push args
   68/push  "F - test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array"/imm32
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ test_compare_kernel_string_with_longer_array:
     # call
   e8/call  check_ints_equal/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add 12 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
   c3/return
 
 ## helpers
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ check_ints_equal:  # (a : int, b : int, msg : (address array byte)) -> boolean
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
     # return
   eb/jump  $check_ints_equal:end/disp8
   # else:
@@ -285,14 +285,14 @@ $check_ints_equal:else:
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
     # print newline
       # push args
   68/push  Newline/imm32
       # call
   e8/call  write_stderr/disp32
       # discard arg
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
 $check_ints_equal:end:
   # restore registers
   5b/pop-to-EBX
@@ -313,15 +313,15 @@ write_stderr:  # s : (address array byte) -> <void>
   53/push-EBX
   # write(2/stderr, (data) s+4, (size) *s)
     # fd = 2 (stderr)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               2/imm32           # copy 2 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               2/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # x = s+4
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           1/r32/ECX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ECX
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ECX
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ECX
     # size = *s
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/SIB    5/base/EBP  4/index/none  .           2/r32/EDX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to EDX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDX to EDX
     # call write()
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
   # restore registers
   5b/pop-to-EBX
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex12.subx b/subx/examples/ex12.subx
index 43655565..8e0c95c3 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex12.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex12.subx
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@
 
   # mmap(0x1000)
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               mmap_new_segment/imm32  # copy to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x5a/imm32/mmap         # copy 8 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x5a/imm32/mmap         # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # store to *EAX
-  c7/copy                         0/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0x34/imm32              # copy 0x34 to *EAX
+  c7/copy                         0/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0x34/imm32              # copy to *EAX
 
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                       # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit            # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit            # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 == data
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex2 b/subx/examples/ex2
index 3bbd979b..24e81d3f 100755
--- a/subx/examples/ex2
+++ b/subx/examples/ex2
Binary files differdiff --git a/subx/examples/ex2.subx b/subx/examples/ex2.subx
index 1be295ff..2a055bcc 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex2.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex2.subx
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 # instruction                     effective address                                                   operand     displacement    immediate
 # op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
 # 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
-  bb/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX                                                                      1/imm32           # add 1 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EBX
+  43/inc-EBX
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # vim:ft=subx
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex3 b/subx/examples/ex3
index aa209b92..5f8160d6 100755
--- a/subx/examples/ex3
+++ b/subx/examples/ex3
Binary files differdiff --git a/subx/examples/ex3.subx b/subx/examples/ex3.subx
index a6147497..0a90e26e 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex3.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex3.subx
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@
 # op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
 # 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
   # result: EBX = 0
-  bb/copy                                                                                                                         0/imm32           # copy 0 to EBX
+  bb/copy                                                                                                                         0/imm32           # copy to EBX
   # counter: ECX = 1
-  b9/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to ECX
+  b9/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to ECX
 
 $loop:
   # while (counter <= 10)
-  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX                                                                      0xa/imm32         # compare ECX, 10/imm
+  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX                                                                      0xa/imm32         # compare ECX
   7f/jump-if-greater  $exit/disp8
   # result += counter
   01/add                          3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX                                          1/r32/ECX                                     # add ECX to EBX
   # ++counter
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX                                                                      1/imm32           # add 1 to ECX
+  41/inc-ECX
   # loop
   eb/jump  $loop/disp8
 
 $exit:
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # vim:ft=subx:nowrap
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex4.subx b/subx/examples/ex4.subx
index 9864b49f..965acd22 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex4.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex4.subx
@@ -11,28 +11,28 @@
 
   # read(stdin, x, 1)
     # fd = 0 (stdin)
-  bb/copy                                                                                                                         0/imm32           # copy 0 to EBX
+  bb/copy                                                                                                                         0/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # initialize x (location to write result to)
   b9/copy                                                                                                                         x/imm32           # copy to ECX
     # size = 1 character
-  ba/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EDX
+  ba/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EDX
     # read(fd, x, size)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         3/imm32/read      # copy 3 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         3/imm32/read      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # write(stdout, x, 1)
     # fd = 1 (stdout)
-  bb/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
+  bb/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # initialize x (location to read from)
   b9/copy                                                                                                                         x/imm32           # copy to ECX
     # size = 1 character
-  ba/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EDX
+  ba/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EDX
     # write(fd, x, size)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         4/imm32/write     # copy 4 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 == data
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex5.subx b/subx/examples/ex5.subx
index c12f5552..af9f1b3a 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex5.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex5.subx
@@ -11,32 +11,32 @@
 
 # main:
   # allocate x on the stack
-  81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # subtract 4 bytes from ESP
+  81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # subtract from ESP
 
   # read(stdin, x, 1)
     # fd = 0 (stdin)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # initialize x (location to write result to)
   8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    4/base/ESP  4/index/none              1/r32/ECX   4/disp8         .                 # copy ESP+4 to ECX
     # size = 1 character
-  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EDX
+  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EDX
     # read(fd, x, size)
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               3/imm32/read      # copy 3 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               3/imm32/read      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # write(stdout, x, 1)
     # fd = 1 (stdout)
-  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
+  bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # initialize x (location to read from)
   8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    4/base/ESP  4/index/none              1/r32/ECX   4/disp8         .                 # copy ESP+4 to ECX
     # size = 1 character
-  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy 1 to EDX
+  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # copy to EDX
     # write(fd, x, size)
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy 4 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 # vim:ft=subx:nowrap
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex6.subx b/subx/examples/ex6.subx
index f0d10cd8..96bbd033 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex6.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex6.subx
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@
 
   # write(stdout, x, size)
     # fd = 1 (stdout)
-  bb/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy 1 to EBX
+  bb/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32           # copy to EBX
     # initialize x (location to write result to)
   b9/copy                                                                                                                         x/imm32           # copy to ECX
     # initialize size
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32                                      2/r32/EDX   size/disp32                       # copy *size to EDX
     # write(fd, x, size)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         4/imm32/write     # copy 4 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         4/imm32/write     # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # exit(EBX)
-  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                                                                                                                         1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 == data
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex7.subx b/subx/examples/ex7.subx
index 7d610410..c41e5ad2 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex7.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex7.subx
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
   # creat(filename)
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               filename/imm32          # copy to EBX
   b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x180/imm32/fixed-perms # copy to ECX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32/creat           # copy 8 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32/creat           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # stream = open(filename, O_WRONLY, 0)  # we can't use 'fd' because it looks like a hex byte
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               filename/imm32          # copy to EBX
-  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/wronly          # copy 1 to ECX
-  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x180/imm32/fixed-perms # copy 0 to EDX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               5/imm32/open            # copy 5 to EAX
+  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/wronly          # copy to ECX
+  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x180/imm32/fixed-perms # copy to EDX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               5/imm32/open            # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
     # save stream
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               stream/imm32            # copy to EBX
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX                                          3/r32/EBX                                           # copy *EBX to EBX
     #
   b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               a/imm32                 # copy to ECX
-  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/size            # copy 1 to EDX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write           # copy 4 to EAX
+  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/size            # copy to EDX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32/write           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # close(stream)
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               stream/imm32            # copy to EBX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX                                          3/r32/EBX                                           # copy *EBX to EBX
     #
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               6/imm32/close           # copy 6 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               6/imm32/close           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # stream = open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0)
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               filename/imm32          # copy to EBX
-  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/rdonly          # copy 0 to ECX
+  b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32/rdonly          # copy to ECX
   ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0x180/imm32/fixed-perms # copy to EDX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               5/imm32/open            # copy 5 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               5/imm32/open            # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
     # save stream
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               stream/imm32            # copy to EBX
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX                                          3/r32/EBX                                           # copy *EBX to EBX
     #
   b9/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               b/imm32                 # copy to ECX
-  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/size            # copy 1 to EDX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               3/imm32/read            # copy 3 to EAX
+  ba/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/size            # copy to EDX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               3/imm32/read            # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # close(stream)
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               stream/imm32            # copy to EBX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX                                          3/r32/EBX                                           # copy *EBX to EBX
     #
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               6/imm32/close           # copy 6 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               6/imm32/close           # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # unlink(filename)
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               filename/imm32          # copy to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0xa/imm32/unlink        # copy 10 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0xa/imm32/unlink        # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
   # exit(b)
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
   bb/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               b/imm32                 # copy to EBX
   8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX                                          3/r32/EBX                                           # copy *EBX to EBX
     #
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit            # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit            # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 == data
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex8 b/subx/examples/ex8
index 8f95f543..d447f676 100755
--- a/subx/examples/ex8
+++ b/subx/examples/ex8
Binary files differdiff --git a/subx/examples/ex8.subx b/subx/examples/ex8.subx
index 274ff6a2..1406cded 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex8.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex8.subx
@@ -26,28 +26,28 @@
     # call
   e8/call  ascii_length/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add 4 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
 
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 ascii_length:  # (s)
   # initialize s (EDX)
   8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    4/base/ESP  4/index/none              2/r32/EDX   4/disp8                           # copy *(ESP+4) to EDX
   # var result = 0 (EAX)
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy 0 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to EAX
 $ascii_length_loop:
   # var c = *s (ECX)
   8a/copy                         0/mod/*         2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # copy byte at *EDX to lower byte of ECX
   # if c == '\0' break
-  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare ECX with 0
+  81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare ECX
   74/jump-if-equal  $ascii_length_ret/disp8
   # ++s
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # add 1 to EDX
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # add to EDX
   # ++result
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32           # add 1 to EAX
+  40/inc-EAX
   # loop
   eb/jump  $ascii_length_loop/disp8
 $ascii_length_ret:
diff --git a/subx/examples/ex9.subx b/subx/examples/ex9.subx
index b6c64a87..ed723e4a 100644
--- a/subx/examples/ex9.subx
+++ b/subx/examples/ex9.subx
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
     # call
   e8/call  ascii_difference/disp32
     # discard args
-  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add 8 to ESP
+  81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
   # exit(EAX)
   89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy EAX to EBX
-  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy 1 to EAX
+  b8/copy                         .               .             .           .             .           .           .               1/imm32/exit      # copy to EAX
   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
 
 ascii_difference:  # (s1, s2) : null-terminated ascii strings