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+# Chessboard program: you type in moves in algebraic notation, and it'll
+# display the position after each move.
+
+def main [
+  local-scope
+  open-console  # take control of screen, keyboard and mouse
+  clear-screen null/screen  # non-scrolling app
+
+  # The chessboard function takes keyboard and screen objects as inputs.
+  #
+  # In Mu it is good form (though not required) to explicitly state what
+  # hardware a function needs.
+  #
+  # Here the console and screen are both null, which usually indicates real
+  # hardware rather than a fake for testing as you'll see below.
+  chessboard null/screen, null/console
+
+  close-console  # clean up screen, keyboard and mouse
+]
+
+## But enough about Mu. Here's what it looks like to run the chessboard program.
+
+scenario print-board-and-read-move [
+  local-scope
+  trace-until 100/app
+  # we'll make the screen really wide because the program currently prints out a long line
+  assume-screen 120/width, 20/height
+  # initialize keyboard to type in a move
+  assume-console [
+    type [a2-a4
+]
+  ]
+  run [
+    screen, console <- chessboard screen, console
+    # icon for the cursor
+    cursor-icon:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    screen <- print screen, cursor-icon
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+  #            1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8         9         10        11
+  #  012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
+    .Stupid text-mode chessboard. White pieces in uppercase; black pieces in lowercase. No checking for legal moves.         .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+    .8 | r n b q k b n r                                                                                                     .
+    .7 | p p p p p p p p                                                                                                     .
+    .6 |                                                                                                                     .
+    .5 |                                                                                                                     .
+    .4 | P                                                                                                                   .
+    .3 |                                                                                                                     .
+    .2 |   P P P P P P P                                                                                                     .
+    .1 | R N B Q K B N R                                                                                                     .
+    .  +----------------                                                                                                     .
+    .    a b c d e f g h                                                                                                     .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+    .Type in your move as <from square>-<to square>. For example: 'a2-a4'. Then press <enter>.                               .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+    .Hit 'q' to exit.                                                                                                        .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+    .move: ␣                                                                                                                 .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+    .                                                                                                                        .
+  ]
+]
+
+## Here's how 'chessboard' is implemented.
+
+type board = &:@:&:@:char  # a 2-D array of arrays of characters
+
+def chessboard screen:&:screen, console:&:console -> screen:&:screen, console:&:console [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  board:board <- initial-position
+  # hook up stdin
+  stdin-in:&:source:char, stdin-out:&:sink:char <- new-channel 10/capacity
+  start-running send-keys-to-channel, console, stdin-out, screen
+  # buffer lines in stdin
+  buffered-stdin-in:&:source:char, buffered-stdin-out:&:sink:char <- new-channel 10/capacity
+  start-running buffer-lines, stdin-in, buffered-stdin-out
+  {
+    print screen, [Stupid text-mode chessboard. White pieces in uppercase; black pieces in lowercase. No checking for legal moves.
+]
+    cursor-to-next-line screen
+    print screen, board
+    cursor-to-next-line screen
+    print screen, [Type in your move as <from square>-<to square>. For example: 'a2-a4'. Then press <enter>.
+]
+    cursor-to-next-line screen
+    print screen [Hit 'q' to exit.
+]
+    {
+      cursor-to-next-line screen
+      screen <- print screen, [move: ]
+      m:&:move, quit:bool, error:bool <- read-move buffered-stdin-in, screen
+      break-if quit, +quit
+      buffered-stdin-in <- clear buffered-stdin-in  # cleanup after error. todo: test this?
+      loop-if error
+    }
+    board <- make-move board, m
+    screen <- clear-screen screen
+    loop
+  }
+  +quit
+]
+
+## a board is an array of files, a file is an array of characters (squares)
+
+def new-board initial-position:&:@:char -> board:board [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  # assert(length(initial-position) == 64)
+  len:num <- length *initial-position
+  correct-length?:bool <- equal len, 64
+  assert correct-length?, [chessboard had incorrect size]
+  # board is an array of pointers to files; file is an array of characters
+  board <- new {(address array character): type}, 8
+  col:num <- copy 0
+  {
+    done?:bool <- equal col, 8
+    break-if done?
+    file:&:@:char <- new-file initial-position, col
+    *board <- put-index *board, col, file
+    col <- add col, 1
+    loop
+  }
+]
+
+def new-file position:&:@:char, index:num -> result:&:@:char [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  index <- multiply index, 8
+  result <- new character:type, 8
+  row:num <- copy 0
+  {
+    done?:bool <- equal row, 8
+    break-if done?
+    square:char <- index *position, index
+    *result <- put-index *result, row, square
+    row <- add row, 1
+    index <- add index, 1
+    loop
+  }
+]
+
+def print screen:&:screen, board:board -> screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  row:num <- copy 7  # start printing from the top of the board
+  space:char <- copy 32/space
+  # print each row
+  {
+    done?:bool <- lesser-than row, 0
+    break-if done?
+    # print rank number as a legend
+    rank:num <- add row, 1
+    print screen, rank
+    print screen, [ | ]
+    # print each square in the row
+    col:num <- copy 0
+    {
+      done?:bool <- equal col:num, 8
+      break-if done?
+      f:&:@:char <- index *board, col
+      c:char <- index *f, row
+      bg:num <- square-color row, col
+      print screen, c, 7/white, bg
+      print screen, space
+      col <- add col, 1
+      loop
+    }
+    row <- subtract row, 1
+    cursor-to-next-line screen
+    loop
+  }
+  # print file letters as legend
+  print screen, [  +----------------]
+  cursor-to-next-line screen
+  print screen, [    a b c d e f g h]
+  cursor-to-next-line screen
+]
+
+def square-color row:num, col:num -> result:num [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  result <- copy 0/black
+  x:num <- add row, col
+  _, rem:num <- divide-with-remainder x, 2
+  return-if rem, 238
+]
+
+def initial-position -> board:board [
+  local-scope
+  # layout in memory (in raster order):
+  #   R P _ _ _ _ p r
+  #   N P _ _ _ _ p n
+  #   B P _ _ _ _ p b
+  #   Q P _ _ _ _ p q
+  #   K P _ _ _ _ p k
+  #   B P _ _ _ _ p B
+  #   N P _ _ _ _ p n
+  #   R P _ _ _ _ p r
+  initial-position:&:@:char <- new-array 82/R, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 114/r, 78/N, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 110/n, 66/B, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 98/b, 81/Q, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 113/q, 75/K, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 107/k, 66/B, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 98/b, 78/N, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 110/n, 82/R, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 114/r
+#?       82/R, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 114/r,
+#?       78/N, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 110/n,
+#?       66/B, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 98/b, 
+#?       81/Q, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 113/q,
+#?       75/K, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 107/k,
+#?       66/B, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 98/b,
+#?       78/N, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 110/n,
+#?       82/R, 80/P, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 32/blank, 112/p, 114/r
+  board <- new-board initial-position
+]
+
+scenario printing-the-board [
+  local-scope
+  board:board <- initial-position
+  assume-screen 30/width, 12/height
+  run [
+    screen <- print screen, board
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+  #  012345678901234567890123456789
+    .8 | r n b q k b n r           .
+    .7 | p p p p p p p p           .
+    .6 |                           .
+    .5 |                           .
+    .4 |                           .
+    .3 |                           .
+    .2 | P P P P P P P P           .
+    .1 | R N B Q K B N R           .
+    .  +----------------           .
+    .    a b c d e f g h           .
+    .                              .
+    .                              .
+  ]
+]
+
+## data structure: move
+
+container move [
+  # valid range: 0-7
+  from-file:num
+  from-rank:num
+  to-file:num
+  to-rank:num
+]
+
+# prints only error messages to screen
+def read-move stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen -> result:&:move, quit?:bool, error?:bool, stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  from-file:num, quit?:bool, error?:bool <- read-file stdin, screen
+  return-if quit?, null/dummy
+  return-if error?, null/dummy
+  # construct the move object
+  result:&:move <- new move:type
+  *result <- put *result, from-file:offset, from-file
+  from-rank:num, quit?, error? <- read-rank stdin, screen
+  return-if quit?, null/dummy
+  return-if error?, null/dummy
+  *result <- put *result, from-rank:offset, from-rank
+  error? <- expect-from-channel stdin, 45/dash, screen
+  return-if error?, null/dummy, false/quit
+  to-file:num, quit?, error? <- read-file stdin, screen
+  return-if quit?, null/dummy
+  return-if error?, null/dummy
+  *result <- put *result, to-file:offset, to-file
+  to-rank:num, quit?, error? <- read-rank stdin, screen
+  return-if quit?, null/dummy
+  return-if error?, null/dummy
+  *result <- put *result, to-rank:offset, to-rank
+  error? <- expect-from-channel stdin, 10/newline, screen
+  return-if error?, null/dummy, false/quit
+]
+
+# valid values for file: 0-7
+def read-file stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen -> file:num, quit:bool, error:bool, stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  c:char, eof?:bool, stdin <- read stdin
+  return-if eof?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  q-pressed?:bool <- equal c, 81/Q
+  return-if q-pressed?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  q-pressed? <- equal c, 113/q
+  return-if q-pressed?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  empty-fake-keyboard?:bool <- equal c, 0/eof
+  return-if empty-fake-keyboard?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  {
+    newline?:bool <- equal c, 10/newline
+    break-unless newline?
+    print screen, [that's not enough]
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quit, true/error
+  }
+  file:num <- subtract c, 97/a
+  # 'a' <= file <= 'h'
+  {
+    above-min:bool <- greater-or-equal file, 0
+    break-if above-min
+    print screen, [file too low: ]
+    print screen, c
+    cursor-to-next-line screen
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quit, true/error
+  }
+  {
+    below-max:bool <- lesser-than file, 8
+    break-if below-max
+    print screen, [file too high: ]
+    print screen, c
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quit, true/error
+  }
+  return file, false/don't-quit, false/no-error
+]
+
+# valid values for rank: 0-7
+def read-rank stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen -> rank:num, quit?:bool, error?:bool, stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  c:char, eof?:bool, stdin <- read stdin
+  return-if eof?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  q-pressed?:bool <- equal c, 81/Q
+  return-if q-pressed?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  q-pressed? <- equal c, 113/q
+  return-if q-pressed?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  empty-fake-keyboard?:bool <- equal c, 0/eof
+  return-if empty-fake-keyboard?, 0/dummy, true/quit, false/no-error
+  {
+    newline?:bool <- equal c, 10  # newline
+    break-unless newline?
+    print screen, [that's not enough]
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quite, true/error
+  }
+  rank:num <- subtract c, 49/'1'
+  # assert'1' <= rank <= '8'
+  {
+    above-min:bool <- greater-or-equal rank, 0
+    break-if above-min
+    print screen, [rank too low: ]
+    print screen, c
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quite, true/error
+  }
+  {
+    below-max:bool <- lesser-or-equal rank, 7
+    break-if below-max
+    print screen, [rank too high: ]
+    print screen, c
+    return 0/dummy, false/don't-quite, true/error
+  }
+  return rank, false/don't-quite, false/no-error
+]
+
+# read a character from the given channel and check that it's what we expect
+# return true on error
+def expect-from-channel stdin:&:source:char, expected:char, screen:&:screen -> result:bool, stdin:&:source:char, screen:&:screen [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  c:char, eof?:bool, stdin <- read stdin
+  return-if eof? true
+  {
+    match?:bool <- equal c, expected
+    break-if match?
+    print screen, [expected character not found]
+  }
+  result <- not match?
+]
+
+scenario read-move-blocking [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 20/width, 2/height
+  source:&:source:char, sink:&:sink:char <- new-channel 2/capacity
+  read-move-routine:num/routine <- start-running read-move, source, screen
+  run [
+    # 'read-move' is waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state:num <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting?:bool <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]
+    # press 'a'
+    sink <- write sink, 97/a
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' still waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting? <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after rank 'a']
+    # press '2'
+    sink <- write sink, 50/'2'
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' still waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting? <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after file 'a2']
+    # press '-'
+    sink <- write sink, 45/'-'
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' still waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting? <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after hyphen 'a2-']
+    # press 'a'
+    sink <- write sink, 97/a
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' still waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting? <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after rank 'a2-a']
+    # press '4'
+    sink <- write sink, 52/'4'
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' still waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting? <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to pause after file 'a2-a4']
+    # press 'newline'
+    sink <- write sink, 10  # newline
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' now completes
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    completed?:bool <- equal read-move-state, 1/completed
+    assert completed?, [ 
+F read-move-blocking: routine failed to terminate on newline]
+    trace 1, [test], [reached end]
+  ]
+  trace-should-contain [
+    test: reached end
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario read-move-quit [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 20/width, 2/height
+  source:&:source:char, sink:&:sink:char <- new-channel 2/capacity
+  read-move-routine:num <- start-running read-move, source, screen
+  run [
+    # 'read-move' is waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state:num <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting?:bool <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-quit: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]
+    # press 'q'
+    sink <- write sink, 113/q
+    restart read-move-routine
+    # 'read-move' completes
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    completed?:bool <- equal read-move-state, 1/completed
+    assert completed?, [ 
+F read-move-quit: routine failed to terminate on 'q']
+    trace 1, [test], [reached end]
+  ]
+  trace-should-contain [
+    test: reached end
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario read-move-illegal-file [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 20/width, 2/height
+  source:&:source:char, sink:&:sink:char <- new-channel 2/capacity
+  read-move-routine:num <- start-running read-move, source, screen
+  run [
+    # 'read-move' is waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state:num <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting?:bool <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-illegal-file: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]
+    sink <- write sink, 50/'2'
+    restart read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .file too low: 2     .
+    .                    .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario read-move-illegal-rank [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 20/width, 2/height
+  source:&:source:char, sink:&:sink:char <- new-channel 2/capacity
+  read-move-routine:num <- start-running read-move, source, screen
+  run [
+    # 'read-move' is waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state:num <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting?:bool <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-illegal-rank: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]
+    sink <- write sink, 97/a
+    sink <- write sink, 97/a
+    restart read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .rank too high: a    .
+    .                    .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario read-move-empty [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 20/width, 2/height
+  source:&:source:char, sink:&:sink:char <- new-channel 2/capacity
+  read-move-routine:num <- start-running read-move, source, screen
+  run [
+    # 'read-move' is waiting for keypress
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+    read-move-state:num <- routine-state read-move-routine
+    waiting?:bool <- not-equal read-move-state, 2/discontinued
+    assert waiting?, [ 
+F read-move-empty: routine failed to pause after coming up (before any keys were pressed)]
+    sink <- write sink, 10/newline
+    sink <- write sink, 97/a
+    restart read-move-routine
+    wait-for-routine-to-block read-move-routine
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .that's not enough   .
+    .                    .
+  ]
+]
+
+def make-move board:board, m:&:move -> board:board [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  from-file:num <- get *m, from-file:offset
+  from-rank:num <- get *m, from-rank:offset
+  to-file:num <- get *m, to-file:offset
+  to-rank:num <- get *m, to-rank:offset
+  from-f:&:@:char <- index *board, from-file
+  to-f:&:@:char <- index *board, to-file
+  src:char/square <- index *from-f, from-rank
+  *to-f <- put-index *to-f, to-rank, src
+  *from-f <- put-index *from-f, from-rank, 32/space
+]
+
+scenario making-a-move [
+  local-scope
+  assume-screen 30/width, 12/height
+  board:board <- initial-position
+  move:&:move <- new move:type
+  *move <- merge 6/g, 1/'2', 6/g, 3/'4'
+  run [
+    board <- make-move board, move
+    screen <- print screen, board
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+  #  012345678901234567890123456789
+    .8 | r n b q k b n r           .
+    .7 | p p p p p p p p           .
+    .6 |                           .
+    .5 |                           .
+    .4 |             P             .
+    .3 |                           .
+    .2 | P P P P P P   P           .
+    .1 | R N B Q K B N R           .
+    .  +----------------           .
+    .    a b c d e f g h           .
+    .                              .
+  ]
+]