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-rw-r--r--095stack.subx413
-rwxr-xr-xapps/assortbin41753 -> 42953 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/bracesbin43032 -> 42998 bytes
-rw-r--r--apps/braces.subx274
-rwxr-xr-xapps/callsbin46491 -> 47691 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/crenshaw2-1bin41164 -> 42364 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/crenshaw2-1bbin41723 -> 42923 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/dquotesbin45445 -> 46645 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/factorialbin40176 -> 41376 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/handlebin41069 -> 42269 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/hexbin44119 -> 45319 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/packbin54414 -> 55614 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/sigilsbin54454 -> 55654 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/surveybin51010 -> 52210 bytes
-rwxr-xr-xapps/testsbin40538 -> 41738 bytes
15 files changed, 413 insertions, 274 deletions
diff --git a/095stack.subx b/095stack.subx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e776e7d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/095stack.subx
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+# A stack looks like this:
+#   top: int
+#   data: (array byte)  # prefixed by length as usual
+
+== code
+#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
+# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
+# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
+
+clear-stack:  # s : (address stack)
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # . save registers
+    50/push-eax
+    51/push-ecx
+    # eax = s
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to eax
+    # ecx = &s->data[s->length]
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(eax+4) to eax
+    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    0/base/eax  1/index/ecx   .           1/r32/ecx   8/disp8         .                 # copy eax+ecx+8 to ecx
+    # s->top = 0
+    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to *eax
+    # eax = s->data
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to eax
+$clear-stack:loop:
+    # if (eax >= ecx) break
+    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # compare eax with ecx
+    73/jump-if-greater-or-equal-unsigned  $clear-stack:end/disp8
+    # *eax = 0
+    c6          0/subop/copy        0/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm8            # copy byte to *eax
+    # ++eax
+    40/increment-eax
+    eb/jump $clear-stack:loop/disp8
+$clear-stack:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    59/pop-to-ecx
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+test-clear-stack:
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # var stack/ecx = stack of size 8 with random data in it
+    68/push 34/imm32
+    68/push 35/imm32
+    68/push 8/imm32/length
+    68/push 14/imm32/top
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
+    # clear(stack)
+    # . . push args
+    51/push-ecx
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stack/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # top should be 0
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-clear-stack: top"/imm32
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # length should remain 8
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 8, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-clear-stack: length"/imm32
+    68/push  8/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # first word is 0
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-clear-stack: data[0..3]"/imm32
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # second word is 0
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-clear-stack: data[4..7]"/imm32
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+push:  # s : (address stack), n : int
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # . save registers
+    50/push-eax
+    51/push-ecx
+    56/push-esi
+    # esi = s
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
+    # ecx = s->top
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *esi to ecx
+    # if (s->top >= s->length) abort
+    39/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   4/disp8         .                 # compare *(esi+4) and ecx
+    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal  $push:abort/disp8
+    # s->data[s->top] = n
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to eax
+    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/esi  1/index/ecx   .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy eax to *(esi+ecx+8)
+    # s->top += 4
+    81          0/subop/add         0/mod/direct    6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # subtract from *esi
+$push:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    5e/pop-to-esi
+    59/pop-to-ecx
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+$push:abort:
+    # print(stderr, "error: push: no space left")
+    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: push: no space left")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "error: push: no space left"/imm32
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write-buffered/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . flush(Stderr)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  flush/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . syscall(exit, 1)
+    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
+    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
+    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+    # never gets here
+
+test-push:
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # var stack/ecx = empty stack of size 8
+    68/push 0/imm32
+    68/push 0/imm32
+    68/push 8/imm32/length
+    68/push 0/imm32/top
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
+    # push(stack, 0x42)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  0x42/imm32
+    51/push-ecx
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  push/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
+    # check top
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 4, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-push: top"/imm32
+    68/push  4/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # check length
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 8, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-push: length"/imm32
+    68/push  8/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # first word is 0x42
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0x42, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-push: data[0..3]"/imm32
+    68/push  0x42/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # second word is 0
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-push: data[4..7]"/imm32
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+pop:  # s : (address stack) -> n/eax : int
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # . save registers
+    51/push-ecx
+    56/push-esi
+    # esi = s
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
+    # if (s->top <= 0) abort
+    81          7/subop/compare     0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare *esi
+    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal  $pop:abort/disp8
+    # s->top -= 4
+    81          5/subop/subtract    0/mod/direct    6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # subtract from *esi
+    # eax = s->data[s->top]
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *esi to ecx
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/esi  1/index/ecx   .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(esi+ecx+8) to eax
+    # s->data[s->top] = 0
+    c7          0/subop/copy        1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/esi  1/index/ecx   .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         0/imm32           # copy to *(esi+ecx+8)
+$pop:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    5e/pop-to-esi
+    59/pop-to-ecx
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+$pop:abort:
+    # print(stderr, "error: pop: nothing left in stack")
+    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: pop: nothing left in stack")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "error: pop: nothing left in stack"/imm32
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write-buffered/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . flush(Stderr)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  flush/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . syscall(exit, 1)
+    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
+    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
+    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+    # never gets here
+
+test-pop:
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # var stack/ecx = stack of size 8 containing just 0x42
+    68/push 0/imm32
+    68/push 0x42/imm32
+    68/push 8/imm32/length
+    68/push 4/imm32/top
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
+    # eax = pop(stack)
+    # . . push args
+    51/push-ecx
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  pop/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # check-ints-equal(eax, 0x42, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-pop: result"/imm32
+    68/push  0x42/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # check top
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-pop: top"/imm32
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # check length
+    58/pop-to-eax
+    # . check-ints-equal(eax, 8, msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-pop: length"/imm32
+    68/push  8/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+top:  # s : (address stack) -> n/eax : int
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # . save registers
+    51/push-ecx
+    56/push-esi
+    # esi = s
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
+    # if (s->top <= 0) abort
+    81          7/subop/compare     0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare *esi
+    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal  $top:abort/disp8
+    # eax = s->data[s->top - 4]
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *esi to ecx
+    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # subtract from ecx
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/esi  1/index/ecx   .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(esi+ecx+8) to eax
+$top:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    5e/pop-to-esi
+    59/pop-to-ecx
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+$top:abort:
+    # print(stderr, "error: top: nothing left in stack")
+    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: top: nothing left in stack")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "error: top: nothing left in stack"/imm32
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write-buffered/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . flush(Stderr)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  Stderr/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  flush/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # . syscall(exit, 1)
+    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
+    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/exit
+    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+    # never gets here
+
+test-top:
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-ebp
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
+    # var stack/ecx = stack of size 8 containing just 0x42
+    68/push  0/imm32
+    68/push  0x42/imm32
+    68/push  8/imm32/length
+    68/push  4/imm32/top
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
+    # eax = top(stack)
+    # . . push args
+    51/push-ecx
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  top/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
+    # check-ints-equal(eax, 42, msg")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-top: result"/imm32
+    68/push  0x42/imm32
+    50/push-eax
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
+    5d/pop-to-ebp
+    c3/return
+
+# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0
diff --git a/apps/assort b/apps/assort
index 2fc33f34..e60a40a8 100755
--- a/apps/assort
+++ b/apps/assort
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/braces b/apps/braces
index 06ffb9fe..40164153 100755
--- a/apps/braces
+++ b/apps/braces
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/braces.subx b/apps/braces.subx
index 0b70c7a0..32042539 100644
--- a/apps/braces.subx
+++ b/apps/braces.subx
@@ -376,277 +376,3 @@ test-subx-braces-2:
     89/<- %esp 5/r32/ebp
     5d/pop-to-ebp
     c3/return
-
-# let's just put stack primitives here for now
-# we need to think about how to maintain layers of the library at different levels of syntax sugar
-
-# A stack looks like this:
-#   top: int
-#   data: (array byte)  # prefixed by length as usual
-
-clear-stack:  # s : (address stack)
-    # . prolog
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/<- %ebp 4/r32/esp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    # eax = s
-    8b/-> *(ebp+8) 0/r32/eax
-    # ecx = s->length
-    8b/-> *(eax+4) 1/r32/ecx
-    # ecx = &s->data[s->length]
-    8d/copy-address *(eax+ecx+8) 1/r32/ecx
-    # s->top = 0
-    c7/copy 0/subop/copy *eax 0/imm32
-    # eax = s->data
-    81 0/subop/add %eax 8/imm32
-$clear-stack:loop:
-    # if (eax >= ecx) break
-    39/compare %eax 1/r32/ecx
-    73/jump-if-greater-or-equal-unsigned $clear-stack:end/disp8
-    # *eax = 0
-    c6 0/subop/copy-byte *eax 0/imm8
-    # ++eax
-    40/increment-eax
-    eb/jump $clear-stack:loop/disp8
-$clear-stack:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilog
-    89/<- %esp 5/r32/ebp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-test-clear-stack:
-    # var ecx : (address stack) = stack of size 8 with random data in it
-    68/push 34/imm32
-    68/push 35/imm32
-    68/push 8/imm32/length
-    68/push 14/imm32/top
-    89/<- %ecx 4/r32/esp
-    # clear
-    (clear-stack %ecx)
-    # top should be 0
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 0 "F - test-clear-stack: top")
-    # length should remain 8
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 8 "F - test-clear-stack: length")
-    # first word is 0
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 0 "F - test-clear-stack: data[0..3]")
-    # second word is 0
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 0 "F - test-clear-stack: data[4..7]")
-    c3/return
-
-push:  # s : (address stack), n : int
-    # . prolog
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/<- %ebp 4/r32/esp
-    # . save registers
-    50/push-eax
-    51/push-ecx
-    56/push-esi
-    # esi = s
-    8b/-> *(ebp+8) 6/r32/esi
-    # ecx = s->top
-    8b/-> *esi 1/r32/ecx
-    # if (s->top >= s->length) abort
-    39/compare *(esi+4) 1/r32/ecx
-    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal $push:abort/disp8
-    # s->data[s->top] = n
-    8b/-> *(ebp+0xc) 0/r32/eax
-    89/<- *(esi+ecx+8) 0/r32/eax
-    # s->top += 4
-    81 0/subop/add *esi 4/imm32
-$push:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    5e/pop-to-esi
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    # . epilog
-    89/<- %esp 5/r32/ebp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-$push:abort:
-    # print(stderr, "error: push: no space left")
-    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: push: no space left")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push "error: push: no space left"/imm32
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call write-buffered/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 8/imm32
-    # . flush(Stderr)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call flush/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 4/imm32
-    # . syscall(exit, 1)
-    bb/copy-to-ebx 1/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
-    cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
-    # never gets here
-
-test-push:
-    # var ecx : (address stack) = empty stack of size 8
-    68/push 0/imm32
-    68/push 0/imm32
-    68/push 8/imm32/length
-    68/push 0/imm32/top
-    89/<- %ecx 4/r32/esp
-    #
-    (push %ecx 42)
-    # top
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 4 "F - test-push: top")
-    # length
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 8 "F - test-push: length")
-    # first word is 42
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 42 "F - test-push: data[0..3]")
-    # second word is 0
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 0 "F - test-push: data[4..7]")
-    c3/return
-
-pop:  # s : (address stack) -> n/eax : int
-    # . prolog
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/<- %ebp 4/r32/esp
-    # . save registers
-    51/push-ecx
-    56/push-esi
-    # esi = s
-    8b/-> *(ebp+8) 6/r32/esi
-    # if (s->top <= 0) abort
-    81 7/subop/compare *esi 0/imm32
-    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal $pop:abort/disp8
-    # s->top -= 4
-    81 5/subop/subtract *esi 4/imm32
-    # eax = s->data[s->top]
-    8b/-> *esi 1/r32/ecx/top
-    8b/-> *(esi+ecx+8) 0/r32/eax
-$pop:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    5e/pop-to-esi
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    # . epilog
-    89/<- %esp 5/r32/ebp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-$pop:abort:
-    # print(stderr, "error: pop: nothing left in stack")
-    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: pop: nothing left in stack")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push "error: pop: nothing left in stack"/imm32
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call write-buffered/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 8/imm32
-    # . flush(Stderr)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call flush/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 4/imm32
-    # . syscall(exit, 1)
-    bb/copy-to-ebx 1/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
-    cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
-    # never gets here
-
-test-pop:
-    # var ecx : (address stack) = stack of size 8 containing just 42
-    68/push 0/imm32
-    68/push 42/imm32
-    68/push 8/imm32/length
-    68/push 4/imm32/top
-    89/<- %ecx 4/r32/esp
-    #
-    (pop %ecx)  # => eax
-    # result
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 42 "F - test-pop: result")
-    # top
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 0 "F - test-pop: top")
-    # length
-    58/pop-to-eax
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 8 "F - test-pop: length")
-    # clean up
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 8/imm32
-    c3/return
-
-top:  # s : (address stack) -> n/eax : int
-    # . prolog
-    55/push-ebp
-    89/<- %ebp 4/r32/esp
-    # . save registers
-    51/push-ecx
-    56/push-esi
-    # esi = s
-    8b/-> *(ebp+8) 6/r32/esi
-    # if (s->top <= 0) abort
-    81 7/subop/compare *esi 0/imm32
-    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal $top:abort/disp8
-    # eax = s->data[s->top - 4]
-    8b/-> *esi 1/r32/ecx/top
-    81 5/subop/subtract %ecx 4/imm32
-    8b/-> *(esi+ecx+8) 0/r32/eax
-$top:end:
-    # . restore registers
-    5e/pop-to-esi
-    59/pop-to-ecx
-    # . epilog
-    89/<- %esp 5/r32/ebp
-    5d/pop-to-ebp
-    c3/return
-
-$top:abort:
-    # print(stderr, "error: top: nothing left in stack")
-    # . write-buffered(Stderr, "error: top: nothing left in stack")
-    # . . push args
-    68/push "error: top: nothing left in stack"/imm32
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call write-buffered/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 8/imm32
-    # . flush(Stderr)
-    # . . push args
-    68/push Stderr/imm32
-    # . . call
-    e8/call flush/disp32
-    # . . discard args
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 4/imm32
-    # . syscall(exit, 1)
-    bb/copy-to-ebx 1/imm32
-    b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
-    cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
-    # never gets here
-
-test-top:
-    # var ecx : (address stack) = stack of size 8 containing just 42
-    68/push 0/imm32
-    68/push 42/imm32
-    68/push 8/imm32/length
-    68/push 4/imm32/top
-    89/<- %ecx 4/r32/esp
-    #
-    (top %ecx)  # => eax
-    # result
-    (check-ints-equal %eax 42 "F - test-top: result")
-    # clean up
-    81 0/subop/add %esp 0x10/imm32
-    c3/return
diff --git a/apps/calls b/apps/calls
index dbe3c0ae..7cabc825 100755
--- a/apps/calls
+++ b/apps/calls
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/crenshaw2-1 b/apps/crenshaw2-1
index 096d5342..ca629e9c 100755
--- a/apps/crenshaw2-1
+++ b/apps/crenshaw2-1
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/crenshaw2-1b b/apps/crenshaw2-1b
index af0e221a..dd1292ed 100755
--- a/apps/crenshaw2-1b
+++ b/apps/crenshaw2-1b
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/dquotes b/apps/dquotes
index cfe72703..351742e6 100755
--- a/apps/dquotes
+++ b/apps/dquotes
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/factorial b/apps/factorial
index f104624c..e3e02af5 100755
--- a/apps/factorial
+++ b/apps/factorial
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/handle b/apps/handle
index 14441a0c..c0f4a4fb 100755
--- a/apps/handle
+++ b/apps/handle
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/hex b/apps/hex
index 172bf918..eade5fa7 100755
--- a/apps/hex
+++ b/apps/hex
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/pack b/apps/pack
index cbab4e72..a2cd9595 100755
--- a/apps/pack
+++ b/apps/pack
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/sigils b/apps/sigils
index f2d07269..d8cdaf55 100755
--- a/apps/sigils
+++ b/apps/sigils
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/survey b/apps/survey
index 14843f57..6595e7cf 100755
--- a/apps/survey
+++ b/apps/survey
Binary files differdiff --git a/apps/tests b/apps/tests
index 426650be..0dd18754 100755
--- a/apps/tests
+++ b/apps/tests
Binary files differ