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+## undo/redo
+
+# for every undoable event, create a type of *operation* that contains all the
+# information needed to reverse it
+exclusive-container operation [
+  typing:insert-operation
+  move:move-operation
+  delete:delete-operation
+]
+
+container insert-operation [
+  before-row:num
+  before-column:num
+  before-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  after-row:num
+  after-column:num
+  after-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  # inserted text is from 'insert-from' until 'insert-until'; list doesn't have to terminate
+  insert-from:&:duplex-list:char
+  insert-until:&:duplex-list:char
+  tag:num  # event causing this operation; might be used to coalesce runs of similar events
+    # 0: no coalesce (enter+indent)
+    # 1: regular alphanumeric characters
+]
+
+container move-operation [
+  before-row:num
+  before-column:num
+  before-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  after-row:num
+  after-column:num
+  after-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  tag:num  # event causing this operation; might be used to coalesce runs of similar events
+    # 0: no coalesce (touch events, etc)
+    # 1: left arrow
+    # 2: right arrow
+    # 3: up arrow
+    # 4: down arrow
+    # 5: line up
+    # 6: line down
+]
+
+container delete-operation [
+  before-row:num
+  before-column:num
+  before-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  after-row:num
+  after-column:num
+  after-top-of-screen:&:duplex-list:char
+  deleted-text:&:duplex-list:char
+  delete-from:&:duplex-list:char
+  delete-until:&:duplex-list:char
+  tag:num  # event causing this operation; might be used to coalesce runs of similar events
+    # 0: no coalesce (ctrl-k, ctrl-u)
+    # 1: backspace
+    # 2: delete
+]
+
+# every editor accumulates a list of operations to undo/redo
+container editor [
+  undo:&:list:&:operation
+  redo:&:list:&:operation
+]
+
+# ctrl-z - undo operation
+after <handle-special-character> [
+  {
+    undo?:bool <- equal c, 26/ctrl-z
+    break-unless undo?
+    undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+    break-unless undo
+    op:&:operation <- first undo
+    undo <- rest undo
+    *editor <- put *editor, undo:offset, undo
+    redo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, redo:offset
+    redo <- push op, redo
+    *editor <- put *editor, redo:offset, redo
+    <handle-undo>
+    return true/go-render
+  }
+]
+
+# ctrl-y - redo operation
+after <handle-special-character> [
+  {
+    redo?:bool <- equal c, 25/ctrl-y
+    break-unless redo?
+    redo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, redo:offset
+    break-unless redo
+    op:&:operation <- first redo
+    redo <- rest redo
+    *editor <- put *editor, redo:offset, redo
+    undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+    undo <- push op, undo
+    *editor <- put *editor, undo:offset, undo
+    <handle-redo>
+    return true/go-render
+  }
+]
+
+# undo typing
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-typing [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor and type a character
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [0]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # character should be gone
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .1         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+# save operation to undo
+after <begin-insert-character> [
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+  cursor-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+]
+before <end-insert-character> [
+  top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+  cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+  cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+  undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+  {
+    # if previous operation was an insert, coalesce this operation with it
+    break-unless undo
+    op:&:operation <- first undo
+    typing:insert-operation, is-insert?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, typing:variant
+    break-unless is-insert?
+    previous-coalesce-tag:num <- get typing, tag:offset
+    break-unless previous-coalesce-tag
+    before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+    insert-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+    typing <- put typing, insert-until:offset, insert-until
+    typing <- put typing, after-row:offset, cursor-row
+    typing <- put typing, after-column:offset, cursor-column
+    typing <- put typing, after-top-of-screen:offset, top-after
+    *op <- merge 0/insert-operation, typing
+    break +done-adding-insert-operation
+  }
+  # if not, create a new operation
+  insert-from:&:duplex-list:char <- next cursor-before
+  insert-to:&:duplex-list:char <- next insert-from
+  op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+  *op <- merge 0/insert-operation, save-row/before, save-column/before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, insert-from, insert-to, 1/coalesce
+  editor <- add-operation editor, op
+  +done-adding-insert-operation
+]
+
+# enter operations never coalesce with typing before or after
+after <begin-insert-enter> [
+  cursor-row-before:num <- copy cursor-row
+  cursor-column-before:num <- copy cursor-column
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+  cursor-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+]
+before <end-insert-enter> [
+  top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+  cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+  cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+  # never coalesce
+  insert-from:&:duplex-list:char <- next cursor-before
+  before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+  insert-to:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+  op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+  *op <- merge 0/insert-operation, cursor-row-before, cursor-column-before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, insert-from, insert-to, 0/never-coalesce
+  editor <- add-operation editor, op
+]
+
+# Everytime you add a new operation to the undo stack, be sure to clear the
+# redo stack, because it's now obsolete.
+# Beware: since we're counting cursor moves as operations, this means just
+# moving the cursor can lose work on the undo stack.
+def add-operation editor:&:editor, op:&:operation -> editor:&:editor [
+  local-scope
+  load-inputs
+  undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+  undo <- push op undo
+  *editor <- put *editor, undo:offset, undo
+  redo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, redo:offset
+  redo <- copy null
+  *editor <- put *editor, redo:offset, redo
+]
+
+after <handle-undo> [
+  {
+    typing:insert-operation, is-insert?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, typing:variant
+    break-unless is-insert?
+    start:&:duplex-list:char <- get typing, insert-from:offset
+    end:&:duplex-list:char <- get typing, insert-until:offset
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- prev start
+    *editor <- put *editor, before-cursor:offset, before-cursor
+    remove-between before-cursor, end
+    cursor-row <- get typing, before-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get typing, before-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get typing, before-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor and type multiple characters
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [012]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # all characters must be gone
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [a], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # type some characters
+  assume-console [
+    type [012]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .012a      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # back to original text
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [3]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .3a        .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [  abc], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # new line
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 1, 8
+    press enter
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  abc     .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # line is indented
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 5
+  ]
+  # back to original text
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  abc     .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor should be at end of line
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  abc1    .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+# redo typing
+
+scenario editor-redo-typing [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor, type something, undo
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [a], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [012]
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # all characters must be back
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .012a      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [3]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .0123a     .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+after <handle-redo> [
+  {
+    typing:insert-operation, is-insert?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, typing:variant
+    break-unless is-insert?
+    before-cursor <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+    insert-from:&:duplex-list:char <- get typing, insert-from:offset  # ignore insert-to because it's already been spliced away
+    # assert insert-to matches next(before-cursor)
+    splice before-cursor, insert-from
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    cursor-row <- get typing, after-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get typing, after-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get typing, after-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor, type something, undo
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [012]
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # all characters must be back
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .012       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [3]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .0123      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-work-clears-redo-stack [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text, do some work, undo
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # do some more work
+  assume-console [
+    type [0]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .0abc      .
+    .def       .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # nothing should happen
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .0abc      .
+    .def       .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and tabs, hit enter, some more text and tabs
+  assume-console [
+    press tab
+    type [ab]
+    press tab
+    type [cd]
+    press enter
+    press tab
+    type [efg]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .    efg   .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 7
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # typing in second line deleted, but not indent
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # undo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # indent and newline deleted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 8
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # undo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # empty screen
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 8
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # newline and indent inserted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # indent and newline deleted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 7
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .  ab  cd  .
+    .    efg   .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+# undo cursor movement and scroll
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-touch [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 3, 1
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # click undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .1abc      .
+    .def       .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+after <begin-move-cursor> [
+  cursor-row-before:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+  cursor-column-before:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+]
+before <end-move-cursor> [
+  top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+  cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+  cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+  {
+    break-unless undo-coalesce-tag
+    # if previous operation was also a move, and also had the same coalesce
+    # tag, coalesce with it
+    undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+    break-unless undo
+    op:&:operation <- first undo
+    move:move-operation, is-move?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, move:variant
+    break-unless is-move?
+    previous-coalesce-tag:num <- get move, tag:offset
+    coalesce?:bool <- equal undo-coalesce-tag, previous-coalesce-tag
+    break-unless coalesce?
+    move <- put move, after-row:offset, cursor-row
+    move <- put move, after-column:offset, cursor-column
+    move <- put move, after-top-of-screen:offset, top-after
+    *op <- merge 1/move-operation, move
+    break +done-adding-move-operation
+  }
+  op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+  *op <- merge 1/move-operation, cursor-row-before, cursor-column-before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, undo-coalesce-tag
+  editor <- add-operation editor, op
+  +done-adding-move-operation
+]
+
+after <handle-undo> [
+  {
+    move:move-operation, is-move?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, move:variant
+    break-unless is-move?
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    cursor-row <- get move, before-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get move, before-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get move, before-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-scroll [
+  local-scope
+  # screen has 1 line for menu + 3 lines
+  assume-screen 5/width, 4/height
+  # editor contains a wrapped line
+  contents:text <- new [a
+b
+cdefgh]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 5/right
+  # position cursor at end of screen and try to move right
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 3, 3
+    press right-arrow
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  # screen scrolls
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .     .
+    .b    .
+    .cdef↩.
+    .gh   .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 3
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moved back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 3
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  # scroll undone
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .     .
+    .a    .
+    .b    .
+    .cdef↩.
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .     .
+    .b    .
+    .cde1↩.
+    .fgh  .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-left-arrow [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 3, 1
+    press left-arrow
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 3
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .def       .
+    .g1hi      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-up-arrow [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 3, 1
+    press up-arrow
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 3
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .def       .
+    .g1hi      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-down-arrow [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press down-arrow
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .d1ef      .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-f [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with multiple pages of text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # scroll the page
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-f
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # screen should again show page 1
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .b         .
+    .c         .
+    .d         .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-page-down [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with multiple pages of text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # scroll the page
+  assume-console [
+    press page-down
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # screen should again show page 1
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .b         .
+    .c         .
+    .d         .
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-b [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with multiple pages of text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # scroll the page down and up
+  assume-console [
+    press page-down
+    press ctrl-b
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # screen should again show page 2
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .d         .
+    .e         .
+    .f         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-page-up [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with multiple pages of text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # scroll the page down and up
+  assume-console [
+    press page-down
+    press page-up
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # screen should again show page 2
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .d         .
+    .e         .
+    .f         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-a [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor, then to start of line
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press ctrl-a
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .d1ef      .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-home [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor, then to start of line
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press home
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .d1ef      .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-e [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor, then to start of line
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press ctrl-e
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .d1ef      .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-end [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor, then to start of line
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press end
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .d1ef      .
+    .ghi       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-multiple-arrows-in-the-same-direction [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # move the cursor
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 2, 1
+    press right-arrow
+    press right-arrow
+    press up-arrow
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # up-arrow is undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  # undo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # both right-arrows are undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 2
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+]
+
+# redo cursor movement and scroll
+
+scenario editor-redo-touch [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor with some text, click on a character, undo
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def
+ghi]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 3, 1
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # cursor moves to left-click
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 3
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .def       .
+    .g1hi      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+  ]
+]
+
+after <handle-redo> [
+  {
+    move:move-operation, is-move?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, move:variant
+    break-unless is-move?
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    cursor-row <- get move, after-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get move, after-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get move, after-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor, type some text, move the cursor, type some more text
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  assume-console [
+    type [abc]
+    left-click 1, 1
+    type [d]
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .adbc      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # last letter typed is deleted
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # undo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # no change to screen; cursor moves
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  # undo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # screen empty
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .          .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # first insert
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  # redo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # cursor moves
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # cursor moves
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # redo again
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  ]
+  # second insert
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .adbc      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+]
+
+# undo backspace
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and hit backspace
+  assume-console [
+    type [abc]
+    press backspace
+    press backspace
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 3
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+# save operation to undo
+after <begin-backspace-character> [
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+]
+before <end-backspace-character> [
+  {
+    break-unless backspaced-cell  # backspace failed; don't add an undo operation
+    top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+    cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+    cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+    before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+    undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+    {
+      # if previous operation was an insert, coalesce this operation with it
+      break-unless undo
+      op:&:operation <- first undo
+      deletion:delete-operation, is-delete?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, delete:variant
+      break-unless is-delete?
+      previous-coalesce-tag:num <- get deletion, tag:offset
+      coalesce?:bool <- equal previous-coalesce-tag, 1/coalesce-backspace
+      break-unless coalesce?
+      deletion <- put deletion, delete-from:offset, before-cursor
+      backspaced-so-far:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, deleted-text:offset
+      splice backspaced-cell, backspaced-so-far
+      deletion <- put deletion, deleted-text:offset, backspaced-cell
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-row:offset, cursor-row
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-column:offset, cursor-column
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-top-of-screen:offset, top-after
+      *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, deletion
+      break +done-adding-backspace-operation
+    }
+    # if not, create a new operation
+    op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+    deleted-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+    *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, save-row/before, save-column/before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, backspaced-cell/deleted, before-cursor/delete-from, deleted-until, 1/coalesce-backspace
+    editor <- add-operation editor, op
+    +done-adding-backspace-operation
+  }
+]
+
+after <handle-undo> [
+  {
+    deletion:delete-operation, is-delete?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, delete:variant
+    break-unless is-delete?
+    anchor:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, delete-from:offset
+    break-unless anchor
+    deleted:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, deleted-text:offset
+    old-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- last deleted
+    splice anchor, deleted
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    before-cursor <- copy old-cursor
+    cursor-row <- get deletion, before-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get deletion, before-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, before-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+after <handle-redo> [
+  {
+    deletion:delete-operation, is-delete?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, delete:variant
+    break-unless is-delete?
+    start:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, delete-from:offset
+    end:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, delete-until:offset
+    data:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, data:offset
+    remove-between start, end
+    # assert cursor-row/cursor-column/top-of-screen match after-row/after-column/after-top-of-screen
+    cursor-row <- get deletion, after-row:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
+    cursor-column <- get deletion, after-column:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, cursor-column:offset, cursor-column
+    top:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, before-top-of-screen:offset
+    *editor <- put *editor, top-of-screen:offset, top
+  }
+]
+
+# undo delete
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
+  assume-console [
+    type [abcdef]
+    left-click 1, 2
+    press delete
+    press backspace
+    press delete
+    press delete
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .af        .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # undo deletes
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .adef      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # undo backspace
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abdef     .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # undo first delete
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abcdef    .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo first delete
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abdef     .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo backspace
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .adef      .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  # redo deletes
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .af        .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+after <begin-delete-character> [
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+]
+before <end-delete-character> [
+  {
+    break-unless deleted-cell  # delete failed; don't add an undo operation
+    top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+    cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+    cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+    before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+    undo:&:list:&:operation <- get *editor, undo:offset
+    {
+      # if previous operation was an insert, coalesce this operation with it
+      break-unless undo
+      op:&:operation <- first undo
+      deletion:delete-operation, is-delete?:bool <- maybe-convert *op, delete:variant
+      break-unless is-delete?
+      previous-coalesce-tag:num <- get deletion, tag:offset
+      coalesce?:bool <- equal previous-coalesce-tag, 2/coalesce-delete
+      break-unless coalesce?
+      delete-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+      deletion <- put deletion, delete-until:offset, delete-until
+      deleted-so-far:&:duplex-list:char <- get deletion, deleted-text:offset
+      deleted-so-far <- append deleted-so-far, deleted-cell
+      deletion <- put deletion, deleted-text:offset, deleted-so-far
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-row:offset, cursor-row
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-column:offset, cursor-column
+      deletion <- put deletion, after-top-of-screen:offset, top-after
+      *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, deletion
+      break +done-adding-delete-operation
+    }
+    # if not, create a new operation
+    op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+    deleted-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+    *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, save-row/before, save-column/before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, deleted-cell/deleted, before-cursor/delete-from, deleted-until, 2/coalesce-delete
+    editor <- add-operation editor, op
+    +done-adding-delete-operation
+  }
+]
+
+# undo ctrl-k
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-k [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 1, 1
+    press ctrl-k
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a         .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 1
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .a1        .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+after <begin-delete-to-end-of-line> [
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+]
+before <end-delete-to-end-of-line> [
+  {
+    break-unless deleted-cells  # delete failed; don't add an undo operation
+    top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+    cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+    cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+    deleted-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+    op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+    *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, save-row/before, save-column/before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, deleted-cells/deleted, before-cursor/delete-from, deleted-until, 0/never-coalesce
+    editor <- add-operation editor, op
+    +done-adding-delete-operation
+  }
+]
+
+# undo ctrl-u
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  contents:text <- new [abc
+def]
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
+  assume-console [
+    left-click 1, 2
+    press ctrl-u
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .c         .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  # undo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 2
+  ]
+  # redo
+  assume-console [
+    press ctrl-y
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  # first line inserted
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .c         .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
+  memory-should-contain [
+    3 <- 1
+    4 <- 0
+  ]
+  # cursor should be in the right place
+  assume-console [
+    type [1]
+  ]
+  run [
+    editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  ]
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .1c        .
+    .def       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]
+
+after <begin-delete-to-start-of-line> [
+  top-before:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+]
+before <end-delete-to-start-of-line> [
+  {
+    break-unless deleted-cells  # delete failed; don't add an undo operation
+    top-after:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, top-of-screen:offset
+    op:&:operation <- new operation:type
+    before-cursor:&:duplex-list:char <- get *editor, before-cursor:offset
+    deleted-until:&:duplex-list:char <- next before-cursor
+    cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
+    cursor-column:num <- get *editor, cursor-column:offset
+    *op <- merge 2/delete-operation, save-row/before, save-column/before, top-before, cursor-row/after, cursor-column/after, top-after, deleted-cells/deleted, before-cursor/delete-from, deleted-until, 0/never-coalesce
+    editor <- add-operation editor, op
+    +done-adding-delete-operation
+  }
+]
+
+scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u-2 [
+  local-scope
+  # create an editor
+  assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
+  # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
+  assume-console [
+    type [abc]
+    press ctrl-u
+    press ctrl-z
+  ]
+  editor-event-loop screen, console, e
+  screen-should-contain [
+    .          .
+    .abc       .
+    .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
+    .          .
+  ]
+]