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-rw-r--r--apps/crenshaw2-1.subx585
1 files changed, 585 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx b/apps/crenshaw2-1.subx
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+# Port of https://github.com/akkartik/crenshaw/blob/master/tutor2.1.pas
+# which corresponds to the section "single digits" in https://compilers.iecc.com/crenshaw/tutor2.txt
+# except that we support hex digits.
+#
+# To run (from the subx/ directory):
+#   $ ./subx translate *.subx apps/crenshaw2-1.subx -o apps/crenshaw2-1
+#   $ echo '3'  |./subx run apps/crenshaw2-1
+# Expected output:
+#   # syscall(exit, 3)
+#   bb/copy-to-EBX  3/imm32
+#   b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
+#   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+#
+# To run the generated output:
+#   $ echo '3'  |./subx run apps/crenshaw2-1 > z1.subx
+#   $ ./subx translate z1.subx -o z1
+#   $ ./subx run z1
+#   $ echo $?
+#   3
+#
+# Stdin must contain just a single hex digit. Other input will print an error:
+#   $ echo 'xyz'  |./subx run apps/crenshaw2-1
+#   Error: integer expected
+#
+# Names in this file sometimes follow Crenshaw's original rather than my usual
+# naming conventions.
+
+== code
+#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
+# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
+# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
+
+Entry:  # run tests if necessary, call 'compile' if not
+    # initialize heap
+    # . Heap = new-segment(64KB)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  Heap/imm32
+    68/push  0x10000/imm32/64KB
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+
+    # . prolog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # - if argc > 1 and argv[1] == "test", then return run_tests()
+    # . argc > 1
+    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0/disp8         1/imm32           # compare *EBP
+    7e/jump-if-lesser-or-equal  $run-main/disp8
+    # . argv[1] == "test"
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "test"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(EBP+8)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  kernel-string-equal?/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . check result
+    3d/compare-EAX-and  1/imm32
+    75/jump-if-not-equal  $run-main/disp8
+    # . run-tests()
+    e8/call  run-tests/disp32
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/EBX   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to EBX
+    eb/jump  $main:end/disp8
+$run-main:
+    # - otherwise read a program from stdin and emit its translation to stdout
+    # var ed/EAX : exit-descriptor
+    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from ESP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EAX
+    # configure ed to really exit()
+    # . ed->target = 0
+    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # copy to *EAX
+    # return compile(Stdin, 1/stdout, 2/stderr, ed)
+    # . . push args
+    50/push-EAX/ed
+    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
+    68/push  1/imm32/stdout
+    68/push  Stdin/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  compile/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to ESP
+    # . syscall(exit, 0)
+    bb/copy-to-EBX  0/imm32
+$main:end:
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
+    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+
+# the main entry point
+compile:  # in : (address buffered-file), out : fd or (address stream), err : fd or (address stream), ed : (address exit-descriptor) -> <void>
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # . save registers
+    50/push-EAX
+    51/push-ECX
+    # prime the pump
+    # . Look = get-char(in)
+    # . . push args
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(EBP+8)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-char/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # var num/ECX : (address stream) on the stack
+    # Numbers can be 32 bits or 8 hex bytes long. One of them will be in 'Look', so we need space for 7 bytes.
+    # Sizing the stream just right buys us overflow-handling for free inside 'get-num'.
+    # Add 12 bytes for 'read', 'write' and 'length' fields, for a total of 19 bytes, or 0x13 in hex.
+    # The stack pointer is no longer aligned, so dump_stack() can be misleading past this point.
+    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0x13/imm32        # subtract from ESP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to ECX
+    # initialize the stream
+    # . num->length = 7
+    c7          0/subop/copy        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         7/imm32           # copy to *(ECX+8)
+    # . clear-stream(num)
+    # . . push args
+    51/push-ECX
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # read a digit from 'in' into 'num'
+    # . get-num(in, num, err, ed)
+    # . . push args
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+20)
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
+    51/push-ECX/num
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8      .                    # push *(EBP+8)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-num/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to ESP
+    # render 'num' into the following template on 'out':
+    #   bb/copy-to-EBX  _num_
+    #   b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
+    #   cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
+    #
+    # . write(out, "bb/copy-to-EBX  ")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "bb/copy-to-EBX  "/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . write-stream(out, num)
+    # . . push args
+    51/push-ECX/num
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . write(out, Newline)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  Newline/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . write(out, "b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit\n")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit\n"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . write(out, "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "cd/syscall  0x80/imm8\n"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+$compile:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    59/pop-to-ECX
+    58/pop-to-EAX
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+# Read a single digit into 'out'. Abort if there are none, or if there is no space in 'out'.
+# Input comes from the global variable 'Look', and we leave the next byte from
+# 'in' into it on exit.
+get-num:  # in : (address buffered-file), out : (address stream), err : fd or (address stream), ed : (address exit-descriptor) -> <void>
+    # pseudocode:
+    #   if (!is-digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
+    #   if out->write >= out->length
+    #     write(err, "Error: too many digits in number\n")
+    #     stop(ed, 1)
+    #   out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
+    #   ++out->write
+    #   Look = get-char(in)
+    #
+    # registers:
+    #   in: ESI
+    #   out: EDI
+    #   out->write: ECX (cached copy; need to keep in sync)
+    #   out->length: EDX
+    #   temporaries: EAX, EBX
+    # We can't allocate Look to a register because it gets written implicitly in
+    # get-char in each iteration of the loop. (Thereby demonstrating that it's
+    # not the right interface for us. But we'll keep it just to follow Crenshaw.)
+    #
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # - if (is-digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
+    # . EAX = is-digit?(Look)
+    # . . push args
+    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Look/disp32     .                 # push *Look
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  is-digit?/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . if (EAX == 0)
+    3d/compare-EAX-and  0/imm32
+    75/jump-if-not-equal  $get-num:main/disp8
+    # . expected(ed, err, "integer")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "integer"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+20)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  expected/disp32  # never returns
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
+$get-num:main:
+    # - otherwise read a digit
+    # . save registers
+    50/push-EAX
+    51/push-ECX
+    52/push-EDX
+    53/push-EBX
+    56/push-ESI
+    57/push-EDI
+    # read necessary variables to registers
+    # ESI = in
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           6/r32/ESI   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ESI
+    # EDI = out
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           7/r32/EDI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to EDI
+    # ECX = out->write
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # copy *EDI to ECX
+    # EDX = out->length
+    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EDI+8) to EDX
+    # if (out->write >= out->length) error
+    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # compare EDX with ECX
+    7d/jump-if-lesser  $get-num:stage2/disp8
+    # . error(ed, err, msg)  # TODO: show full number
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "get-num: too many digits in number"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x14/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+20)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  error/disp32  # never returns
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
+$get-num:stage2:
+    # out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
+    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/EDI  1/index/ECX   .           3/r32/EBX   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy EDI+ECX+12 to EBX
+    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/EAX   Look/disp32     .                 # copy *Look to EAX
+    88/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy byte at AL to *EBX
+    # ++out->write
+    41/increment-ECX
+    # Look = get-char(in)
+    # . . push args
+    56/push-ESI
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-char/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+$get-num:loop-end:
+    # persist necessary variables from registers
+    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # copy ECX to *EDI
+$get-num:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    5f/pop-to-EDI
+    5e/pop-to-ESI
+    5b/pop-to-EBX
+    5a/pop-to-EDX
+    59/pop-to-ECX
+    58/pop-to-EAX
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+test-get-num-reads-single-digit:
+    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
+    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use EBP for setting up local variables.
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # clear all streams
+    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-buffered-file+4)
+    # . . push args
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-buffered-file/imm32
+    05/add-to-EAX  4/imm32
+    50/push-EAX
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # initialize 'in'
+    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "3"/imm32
+    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
+    # . var ed/EAX : exit-descriptor
+    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from ESP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EAX
+    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
+    50/push-EAX/ed
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # prime the pump
+    # . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-char/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
+    # . . push args
+    50/push-EAX/ed
+    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
+    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
+    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-num/disp32
+    # registers except ESP may be clobbered at this point
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to ESP
+    # check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3', msg)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-get-num-reads-single-digit"/imm32
+    68/push  0x33/imm32
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-output-stream/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EAX+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
+    # . reclaim locals
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look:
+    # - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
+    # This test uses exit-descriptors. Use EBP for setting up local variables.
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # clear all streams
+    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-buffered-file+4)
+    # . . push args
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-buffered-file/imm32
+    05/add-to-EAX  4/imm32
+    50/push-EAX
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # initialize 'in'
+    # . write(_test-stream, "3")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "3"/imm32
+    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
+    # . var ed/EAX : (address exit-descriptor)
+    81          5/subop/subtract    3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # subtract from ESP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EAX
+    # . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
+    50/push-EAX/ed
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # *don't* prime the pump
+    # get-num(in, out, err, ed)
+    # . . push args
+    50/push-EAX/ed
+    68/push  _test-error-stream/imm32
+    68/push  _test-output-stream/imm32
+    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  get-num/disp32
+    # registers except ESP may be clobbered at this point
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to ESP
+    # check that get-num tried to call exit(1)
+    # . check-ints-equal(ed->value, 2, msg)  # i.e. stop was called with value 1
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "F - test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look"/imm32
+    68/push  2/imm32
+    # . . push ed->value
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(EAX+4)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
+    # . reclaim locals
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+## helpers
+
+# write(f, "Error: "+s+" expected\n") then stop(ed, 1)
+expected:  # ed : (address exit-descriptor), f : fd or (address stream), s : (address array byte) -> <void>
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # write(f, "Error: ")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  "Error: "/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # write(f, s)
+    # . . push args
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # write(f, " expected")
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  " expected\n"/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  write/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # stop(ed, 1)
+    # . . push args
+    68/push  1/imm32
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(EBP+8)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  stop/disp32
+    # should never get past this point
+$expected:dead-end:
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+# read a byte from 'f', and save it in 'Look'
+get-char:  # f : (address buffered-file) -> <void>
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # . save registers
+    50/push-EAX
+    # EAX = read-byte-buffered(f)
+    # . . push args
+    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(EBP+8)
+    # . . call
+    e8/call  read-byte-buffered/disp32
+    # . . discard args
+    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
+    # save EAX to Look
+    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/EAX   Look/disp32     .                 # copy EAX to *Look
+$get-char:end:
+    # . restore registers
+    58/pop-to-EAX
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+is-digit?:  # c : int -> EAX : boolean
+    # . prolog
+    55/push-EBP
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
+    # EAX = false
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  0/imm32
+    # if (c < '0') return false
+    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x30/imm32        # compare *(EBP+8)
+    7c/jump-if-lesser  $is-digit?:end/disp8
+    # if (c > '9') return false
+    81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         0x39/imm32        # compare *(EBP+8)
+    7f/jump-if-greater  $is-digit?:end/disp8
+    # otherwise return true
+    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32
+$is-digit?:end:
+    # . epilog
+    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
+    5d/pop-to-EBP
+    c3/return
+
+== data
+
+Look:  # (char with some extra padding)
+    0/imm32
+
+_test-output-stream:
+    # current write index
+    0/imm32
+    # current read index
+    0/imm32
+    # length
+    8/imm32
+    # data
+    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  # 8 bytes
+
+_test-error-stream:
+    # current write index
+    0/imm32
+    # current read index
+    0/imm32
+    # length
+    0x40/imm32
+    # data (4 lines x 16 bytes/line)
+    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+
+# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0