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+# Wrappers around print primitives that take a 'screen' object and are thus
+# easier to test.
+#
+# Screen objects are intended to exactly mimic the behavior of traditional
+# terminals. Moving a cursor too far right wraps it to the next line,
+# scrolling if necessary. The details are subtle:
+#
+# a) Rows can take unbounded values. When printing, large values for the row
+# saturate to the bottom row (because scrolling).
+#
+# b) If you print to a square (row, right) on the right margin, the cursor
+# position depends on whether 'row' is in range. If it is, the new cursor
+# position is (row+1, 0). If it isn't, the new cursor position is (row, 0).
+# Because scrolling.
+
+container screen [
+  num-rows:num
+  num-columns:num
+  cursor-row:num
+  cursor-column:num
+  data:&:@:screen-cell  # capacity num-rows*num-columns
+  pending-scroll?:bool
+  top-idx:num  # index inside data that corresponds to top-left of screen
+               # modified on scroll, wrapping around to the top of data
+]
+
+container screen-cell [
+  contents:char
+  color:num
+]
+
+def new-fake-screen w:num, h:num -> result:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  result <- new screen:type
+  non-zero-width?:bool <- greater-than w, 0
+  assert non-zero-width?, [screen can't have zero width]
+  non-zero-height?:bool <- greater-than h, 0
+  assert non-zero-height?, [screen can't have zero height]
+  bufsize:num <- multiply w, h
+  data:&:@:screen-cell <- new screen-cell:type, bufsize
+  *result <- merge h/num-rows, w/num-columns, 0/cursor-row, 0/cursor-column, data, false/pending-scroll?, 0/top-idx
+  result <- clear-screen result
+]
+
+def clear-screen screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [clear-screen]
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    clear-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  buf:&:@:screen-cell <- get *screen, data:offset
+  max:num <- length *buf
+  i:num <- copy 0
+  {
+    done?:bool <- greater-or-equal i, max
+    break-if done?
+    curr:screen-cell <- merge 0/empty, 7/white
+    *buf <- put-index *buf, i, curr
+    i <- add i, 1
+    loop
+  }
+  # reset cursor
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, 0
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, 0
+  *screen <- put *screen, top-idx:offset, 0
+]
+
+def fake-screen-is-empty? screen:&:screen -> result:bool [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [fake-screen-is-empty?]
+  return-unless screen, true  # do nothing for real screens
+  buf:&:@:screen-cell <- get *screen, data:offset
+  i:num <- copy 0
+  len:num <- length *buf
+  {
+    done?:bool <- greater-or-equal i, len
+    break-if done?
+    curr:screen-cell <- index *buf, i
+    curr-contents:char <- get curr, contents:offset
+    i <- add i, 1
+    loop-unless curr-contents
+    # not 0
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, c:char -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  color:num, color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default color to white
+    break-if color-found?
+    color <- copy 7/white
+  }
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  c2:num <- character-to-code c
+  trace 90, [print-character], c2
+  {
+    # real screen
+    break-if screen
+    print-character-to-display c, color, bg-color
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  # (handle special cases exactly like in the real screen)
+  width:num <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+  height:num <- get *screen, num-rows:offset
+  capacity:num <- multiply width, height
+  row:num <- get *screen, cursor-row:offset
+  column:num <- get *screen, cursor-column:offset
+  buf:&:@:screen-cell <- get *screen, data:offset
+  # some potentially slow sanity checks for preconditions {
+  # eliminate fractions from column and row
+  row <- round row
+  column <- round column
+  # if cursor is past left margin (error), reset to left margin
+  {
+    too-far-left?:bool <- lesser-than column, 0
+    break-unless too-far-left?
+    column <- copy 0
+    *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+  }
+  # if cursor is at or past right margin, wrap
+  {
+    at-right?:bool <- greater-or-equal column, width
+    break-unless at-right?
+    column <- copy 0
+    *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+    row <- add row, 1
+    *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, row
+  }
+  # }
+  # if there's a pending scroll, perform it
+  {
+    pending-scroll?:bool <- get *screen, pending-scroll?:offset
+    break-unless pending-scroll?
+#?     stash [scroll]
+    scroll-fake-screen screen
+    *screen <- put *screen, pending-scroll?:offset, false
+  }
+#?     $print [print-character (], row, [, ], column, [): ], c, 10/newline
+  # special-case: newline
+  {
+    newline?:bool <- equal c, 10/newline
+    break-unless newline?
+    cursor-down-on-fake-screen screen  # doesn't modify column
+    return
+  }
+  # special-case: linefeed
+  {
+    linefeed?:bool <- equal c, 13/linefeed
+    break-unless linefeed?
+    *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, 0
+    return
+  }
+  # special-case: backspace
+  # moves cursor left but does not erase
+  {
+    backspace?:bool <- equal c, 8/backspace
+    break-unless backspace?
+    {
+      break-unless column
+      column <- subtract column, 1
+      *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+    }
+    return
+  }
+  # save character in fake screen
+  top-idx:num <- get *screen, top-idx:offset
+  index:num <- data-index row, column, width, height, top-idx
+  cursor:screen-cell <- merge c, color
+  *buf <- put-index *buf, index, cursor
+  # move cursor to next character, wrapping as necessary
+  # however, don't scroll just yet
+  column <- add column, 1
+  {
+    past-right?:bool <- greater-or-equal column, width
+    break-unless past-right?
+    column <- copy 0
+    row <- add row, 1
+    past-bottom?:bool <- greater-or-equal row, height
+    break-unless past-bottom?
+    # queue up a scroll
+#?     stash [pending scroll]
+    *screen <- put *screen, pending-scroll?:offset, true
+    row <- subtract row, 1  # update cursor as if scroll already happened
+  }
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, row
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+]
+
+def cursor-down-on-fake-screen screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-down]
+  row:num <- get *screen, cursor-row:offset
+  height:num <- get *screen, num-rows:offset
+  bottom:num <- subtract height, 1
+  at-bottom?:bool <- greater-or-equal row, bottom
+  {
+    break-if at-bottom?
+    row <- add row, 1
+    *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, row
+  }
+  {
+    break-unless at-bottom?
+    scroll-fake-screen screen  # does not modify row
+  }
+]
+
+def scroll-fake-screen screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [scroll-fake-screen]
+  width:num <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+  height:num <- get *screen, num-rows:offset
+  buf:&:@:screen-cell <- get *screen, data:offset
+  # clear top line and 'rotate' it to the bottom
+  top-idx:num <- get *screen, top-idx:offset  # 0 <= top-idx < len(buf)
+  next-top-idx:num <- add top-idx, width  # 0 <= next-top-idx <= len(buf)
+  empty-cell:screen-cell <- merge 0/empty, 7/white
+  {
+    done?:bool <- greater-or-equal top-idx, next-top-idx
+    break-if done?
+    put-index *buf, top-idx, empty-cell
+    top-idx <- add top-idx, 1
+    # no modulo; top-idx is always a multiple of width,
+    # so it can never wrap around inside this loop
+    loop
+  }
+  # top-idx now same as next-top-idx; wrap around if necessary
+  capacity:num <- multiply width, height
+  _, top-idx <- divide-with-remainder, top-idx, capacity
+  *screen <- put *screen, top-idx:offset, top-idx
+]
+
+# translate from screen (row, column) coordinates to an index into data
+# while accounting for scrolling (sliding top-idx)
+def data-index row:num, column:num, width:num, height:num, top-idx:num -> result:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  {
+    overflow?:bool <- greater-or-equal row, height
+    break-unless overflow?
+    row <- subtract height, 1
+  }
+  result <- multiply width, row
+  result <- add result, column, top-idx
+  capacity:num <- multiply width, height
+  _, result <- divide-with-remainder result, capacity
+]
+
+scenario print-character-at-top-left [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  run [
+    a:char <- copy 97/a
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a:char
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    1:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    1 <- 6  # width*height
+    2 <- 97  # 'a'
+    3 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-character-at-fractional-coordinate [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  run [
+    move-cursor fake-screen, 0.5, 0
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a:char
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    1:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    1 <- 6  # width*height
+    2 <- 97  # 'a'
+    3 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-character-in-color [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  run [
+    a:char <- copy 97/a
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a:char, 1/red
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    1:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    1 <- 6  # width*height
+    2 <- 97  # 'a'
+    3 <- 1  # red
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-backspace-character [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  run [
+    backspace:char <- copy 8/backspace
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, backspace
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    11:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 0  # cursor column
+    11 <- 6  # width*height
+    12 <- 97  # still 'a'
+    13 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    14 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-extra-backspace-character [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  run [
+    backspace:char <- copy 8/backspace
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, backspace
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, backspace  # cursor already at left margin
+    1:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    3:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    1 <- 0  # cursor column
+    3 <- 6  # width*height
+    4 <- 97  # still 'a'
+    5 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    6 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-character-at-right-margin [
+  # fill top row of screen with text
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 2/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  b:char <- copy 98/b
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, b
+  run [
+    # cursor now at next row
+    c:char <- copy 99/c
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, c
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    11:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    12:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 1  # cursor row
+    11 <- 1  # cursor column
+    12 <- 4  # width*height
+    13 <- 97  # 'a'
+    14 <- 7  # white
+    15 <- 98  # 'b'
+    16 <- 7  # white
+    17 <- 99  # 'c'
+    18 <- 7  # white
+    19 <- 0  # ' '
+    20 <- 7  # white
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-newline-character [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  run [
+    newline:char <- copy 10/newline
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, newline
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    11:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    12:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 1  # cursor row
+    11 <- 1  # cursor column
+    12 <- 6  # width*height
+    13 <- 97  # 'a'
+    14 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    15 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-newline-at-bottom-line [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  newline:char <- copy 10/newline
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, newline
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, newline
+  run [
+    # cursor now at bottom of screen
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, newline
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    11:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # doesn't move further down
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 1  # cursor row
+    11 <- 0  # cursor column
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario print-character-at-bottom-right [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 2/width, 2/height
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  b:char <- copy 98/b
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, b
+  c:char <- copy 99/c
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, c
+  run [
+    # cursor now at bottom right
+    d:char <- copy 100/d
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, d
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    11:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    12:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, top-idx:offset
+    13:bool/raw <- get *fake-screen, pending-scroll?:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    20:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  # cursor column wraps but the screen doesn't scroll yet
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 1  # cursor row
+    11 <- 0  # cursor column -- outside screen
+    12 <- 0  # top-idx -- not yet scrolled
+    13 <- 1  # pending-scroll?
+    20 <- 4  # screen size (width*height)
+    21 <- 97  # 'a'
+    22 <- 7  # white
+    23 <- 98  # 'b'
+    24 <- 7  # white
+    25 <- 99 # 'c'
+    26 <- 7  # white
+    27 <- 100  # 'd'
+    28 <- 7  # white
+  ]
+  run [
+    e:char <- copy 101/e
+    print fake-screen, e
+    10:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    11:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    12:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, top-idx:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    20:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    # text scrolls by 1, we lose the top line
+    10 <- 1  # cursor row
+    11 <- 1  # cursor column -- wrapped
+    12 <- 2  # top-idx -- scrolled
+    20 <- 4  # screen size (width*height)
+    # screen now checked in rotated order
+    25 <- 99 # 'c'
+    26 <- 7  # white
+    27 <- 100  # 'd'
+    28 <- 7  # white
+    # screen wraps; bottom line is cleared of old contents
+    21 <- 101  # 'e'
+    22 <- 7  # white
+    23 <- 0  # unused
+    24 <- 7  # white
+  ]
+]
+
+# even though our screen supports scrolling, some apps may want to avoid
+# scrolling
+# these helpers help check for scrolling at development time
+def save-top-idx screen:&:screen -> result:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  return-unless screen, 0  # check is only for fake screens
+  result <- get *screen, top-idx:offset
+]
+def assert-no-scroll screen:&:screen, old-top-idx:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  return-unless screen
+  new-top-idx:num <- get *screen, top-idx:offset
+  no-scroll?:bool <- equal old-top-idx, new-top-idx
+  assert no-scroll?, [render should never use screen's scrolling capabilities]
+]
+
+def clear-line screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [clear-line]
+  space:char <- copy 0/nul
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    clear-line-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  width:num <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+  column:num <- get *screen, cursor-column:offset
+  original-column:num <- copy column
+  # space over the entire line
+  {
+    right:num <- subtract width, 1
+    done?:bool <- greater-or-equal column, right
+    break-if done?
+    print screen, space
+    column <- add column, 1
+    loop
+  }
+  # now back to where the cursor was
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, original-column
+]
+
+# only for non-scrolling apps
+def clear-line-until screen:&:screen, right:num/inclusive -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  row:num, column:num <- cursor-position screen
+#?   stash [clear-line-until] row column
+  height:num <- screen-height screen
+  past-bottom?:bool <- greater-or-equal row, height
+  return-if past-bottom?
+  space:char <- copy 32/space
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  {
+    done?:bool <- greater-than column, right
+    break-if done?
+    screen <- print screen, space, 7/white, bg-color  # foreground color is mostly unused except if the cursor shows up at this cell
+    column <- add column, 1
+    loop
+  }
+]
+
+def cursor-position screen:&:screen -> row:num, column:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    row, column <- cursor-position-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  row:num <- get *screen, cursor-row:offset
+  column:num <- get *screen, cursor-column:offset
+]
+
+def move-cursor screen:&:screen, new-row:num, new-column:num -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [move-cursor] new-row new-column
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    move-cursor-on-display new-row, new-column
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, new-row
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, new-column
+  # if cursor column is within bounds, reset 'pending-scroll?'
+  {
+    width:num <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+    scroll?:bool <- greater-or-equal new-column, width
+    break-if scroll?
+#?     stash [resetting pending-scroll?]
+    *screen <- put *screen, pending-scroll?:offset, false
+  }
+]
+
+scenario clear-line-erases-printed-characters [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  # print a character
+  a:char <- copy 97/a
+  fake-screen <- print fake-screen, a
+  # move cursor to start of line
+  fake-screen <- move-cursor fake-screen, 0/row, 0/column
+  run [
+    fake-screen <- clear-line fake-screen
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    10:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  # screen should be blank
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 6  # width*height
+    11 <- 0
+    12 <- 7
+    13 <- 0
+    14 <- 7
+    15 <- 0
+    16 <- 7
+    17 <- 0
+    18 <- 7
+    19 <- 0
+    20 <- 7
+    21 <- 0
+    22 <- 7
+  ]
+]
+
+def cursor-down screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-down]
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    move-cursor-down-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  cursor-down-on-fake-screen screen
+]
+
+scenario cursor-down-scrolls [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  # print something to screen and scroll
+  run [
+    print fake-screen, [abc]
+    cursor-to-next-line fake-screen
+    cursor-to-next-line fake-screen
+    data:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    10:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *data
+  ]
+  # screen is now blank
+  memory-should-contain [
+    10 <- 6  # width*height
+    11 <- 0
+    12 <- 7  # white
+    13 <- 0
+    14 <- 7  # white
+    15 <- 0
+    16 <- 7  # white
+    17 <- 0
+    18 <- 7  # white
+    19 <- 0
+    20 <- 7  # white
+    21 <- 0
+    22 <- 7  # white
+  ]
+]
+
+def cursor-up screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-up]
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    move-cursor-up-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  row:num <- get *screen, cursor-row:offset
+  at-top?:bool <- lesser-or-equal row, 0
+  return-if at-top?
+  row <- subtract row, 1
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-row:offset, row
+]
+
+def cursor-right screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-right]
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    move-cursor-right-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  width:num <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+  column:num <- get *screen, cursor-column:offset
+  max:num <- subtract width, 1
+  at-bottom?:bool <- greater-or-equal column, max
+  return-if at-bottom?
+  column <- add column, 1
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+]
+
+def cursor-left screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-left]
+  {
+    break-if screen
+    # real screen
+    move-cursor-left-on-display
+    return
+  }
+  # fake screen
+  column:num <- get *screen, cursor-column:offset
+  at-top?:bool <- lesser-or-equal column, 0
+  return-if at-top?
+  column <- subtract column, 1
+  *screen <- put *screen, cursor-column:offset, column
+]
+
+def cursor-to-start-of-line screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-to-start-of-line]
+  row:num <- cursor-position screen
+  screen <- move-cursor screen, row, 0/column
+]
+
+def cursor-to-next-line screen:&:screen -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [cursor-to-next-line]
+  screen <- cursor-down screen
+  screen <- cursor-to-start-of-line screen
+]
+
+def move-cursor-to-column screen:&:screen, column:num -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  row:num, _ <- cursor-position screen
+#?   stash [move-cursor-to-column] row
+  move-cursor screen, row, column
+]
+
+def screen-width screen:&:screen -> width:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [screen-width]
+  {
+    break-unless screen
+    # fake screen
+    width <- get *screen, num-columns:offset
+    return
+  }
+  # real screen
+  width <- display-width
+]
+
+def screen-height screen:&:screen -> height:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+#?   stash [screen-height]
+  {
+    break-unless screen
+    # fake screen
+    height <- get *screen, num-rows:offset
+    return
+  }
+  # real screen
+  height <- display-height
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, s:text -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  color:num, color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default color to white
+    break-if color-found?
+    color <- copy 7/white
+  }
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  len:num <- length *s
+  i:num <- copy 0
+  {
+    done?:bool <- greater-or-equal i, len
+    break-if done?
+    c:char <- index *s, i
+    print screen, c, color, bg-color
+    i <- add i, 1
+    loop
+  }
+]
+
+scenario print-text-wraps-past-right-margin [
+  local-scope
+  fake-screen:&:screen <- new-fake-screen 3/width, 2/height
+  run [
+    fake-screen <- print fake-screen, [abcd]
+    5:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-row:offset
+    6:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, cursor-column:offset
+    7:num/raw <- get *fake-screen, top-idx:offset
+    cell:&:@:screen-cell <- get *fake-screen, data:offset
+    10:@:screen-cell/raw <- copy *cell
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    5 <- 1  # cursor-row
+    6 <- 1  # cursor-column
+    7 <- 0  # top-idx
+    10 <- 6  # width*height
+    11 <- 97  # 'a'
+    12 <- 7  # white
+    13 <- 98  # 'b'
+    14 <- 7  # white
+    15 <- 99  # 'c'
+    16 <- 7  # white
+    17 <- 100  # 'd'
+    18 <- 7  # white
+    # rest of screen is empty
+    19 <- 0
+  ]
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, n:num -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  color:num, color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default color to white
+    break-if color-found?
+    color <- copy 7/white
+  }
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  # todo: other bases besides decimal
+  s:text <- to-text n
+  screen <- print screen, s, color, bg-color
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, n:bool -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  color:num, color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default color to white
+    break-if color-found?
+    color <- copy 7/white
+  }
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  {
+    break-if n
+    screen <- print screen, [false], color, bg-color
+  }
+  {
+    break-unless n
+    screen <- print screen, [true], color, bg-color
+  }
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, n:&:_elem -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  color:num, color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default color to white
+    break-if color-found?
+    color <- copy 7/white
+  }
+  bg-color:num, bg-color-found?:bool <- next-input
+  {
+    # default bg-color to black
+    break-if bg-color-found?
+    bg-color <- copy 0/black
+  }
+  n2:num <- deaddress n
+  screen <- print screen, n2, color, bg-color
+]