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-rw-r--r--html/010vm.cc.html12
-rw-r--r--html/014literal_string.cc.html6
-rw-r--r--html/023boolean.cc.html4
-rw-r--r--html/029tools.cc.html10
-rw-r--r--html/038new_text.cc.html2
-rw-r--r--html/052tangle.cc.html12
-rw-r--r--html/054static_dispatch.cc.html16
-rw-r--r--html/055shape_shifting_container.cc.html4
-rw-r--r--html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html52
-rw-r--r--html/069rewrite_literal_string.cc.html (renamed from html/063rewrite_literal_string.cc.html)2
-rw-r--r--html/070text.mu.html577
-rw-r--r--html/071rewrite_stash.cc.html1
12 files changed, 356 insertions, 342 deletions
diff --git a/html/010vm.cc.html b/html/010vm.cc.html
index 636e3c3f..a2a4c926 100644
--- a/html/010vm.cc.html
+++ b/html/010vm.cc.html
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ recipe_ordinal Next_recipe_ordinal = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class=
   <span class="Normal">double</span> value<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">bool</span> initialized<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Comment">// End reagent Fields</span>
-  reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span>string s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   reagent<span class="Delimiter">()</span> :type<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> value<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> initialized<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{}</span>
   ~reagent<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
   <span class="Normal">void</span> clear<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ instruction::instruction<span class="Delimiter">()</span> :is_label<span class="
 <span class="Normal">bool</span> instruction::is_empty<span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> !is_label &amp;&amp; name<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">();</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">// Reagents have the form &lt;name&gt;:&lt;type&gt;:&lt;type&gt;:.../&lt;property&gt;/&lt;property&gt;/...</span>
-reagent::reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span>string s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> :original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">),</span> type<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> value<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> initialized<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+reagent::reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> :original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">),</span> type<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> value<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> initialized<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Comment">// Parsing reagent(string s)</span>
   istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   in &gt;&gt; std::noskipws<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -309,14 +309,18 @@ reagent::reagent<span class="Delimiter">(</span>string s<span class="Delimiter">
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;_&quot;</span> &amp;&amp; type == <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
     type = <span class="Normal">new</span> type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;literal&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;literal&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Comment">// other properties</span>
+  slurp_properties<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> properties<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// End Parsing reagent</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+<span class="Normal">void</span> slurp_properties<span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> vector&lt;pair&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_tree*&gt; &gt;&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>has_data<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     istringstream row<span class="Delimiter">(</span>slurp_until<span class="Delimiter">(</span>in<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">'/'</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
     row &gt;&gt; std::noskipws<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     string key = slurp_until<span class="Delimiter">(</span>row<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">':'</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     string_tree* value = parse_property_list<span class="Delimiter">(</span>row<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-    properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>pair&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_tree*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>key<span class="Delimiter">,</span> value<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+    out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>pair&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_tree*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>key<span class="Delimiter">,</span> value<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// End Parsing reagent</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 string_tree* parse_property_list<span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
diff --git a/html/014literal_string.cc.html b/html/014literal_string.cc.html
index 6aa34381..cee61889 100644
--- a/html/014literal_string.cc.html
+++ b/html/014literal_string.cc.html
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ string slurp_quoted<span class="Delimiter">(</span>istream&amp; in<span class="D
 <span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Parsing reagent(string s)&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">'['</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>rbegin<span class="Delimiter">()</span> == <span class="Constant">']'</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// delete [] delimiters</span>
-  s<span class="Delimiter">.</span>erase<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  strip_last<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   name = s<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// delete [] delimiters</span>
+  name<span class="Delimiter">.</span>erase<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  strip_last<span class="Delimiter">(</span>name<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   type = <span class="Normal">new</span> type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;literal-string&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/023boolean.cc.html b/html/023boolean.cc.html
index beae6805..9036dfa3 100644
--- a/html/023boolean.cc.html
+++ b/html/023boolean.cc.html
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ NOT<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
 put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;not&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> NOT<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">case</span> NOT: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &gt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'not' cannot have fewer ingredients than products in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ingredients and products should match in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
diff --git a/html/029tools.cc.html b/html/029tools.cc.html
index fab78134..3ce59059 100644
--- a/html/029tools.cc.html
+++ b/html/029tools.cc.html
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
   string label = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i &gt; <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     out &lt;&lt; print_mu<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span>depth<span class="Delimiter">,</span> label<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
 <span class="Normal">case</span> STASH: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     out &lt;&lt; print_mu<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;app&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
@@ -116,11 +118,13 @@ def main [
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 string print_mu<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> vector&lt;<span class="Normal">double</span>&gt;&amp; data<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-    <span class="Identifier">return</span> r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name+<span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">return</span> r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Comment">// End print Special-cases(r, data)</span>
   ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">long</span> <span class="Normal">long</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
-    out &lt;&lt; no_scientific<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">long</span> <span class="Normal">long</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+    out &lt;&lt; no_scientific<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
diff --git a/html/038new_text.cc.html b/html/038new_text.cc.html
index e18505e9..179c33a0 100644
--- a/html/038new_text.cc.html
+++ b/html/038new_text.cc.html
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def main [
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End print Special-cases(r, data)&quot;)</span>
 <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>scalar<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">return</span> read_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>+<span class="Constant">' '</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> read_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(scenario unicode_string)</span>
diff --git a/html/052tangle.cc.html b/html/052tangle.cc.html
index 14832b2a..3deeb260 100644
--- a/html/052tangle.cc.html
+++ b/html/052tangle.cc.html
@@ -104,14 +104,18 @@ tangle_done = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Normal">void</span> insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> recipe_ordinal r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+<span class="Normal">void</span> insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   <span class="Normal">bool</span> made_progress = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">int</span> pass = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">while</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>made_progress<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     made_progress = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Comment">// create a new vector because insertions invalidate iterators</span>
     vector&lt;instruction&gt; result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-      <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+      <span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst = r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>is_label || !is_waypoint<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>label<span class="Delimiter">)</span> || inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>tangle_done<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
         result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
         <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ tangle_done = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span
       made_progress = <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       Fragments_used<span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>label<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
       ostringstream prefix<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-      prefix &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'+'</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'_'</span> &lt;&lt; pass &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'_'</span> &lt;&lt; i<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      prefix &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'+'</span> &lt;&lt; r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'_'</span> &lt;&lt; pass &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">'_'</span> &lt;&lt; i<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Comment">// ok to use contains_key even though Before_fragments uses [],</span>
       <span class="Comment">// because appending an empty recipe is a noop</span>
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Before_fragments<span class="Delimiter">,</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>label<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ tangle_done = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span
       <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>After_fragments<span class="Delimiter">,</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>label<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
         append_fragment<span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">,</span> After_fragments[inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>label]<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">,</span> prefix<span class="Delimiter">.</span>str<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-    get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>swap<span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>steps<span class="Delimiter">.</span>swap<span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     ++pass<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/054static_dispatch.cc.html b/html/054static_dispatch.cc.html
index 3cf6bd22..614ab74c 100644
--- a/html/054static_dispatch.cc.html
+++ b/html/054static_dispatch.cc.html
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; strictly_matching_variants_except_literal_zero_agai
   vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == -<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9992</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;checking variant (strict) &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9992</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;checking variant (strict except literal-zero-against-address) &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>all_header_reagents_strictly_match_except_literal_zero_against_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))))</span>
       result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -309,8 +309,6 @@ vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; strictly_matching_variants_except_literal_zero_agai
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">bool</span> types_strictly_match_except_literal_zero_against_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// to sidestep type-checking, use /unsafe in the source.</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// this will be highlighted in red inside vim. just for setting up some tests.</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &amp;&amp; is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
     <span class="Identifier">return</span> from<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> types_strictly_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> from<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
@@ -321,7 +319,7 @@ vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; strictly_matching_variants_except_literal_against_a
   vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; result<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == -<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9992</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;checking variant (strict except literals-against-booleans) &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9992</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;checking variant (strict except literal-against-boolean) &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>all_header_reagents_strictly_match_except_literal_against_address_or_boolean<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">))))</span>
       result<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>variants<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -346,14 +344,10 @@ vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; strictly_matching_variants_except_literal_against_a
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Normal">bool</span> types_strictly_match_except_literal_against_address_or_boolean<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// to sidestep type-checking, use /unsafe in the source.</span>
-  <span class="Comment">// this will be highlighted in red inside vim. just for setting up some tests.</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>from<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
       &amp;&amp; to<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type &amp;&amp; to<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;boolean&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span>
     <span class="Identifier">return</span> boolean_matches_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> from<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
-  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &amp;&amp; is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
-    <span class="Identifier">return</span> from<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">return</span> types_strictly_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> from<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> types_strictly_match_except_literal_zero_against_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> from<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
 <span class="Comment">// phase 5</span>
@@ -599,7 +593,9 @@ def foo x:number <span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span> y:number [
 
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 string header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_ordinal r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-  <span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+string header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   ostringstream out<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   out &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;recipe &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
diff --git a/html/055shape_shifting_container.cc.html b/html/055shape_shifting_container.cc.html
index 950cb714..7478d308 100644
--- a/html/055shape_shifting_container.cc.html
+++ b/html/055shape_shifting_container.cc.html
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ map&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> type_ordinal&gt; type_ingredient_n
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> name<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
       &amp;&amp; contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> name<span class="Delimiter">)))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Normal">const</span> type_info&amp; info = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+    <span class="Normal">const</span> type_info&amp; previous_info = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> name<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
     <span class="Comment">// we've already seen this container; make sure type ingredients match</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type_ingredients_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type_ingredient_names<span class="Delimiter">,</span> info<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type_ingredient_names<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type_ingredients_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type_ingredient_names<span class="Delimiter">,</span> previous_info<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type_ingredient_names<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
       raise &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;headers of &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' must use identical type ingredients</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
       <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
diff --git a/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html b/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
index 1b60581c..7e44abbd 100644
--- a/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
+++ b/html/056shape_shifting_recipe.cc.html
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ candidates = strictly_matching_shape_shifting_variants<span class="Delimiter">(<
     trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9992</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;transforming new specialization: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; variant<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> t = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> t &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Transform<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++t<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
       <span class="Comment">// one exception: skip tangle, which would have already occurred inside new_variant above</span>
-      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Transform<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>t<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>Transform<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>t<span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">disambiguate overloading</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Normal">static_cast</span>&lt;transform_fn&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
+        <span class="Identifier">continue</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
       <span class="Delimiter">(</span>*Transform<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>t<span class="Delimiter">))(</span>new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
@@ -119,6 +120,13 @@ candidates = strictly_matching_shape_shifting_variants<span class="Delimiter">(<
   <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
+<span class="Delimiter">:(replace{} &quot;bool types_strictly_match_except_literal_zero_against_address(const reagent&amp; to, const reagent&amp; from)&quot;)</span>
+<span class="Normal">bool</span> types_strictly_match_except_literal_zero_against_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_literal<span class="Delimiter">(</span>from<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &amp;&amp; is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">return</span> from<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name == <span class="Constant">&quot;0&quot;</span> &amp;&amp; !contains_type_ingredient_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> types_strictly_match<span class="Delimiter">(</span>to<span class="Delimiter">,</span> from<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
 <span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
 <span class="Comment">// phase 2 of static dispatch</span>
 vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt; strictly_matching_shape_shifting_variants<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> instruction&amp; inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> vector&lt;recipe_ordinal&gt;&amp; variants<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
@@ -265,17 +273,16 @@ recipe_ordinal new_variant<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_ordinal exempla
   <span class="Comment">// make a copy</span>
   assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> exemplar<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
   assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>!contains_key<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> exemplar<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
-  recipe&amp; new_recipe = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  recipe new_recipe = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> exemplar<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name = new_name<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9993</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;switching &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to specialized &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
+  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9993</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;switching &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>name &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; to specialized &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; header_label<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
 
   <span class="Comment">// Replace type ingredients with concrete types in new_recipe.</span>
   <span class="Comment">//</span>
   <span class="Comment">// preprocessing: micro-manage a couple of transforms</span>
   <span class="Comment">// a) perform tangle *before* replacing type ingredients, just in case</span>
   <span class="Comment">// inserted code involves type ingredients</span>
-  insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  insert_fragments<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// b) do the work of check_types_by_name while supporting type-ingredients</span>
   compute_type_names<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Comment">// that gives enough information to replace type-ingredients with concrete types</span>
@@ -283,12 +290,14 @@ recipe_ordinal new_variant<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_ordinal exempla
     map&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree*&gt; mappings<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     <span class="Normal">bool</span> error = <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
     compute_type_ingredient_mappings<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> exemplar<span class="Delimiter">),</span> inst<span class="Delimiter">,</span> mappings<span class="Delimiter">,</span> caller_recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> &amp;error<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!error<span class="Delimiter">)</span> error = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>mappings<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != type_ingredient_count_in_header<span class="Delimiter">(</span>exemplar<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
     <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!error<span class="Delimiter">)</span> replace_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> mappings<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
     <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>map&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree*&gt;::iterator p = mappings<span class="Delimiter">.</span>begin<span class="Delimiter">();</span> p != mappings<span class="Delimiter">.</span>end<span class="Delimiter">();</span> ++p<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
       <span class="Normal">delete</span> p<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>second<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
-    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>error<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// todo: delete new_recipe_ordinal from Recipes and other global state</span>
+    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>error<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
   ensure_all_concrete_types<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> exemplar<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
+  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_recipe<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   <span class="Identifier">return</span> new_recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
@@ -482,6 +491,23 @@ recipe_ordinal new_variant<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_ordinal exempla
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 
+<span class="Normal">int</span> type_ingredient_count_in_header<span class="Delimiter">(</span>recipe_ordinal variant<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">const</span> recipe&amp; caller = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> variant<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  set&lt;string&gt; type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+    accumulate_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span>type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt; SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
+    accumulate_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span>caller<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span>type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">return</span> SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
+<span class="Normal">void</span> accumulate_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> set&lt;string&gt;&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
+  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_type_ingredient_name<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name<span class="Delimiter">))</span> out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>name<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  accumulate_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>left<span class="Delimiter">,</span> out<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+  accumulate_type_ingredients<span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">,</span> out<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
+<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+
 type_tree* parse_type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
   istringstream in<span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
   in &gt;&gt; std::noskipws<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
@@ -1107,7 +1133,19 @@ def main [
   local-scope
   foo <span class="Constant">34</span>
 ]
-$exit: <span class="Constant">0</span>
+$error: <span class="Constant">0</span>
+
+<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario shape_shifting_recipe_coexists_with_primitive)</span>
+<span class="Comment"># recipe overloading a primitive with a generic type</span>
+def add a:address:foo:_elem [
+  assert <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> [should <span class="Normal">not</span> get here]
+]
+
+def main [
+  <span class="Comment"># call primitive add with literal 0</span>
+  add <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
+]
+$error: <span class="Constant">0</span>
 </pre>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/html/063rewrite_literal_string.cc.html b/html/069rewrite_literal_string.cc.html
index c80daf06..e9ec3837 100644
--- a/html/063rewrite_literal_string.cc.html
+++ b/html/069rewrite_literal_string.cc.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
-<title>Mu - 063rewrite_literal_string.cc</title>
+<title>Mu - 069rewrite_literal_string.cc</title>
 <meta name="Generator" content="Vim/7.4">
 <meta name="plugin-version" content="vim7.4_v2">
 <meta name="syntax" content="cpp">
diff --git a/html/070text.mu.html b/html/070text.mu.html
index 92162003..12114ddd 100644
--- a/html/070text.mu.html
+++ b/html/070text.mu.html
@@ -49,13 +49,6 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>to-text *x
 ]
 
-<span class="Comment"># to-text on text is just the identity function</span>
-<span class="muRecipe">def</span> to-text x:address:array:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>y:address:array:character [
-  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
-  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
-  <span class="muControl">return</span> x
-]
-
 <span class="muRecipe">def</span> equal a:address:array:character, b:address:array:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:boolean [
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
@@ -89,7 +82,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-reflexive [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">default-space</span>:address:array:location<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">location:type</span>, <span class="Constant">30</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
     x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
     <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal x, x
   ]
@@ -100,7 +93,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-identical [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">default-space</span>:address:array:location<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">location:type</span>, <span class="Constant">30</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
     x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
     y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
     <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal x, y
@@ -112,7 +105,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-distinct-lengths [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">default-space</span>:address:array:location<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">location:type</span>, <span class="Constant">30</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
     x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
     y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
     <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal x, y
@@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-with-empty [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">default-space</span>:address:array:location<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">location:type</span>, <span class="Constant">30</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
     x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
     y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
     <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal x, y
@@ -142,7 +135,7 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-common-lengths-but-distinct [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">default-space</span>:address:array:location<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">location:type</span>, <span class="Constant">30</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
     x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
     y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abd]</span>
     <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>equal x, y
@@ -303,73 +296,6 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   ]
 ]
 
-<span class="muRecipe">def</span> to-text n:number<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:array:character [
-  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
-  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
-  <span class="Comment"># is n zero?</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> n
-    result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[0]</span>
-    <span class="muControl">return</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Comment"># save sign</span>
-  negate-result:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    negative?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>lesser-than n, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> negative?
-    negate-result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    n<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>multiply n, <span class="Constant">-1</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Comment"># add digits from right to left into intermediate buffer</span>
-  tmp:address:buffer<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new-buffer <span class="Constant">30</span>
-  digit-base:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">48</span>  <span class="Comment"># '0'</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    done?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal n, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
-    n, digit:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>divide-with-remainder n, <span class="Constant">10</span>
-    c:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>add digit-base, digit
-    tmp:address:buffer<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append tmp, c
-    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Comment"># add sign</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> negate-result:boolean
-    minus:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">45/-</span>
-    tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append tmp, minus
-  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-  <span class="Comment"># reverse buffer into text result</span>
-  len:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *tmp, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
-  buf:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *tmp, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
-  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, len
-  i:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>subtract len, <span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># source index, decreasing</span>
-  j:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># destination index, increasing</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
-    <span class="Comment"># while i &gt;= 0</span>
-    done?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>lesser-than i, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
-    <span class="Comment"># result[j] = tmp[i]</span>
-    src:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *buf, i
-    *result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put-index *result, j, src
-    i<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>subtract i, <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    j<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>add j, <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
-  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
-]
-
-<span class="muRecipe">def</span> to-text x:boolean<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:array:character [
-  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
-  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
-  n:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy x:boolean
-  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>to-text n
-]
-
-<span class="muRecipe">def</span> to-text x:address:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:array:character [
-  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
-  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
-  n:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy x
-  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>to-text n
-]
-
 <span class="muRecipe">def</span> buffer-to-array in:address:buffer<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:array:character [
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
@@ -393,41 +319,12 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 ]
 
-<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> integer-to-decimal-digit-zero [
-  run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>to-text <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-  ]
-  memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[0]</span>
-  ]
-]
-
-<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> integer-to-decimal-digit-positive [
-  run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>to-text <span class="Constant">234</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-  ]
-  memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[234]</span>
-  ]
-]
-
-<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> integer-to-decimal-digit-negative [
-  run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>to-text <span class="Constant">-1</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-  ]
-  memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">45</span>  <span class="Comment"># '-'</span>
-    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">49</span>  <span class="Comment"># '1'</span>
-  ]
-]
-
 <span class="muRecipe">def</span> append a:address:array:character, b:address:array:character<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:array:character [
   <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
   <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
+  <span class="Comment"># handle null addresses</span>
+  <span class="muControl">reply-unless</span> a, b
+  <span class="muControl">reply-unless</span> b, a
   <span class="Comment"># result = new character[a.length + b.length]</span>
   a-len:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *a
   b-len:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *b
@@ -464,24 +361,52 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-1 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>append <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append x, y
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[hello, world!]</span>
+  ]
+]
+
+<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-null [
+  run [
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append x, y
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
+  ]
+  memory-should-contain [
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
+  ]
+]
+
+<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-null-2 [
+  run [
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>append x, y
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[hello, world!]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-in-text [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>replace <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">98/b</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>replace x, <span class="Constant">98/b</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[azc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[azc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -499,45 +424,49 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-at-start [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>replace <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>replace x, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[zbc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[zbc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-at-end [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>replace <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">99/c</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>replace x, <span class="Constant">99/c</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abz]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abz]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-missing [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>replace <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">100/d</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>replace x, <span class="Constant">100/d</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-all-characters [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[banana]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>replace <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[banana]</span>
+    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>replace x, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *x
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[bznznz]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[bznznz]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -617,35 +546,37 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-works [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc _]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[def]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>interpolate <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc _]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[def]</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>interpolate x, y
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc def]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc def]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-at-start [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[_, hello!]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>interpolate <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[_, hello!]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>interpolate x, y
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc, hello!]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">16</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># out of bounds</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc, hello!]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">13</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># out of bounds</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-at-end [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[hello, _]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>interpolate <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character/<span class="Special">raw</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[hello, _]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>interpolate x, y
+    <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     <span class="Constant">4</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[hello, abc]</span>
@@ -765,57 +696,62 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-unmodified [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim x
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-left [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim x
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-right [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc  ]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc  ]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim x
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-left-right [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc   ]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc   ]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim x
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-newline-tab [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[  abc</span>
 <span class="Constant">]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>trim x
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -837,81 +773,89 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-empty [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-initial [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[/abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[/abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># prefix match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># prefix match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-final [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc/]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc/]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># suffix match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># suffix match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-missing [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-invalid-index [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">4/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">4/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># no change</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># no change</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-first [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>  <span class="Comment"># first '/' of multiple</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>  <span class="Comment"># first '/' of multiple</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-second [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">3/start-index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">3/start-index</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># second '/' of multiple</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># second '/' of multiple</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -939,56 +883,61 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-text-1 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-text-2 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, y, <span class="Constant">1</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-no-match [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bd]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bd]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-suffix-match [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[cd]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[cd]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-suffix-match-2 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[cde]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>find-next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[cde]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>find-next x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -1026,98 +975,107 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-checks-pattern-at-index [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[ab]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-reflexive [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, x, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-outside-bounds [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">4</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">4</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># never matches</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># never matches</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-pattern [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># always matches empty pattern given a valid index</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># always matches empty pattern given a valid index</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-pattern-outside-bound [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">4</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">4</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-text [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-against-empty [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, x, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># matches because pattern is also empty</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># matches because pattern is also empty</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-inside-bounds [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">1</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-inside-bounds-2 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>match-at <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:boolean/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>match-at x, y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
   ]
 ]
 
@@ -1165,16 +1123,17 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-1 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
+    y:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>length *y
+    a:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    b:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *a
+    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *b
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">2</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
     <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[a]</span>
     <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[b]</span>
   ]
@@ -1182,18 +1141,19 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-2 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b/c]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    <span class="Constant">6</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>
-    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">6</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b/c]</span>
+    y:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>length *y
+    a:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    b:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+    c:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">2</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *a
+    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *b
+    <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *c
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
     <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[a]</span>
     <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[b]</span>
     <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[c]</span>
@@ -1202,45 +1162,48 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-missing [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>length *y
+    a:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *a
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
     <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-empty [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    y:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>length *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># empty result</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># empty result</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-empty-piece [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b//c]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
-    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>
-    <span class="Constant">6</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>
-    <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">3</span>
-    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">4</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">6</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">40</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">7</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b//c]</span>
+    y:address:array:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split x:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>length *y
+    a:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">0</span>
+    b:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">1</span>
+    c:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">2</span>
+    d:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *y, <span class="Constant">3</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *a
+    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *b
+    <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *c
+    <span class="Constant">40</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *d
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
     <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[a]</span>
     <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[b]</span>
     <span class="Constant">30</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[]</span>
@@ -1268,10 +1231,11 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-first [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split-first <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
-    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
-    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
+    y:address:array:character, z:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>split-first x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
+    <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
+    <span class="Constant">20</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *z
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     <span class="Constant">10</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[a]</span>
@@ -1304,34 +1268,37 @@ body { font-size: 12pt; font-family: monospace; color: #eeeeee; background-color
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-copy-copies-partial-text [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range x, <span class="Constant">1</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-copy-out-of-bounds [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>, <span class="Constant">4</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range x, <span class="Constant">2</span>, <span class="Constant">4</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[c]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[c]</span>
   ]
 ]
 
 <span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-copy-out-of-bounds-2 [
   run [
-    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
-    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:array:character, <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:character
+    <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
+    x:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
+    y:address:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy-range x, <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character/<span class="Special">raw &lt;- </span>copy *y
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    <span class="Constant">3</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[]</span>
+    <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">[]</span>
   ]
 ]
 </pre>
diff --git a/html/071rewrite_stash.cc.html b/html/071rewrite_stash.cc.html
index 54df2510..fda0846d 100644
--- a/html/071rewrite_stash.cc.html
+++ b/html/071rewrite_stash.cc.html
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span
     raise &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'to-text' requires a single ingredient, but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; to_original_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
     <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
   <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
+  <span class="Comment">// can handle any type</span>
   <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
 <span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>