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-rw-r--r--sandbox/001-editor.mu38
-rw-r--r--sandbox/002-typing.mu238
-rw-r--r--sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu490
-rw-r--r--sandbox/005-sandbox.mu112
-rw-r--r--sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu30
-rw-r--r--sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu50
-rw-r--r--sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu40
-rw-r--r--sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu26
-rw-r--r--sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu33
-rw-r--r--sandbox/011-errors.mu137
-rw-r--r--sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu503
11 files changed, 883 insertions, 814 deletions
diff --git a/sandbox/001-editor.mu b/sandbox/001-editor.mu
index 0b5aaa4a..bbe16390 100644
--- a/sandbox/001-editor.mu
+++ b/sandbox/001-editor.mu
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ def! main text:text [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-prints-text-to-screen [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:text <- new [abc]
-    new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+    new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     # top line of screen reserved for menu
@@ -95,10 +95,11 @@ def insert-text editor:&:editor, text:text -> editor:&:editor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initializes-without-data [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 3/height
   run [
-    1:&:editor <- new-editor 0/data, screen:&:screen, 2/left, 5/right
-    2:editor <- copy *1:&:editor
+    e:&:editor <- new-editor 0/data, screen:&:screen, 2/left, 5/right
+    2:editor/raw <- copy *e
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     # 2 (data) <- just the § sentinel
@@ -255,11 +256,12 @@ def clear-rest-of-screen screen:&:screen, row:num, left:num, right:num -> screen
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -270,10 +272,11 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -283,11 +286,12 @@ scenario editor-initially-handles-offsets [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-prints-multiple-lines-at-offset [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -298,10 +302,11 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc def]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -318,10 +323,11 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-long-lines [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abcde]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   # still wrap, even though the line would fit. We need room to click on the
   # end of the line
@@ -340,12 +346,12 @@ scenario editor-initially-wraps-barely-long-lines [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
-    1:text <- new []
-    2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -361,12 +367,13 @@ scenario editor-initializes-empty-text [
 # just a little color for mu code
 
 scenario render-colors-comments [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc
 # de
 f]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .     .
@@ -442,12 +449,13 @@ def get-color color:num, c:char -> color:num [
 ]
 
 scenario render-colors-assignment [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 8/width, 5/height
   run [
     s:text <- new [abc
 d <- e
 f]
-    new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+    new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 8/right
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .        .
diff --git a/sandbox/002-typing.mu b/sandbox/002-typing.mu
index 92ebb654..07466d38 100644
--- a/sandbox/002-typing.mu
+++ b/sandbox/002-typing.mu
@@ -281,13 +281,13 @@ def editor-render screen:&:screen, editor:&:editor -> screen:&:screen, editor:&:
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console []
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -298,18 +298,18 @@ scenario editor-handles-empty-event-queue [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1  # on the 'b'
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -325,17 +325,17 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # last line, to the right of text
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1  # cursor row
@@ -345,18 +345,19 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 7  # interior line, to the right of text
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1  # cursor row
@@ -366,18 +367,19 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-text-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 7  # below text
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2  # cursor row
@@ -387,20 +389,20 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
   # editor occupies only left half of screen
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     # click on right half of screen
     left-click 3, 8
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -416,19 +418,19 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-outside-column [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     # click on first, 'menu' row
     left-click 0, 3
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # no change to cursor
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -438,16 +440,16 @@ scenario editor-handles-mouse-clicks-in-menu-area [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -459,10 +461,10 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-into-empty-editor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # type two letters at different places
   assume-console [
@@ -471,7 +473,7 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
     type [d]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -483,17 +485,17 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 5  # right of last line
     type [d]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -505,18 +507,19 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-5 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 5  # right of non-last line
     type [e]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -529,17 +532,17 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 5  # below all text
     type [d]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -551,18 +554,19 @@ scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-3 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-4 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 5  # below all text
     type [e]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -575,18 +579,19 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-characters-at-cursor-6 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 5  # below all text
     type [ef]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -599,15 +604,15 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [ab]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [ab], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [01]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -620,16 +625,16 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-after-inserting-characters [
 # if the cursor reaches the right margin, wrap the line
 
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 5/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # type a letter
   assume-console [
     type [e]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # no wrap yet
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -644,7 +649,7 @@ scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
     type [f]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # now wrap
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -657,21 +662,22 @@ scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-line-on-insert-2 [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcdefg
+  s:text <- new [abcdefg
 defg]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # type more text at the start
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 0
     type [abc]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor is not wrapped
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -732,6 +738,7 @@ after <insert-character-special-case> [
     {
       below-screen?:bool <- greater-or-equal cursor-row, screen-height
       break-unless below-screen?
+      <scroll-down>
     }
     go-render? <- copy 1/true
     return
@@ -739,17 +746,17 @@ after <insert-character-special-case> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-in-middle-of-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcde]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcde], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3  # right before the wrap icon
     type [f]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -768,9 +775,9 @@ scenario editor-wraps-cursor-after-inserting-characters-at-end-of-line [
   local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # create an editor containing two lines
-  contents:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 xyz]
-  1:&:editor/raw <- new-editor contents, screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen, 0/left, 5/right
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .abc       .
@@ -782,7 +789,7 @@ xyz]
     type [de]  # trigger wrap
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 1:&:editor/raw
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -794,17 +801,17 @@ xyz]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-cursor-to-left-margin [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcde]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 2/left, 7/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcde], screen:&:screen, 2/left, 7/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 5  # line is full; no wrap icon yet
     type [01]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -830,15 +837,15 @@ after <editor-initialization> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -854,14 +861,14 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
     newline?:bool <- equal c, 10/newline
     break-unless newline?
     <insert-enter-begin>
-    editor <- insert-newline-and-indent editor, screen
+    editor <- insert-new-line-and-indent editor, screen
     <insert-enter-end>
     go-render? <- copy 1/true
     return
   }
 ]
 
-def insert-newline-and-indent editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen -> editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen, go-render?:bool [
+def insert-new-line-and-indent editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen -> editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen, go-render?:bool [
   local-scope
   load-ingredients
   cursor-row:num <- get *editor, cursor-row:offset
@@ -882,6 +889,7 @@ def insert-newline-and-indent editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen -> editor:&:edito
   {
     below-screen?:bool <- greater-or-equal cursor-row, screen-height  # must be equal, never greater
     break-unless below-screen?
+    <scroll-down>
     go-render? <- copy 1/true
     cursor-row <- subtract cursor-row, 1  # bring back into screen range
     *editor <- put *editor, cursor-row:offset, cursor-row
@@ -935,15 +943,15 @@ def line-indent curr:&:duplex-list:char, start:&:duplex-list:char -> result:num
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 1/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     type [0
 1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -955,9 +963,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-down-after-inserting-newline-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcde]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcde], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press enter
   ]
@@ -969,7 +977,7 @@ scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
     .          .
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # line should be fully cleared
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -982,11 +990,12 @@ scenario editor-clears-previous-line-completely-after-inserting-newline [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-inserts-indent-after-newline [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:text <- new [ab
+  s:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline'
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
@@ -994,9 +1003,9 @@ ef]
 ]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor should be below start of previous line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1006,11 +1015,12 @@ ef]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-skips-indent-around-paste [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 10/height
-  1:text <- new [ab
+  s:text <- new [ab
   cd
 ef]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # position cursor after 'cd' and hit 'newline' surrounded by paste markers
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 8
@@ -1019,9 +1029,9 @@ ef]
     press 65506  # end paste
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor should be below start of previous line
   memory-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu b/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
index d4f124ae..3c0f36d5 100644
--- a/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
+++ b/sandbox/003-shortcuts.mu
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@
 # tab - insert two spaces
 
 scenario editor-inserts-two-spaces-on-tab [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:text <- new [ab
+  s:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
   assume-console [
     press tab
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -39,19 +40,19 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 # backspace - delete character before cursor
 
 scenario editor-handles-backspace-key [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
     press backspace
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -210,19 +211,20 @@ def previous-line-length curr:&:duplex-list:char, start:&:duplex-list:char -> re
 ]
 
 scenario editor-clears-last-line-on-backspace [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # just one character in final line
-  1:text <- new [ab
+  s:text <- new [ab
 cd]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 0  # cursor at only character in final line
     press backspace
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -237,12 +239,13 @@ cd]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-joins-and-wraps-lines-on-backspace [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two long-ish but non-wrapping lines
-  1:text <- new [abc def
+  s:text <- new [abc def
 ghi jkl]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # position the cursor at the start of the second and hit backspace
   assume-console [
@@ -250,7 +253,7 @@ ghi jkl]
     press backspace
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # resulting single line should wrap correctly
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -263,11 +266,11 @@ ghi jkl]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor in part of the screen with a long line
-  1:text <- new [abc def ghij]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 8/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc def ghij], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 8/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # confirm that it wraps
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -282,7 +285,7 @@ scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
     press backspace
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # resulting single line should wrap correctly and not overflow its bounds
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -297,16 +300,16 @@ scenario editor-wraps-long-lines-on-backspace [
 # delete - delete character at cursor
 
 scenario editor-handles-delete-key [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     press delete
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -320,7 +323,7 @@ scenario editor-handles-delete-key [
     press delete
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -386,17 +389,17 @@ def delete-at-cursor editor:&:editor, screen:&:screen -> editor:&:editor, screen
 # right arrow
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-right-with-key [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     press right-arrow
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -481,11 +484,12 @@ def move-cursor-coordinates-right editor:&:editor, screen-height:num -> editor:&
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # type right-arrow a few times to get to start of second line
   assume-console [
@@ -495,7 +499,7 @@ d]
     press right-arrow  # next line
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   check-trace-count-for-label 0, [print-character]
   # type something and ensure it goes where it should
@@ -503,7 +507,7 @@ d]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -516,11 +520,12 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     press right-arrow
     press right-arrow
@@ -529,7 +534,7 @@ d]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -541,19 +546,19 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcdef]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcdef], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
     press right-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -570,11 +575,11 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # line just barely wrapping
-  1:text <- new [abcde]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcde], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at last character before wrap and hit right-arrow
   assume-console [
@@ -582,9 +587,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
     press right-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
@@ -595,9 +600,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
     press right-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
@@ -607,19 +612,19 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abcdef]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 1/left, 6/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcdef], screen:&:screen, 1/left, 6/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 4
     press right-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -636,11 +641,12 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-wrapped-line-with-right-arrow-3 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-next-line-with-right-arrow-at-end-of-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # move to end of line, press right-arrow, type a character
   assume-console [
@@ -649,7 +655,7 @@ d]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # new character should be in next line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -667,10 +673,10 @@ d]
 # left arrow
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-left-with-key [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
@@ -678,7 +684,7 @@ scenario editor-moves-cursor-left-with-key [
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -709,12 +715,13 @@ after <handle-special-key> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with two lines
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of second line (so there's no previous newline)
   assume-console [
@@ -722,9 +729,9 @@ d]
     press left-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
@@ -734,13 +741,14 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with three lines
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor further down (so there's a newline before the character at
   # the cursor)
@@ -750,7 +758,7 @@ g]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -763,12 +771,13 @@ g]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def
 g]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor at start of text, press left-arrow, then type a character
   assume-console [
@@ -777,7 +786,7 @@ g]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # left-arrow should have had no effect
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -791,13 +800,14 @@ g]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-cursor-to-previous-line-with-left-arrow-at-start-of-line-4 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with text containing an empty line
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 
 d]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e:&:editor
   $clear-trace
   # position cursor right after empty line
   assume-console [
@@ -806,7 +816,7 @@ d]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -819,11 +829,11 @@ d]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line
-  1:text <- new [abcdef]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abcdef], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -838,9 +848,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
     press left-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1  # previous row
@@ -850,12 +860,13 @@ scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-across-wrap-with-left-arrow [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a wrapping line followed by a second line
-  1:text <- new [abcdef
+  s:text <- new [abcdef
 g]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -870,9 +881,9 @@ g]
     press left-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2  # previous row
@@ -882,12 +893,13 @@ g]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-across-screen-lines-to-non-wrapping-line-with-left-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # initialize editor with a line on the verge of wrapping, followed by a second line
-  1:text <- new [abcd
+  s:text <- new [abcd
 e]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 5/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -902,9 +914,9 @@ e]
     press left-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1  # previous row
@@ -918,20 +930,21 @@ e]
 # up arrow
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-with-up-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press up-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
@@ -942,7 +955,7 @@ def]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1033,20 +1046,21 @@ def move-to-previous-line editor:&:editor -> editor:&:editor, go-render?:bool [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-previous-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [ab
+  s:text <- new [ab
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
     press up-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
@@ -1057,7 +1071,7 @@ def]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1069,20 +1083,21 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-empty-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [
+  s:text <- new [
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
     press up-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
@@ -1093,7 +1108,7 @@ def]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1105,13 +1120,14 @@ def]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-previous-line-from-left-margin [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
   # start out with three lines
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # click on the third line and hit up-arrow, so you end up just after a newline
   assume-console [
@@ -1119,9 +1135,9 @@ ghi]
     press up-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
@@ -1132,7 +1148,7 @@ ghi]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1146,20 +1162,21 @@ ghi]
 # down arrow
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-next-line-with-down-arrow [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # cursor starts out at (1, 0)
   assume-console [
     press down-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # ..and ends at (2, 0)
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1171,7 +1188,7 @@ def]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1237,20 +1254,21 @@ def move-to-next-line editor:&:editor, screen-height:num -> editor:&:editor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-adjusts-column-at-next-line [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  s:text <- new [abc
 de]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
     press down-arrow
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
@@ -1261,7 +1279,7 @@ de]
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1275,11 +1293,12 @@ de]
 # ctrl-a/home - move cursor to start of line
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press ctrl-a
   assume-console [
@@ -1287,9 +1306,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a [
     press ctrl-a
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to start of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1350,11 +1369,12 @@ def move-to-start-of-line editor:&:editor -> editor:&:editor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-a
   assume-console [
@@ -1362,9 +1382,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
     press ctrl-a
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to start of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1375,10 +1395,11 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-a-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line, press 'home'
   assume-console [
@@ -1386,9 +1407,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
     press home
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to start of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1399,11 +1420,12 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line (no newline before), press 'home'
   assume-console [
@@ -1411,9 +1433,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
     press home
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to start of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1426,11 +1448,12 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-start-of-line-with-home-2 [
 # ctrl-e/end - move cursor to end of line
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press ctrl-e
   assume-console [
@@ -1438,9 +1461,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e [
     press ctrl-e
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to end of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1453,9 +1476,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e [
     type [z]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
     4 <- 1
@@ -1518,11 +1541,12 @@ def move-to-end-of-line editor:&:editor -> editor:&:editor [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-e
   assume-console [
@@ -1530,9 +1554,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
     press ctrl-e
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    5:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    5:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to end of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1543,11 +1567,12 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-e-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on first line, press 'end'
   assume-console [
@@ -1555,9 +1580,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
     press end
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to end of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1568,11 +1593,12 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   $clear-trace
   # start on second line (no newline after), press 'end'
   assume-console [
@@ -1580,9 +1606,9 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
     press end
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves to end of line
   memory-should-contain [
@@ -1595,17 +1621,18 @@ scenario editor-moves-to-end-of-line-with-end-2 [
 # ctrl-u - delete text from start of line until (but not at) cursor
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
     press ctrl-u
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to start of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1658,17 +1685,18 @@ def delete-to-start-of-line editor:&:editor -> result:&:duplex-list:char, editor
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line (no newline before), press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     press ctrl-u
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to start of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1681,17 +1709,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
     press ctrl-u
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to start of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1704,17 +1733,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-line-with-ctrl-u-3 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of final line, press ctrl-u
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
     press ctrl-u
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to start of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1729,17 +1759,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-start-of-final-line-with-ctrl-u [
 # ctrl-k - delete text from cursor to end of line (but not the newline)
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on first line, press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to end of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1784,17 +1815,18 @@ def delete-to-end-of-line editor:&:editor -> result:&:duplex-list:char, editor:&
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start on second line (no newline after), press ctrl-k
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes to end of line
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1807,17 +1839,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes just last character
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1830,17 +1863,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-3 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 3
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes nothing
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1853,17 +1887,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-4 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start at end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 2
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes just the final character
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1876,17 +1911,18 @@ scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-5 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-deletes-to-end-of-line-with-ctrl-k-6 [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [123
+  s:text <- new [123
 456]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor s, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   # start past end of text
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 3
     press ctrl-k
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor deletes nothing
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu b/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
index 4d6e2bdc..c83e9f9c 100644
--- a/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
+++ b/sandbox/005-sandbox.mu
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ container sandbox [
 ]
 
 scenario run-and-show-results [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  1:text <- new [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # check that screen prints the results
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ scenario run-and-show-results [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # check that screen prints both sandboxes
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -501,23 +501,23 @@ def render-screen screen:&:screen, sandbox-screen:&:screen, left:num, right:num,
 ]
 
 scenario run-updates-results [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 12/height
   # define a recipe (no indent for the 'add' line below so column numbers are more obvious)
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
 local-scope
 z:num <- add 2, 2
-return z
+reply z
 ]]
   # sandbox editor contains an instruction without storing outputs
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   # run the code in the editors
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ return z
     .                                                  .
   ]
   # make a change (incrementing one of the args to 'add'), then rerun
-  1:text <- new [ 
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
 def foo [
 local-scope
 z:num <- add 2, 3
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ return z
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   # check that screen updates the result on the right
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -555,17 +555,17 @@ return z
 ]
 
 scenario run-instruction-manages-screen-per-sandbox [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # editor contains an instruction
-  1:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [print-integer screen, 4]
   # run the code in the editor
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # check that it prints a little toy screen
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -605,37 +605,37 @@ def editor-contents editor:&:editor -> result:text [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-provides-edited-contents [
+  local-scope
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     type [def]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:text <- editor-contents 2:&:editor
-    4:@:char <- copy *3:text
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    s:text <- editor-contents e
+    1:@:char/raw <- copy *s
   ]
   memory-should-contain [
-    4:array:character <- [abdefc]
+    1:array:character <- [abdefc]
   ]
 ]
 
 # scrolling through sandboxes
 
 scenario scrolling-down-past-bottom-of-sandbox-editor [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize
-  1:text <- new [add 2, 2]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [add 2, 2]
+  render-all screen, env, render
   assume-console [
     # create a sandbox
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -651,9 +651,9 @@ scenario scrolling-down-past-bottom-of-sandbox-editor [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # sandbox editor hidden; first sandbox displayed
   # cursor moves to first sandbox
@@ -671,9 +671,9 @@ scenario scrolling-down-past-bottom-of-sandbox-editor [
     press page-up
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # sandbox editor displays again
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -761,12 +761,12 @@ def previous-sandbox env:&:environment, in:&:sandbox -> out:&:sandbox [
 ]
 
 scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -775,9 +775,9 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     type [add 1, 1]
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-  3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-  print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+  cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+  print screen:&:screen, cursor
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .␣                                                 .
@@ -797,9 +797,9 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # sandbox editor hidden; first sandbox displayed
   # cursor moves to first sandbox
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # just second sandbox displayed
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # no change
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-up
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # back to displaying both sandboxes without editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -876,9 +876,9 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-up
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # back to displaying both sandboxes as well as editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -900,9 +900,9 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
     press page-up
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    3:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 3:char/cursor
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # no change
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -922,19 +922,19 @@ scenario scrolling-through-multiple-sandboxes [
 ]
 
 scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create a sandbox
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
     type [add 1, 1]
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # sandbox editor hidden; first sandbox displayed
   # cursor moves to first sandbox
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
     press page-up
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # back to displaying both sandboxes as well as editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ scenario scrolling-manages-sandbox-index-correctly [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # sandbox editor hidden; first sandbox displayed
   # cursor moves to first sandbox
diff --git a/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu b/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
index c6472841..ea7d86ab 100644
--- a/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
+++ b/sandbox/006-sandbox-copy.mu
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 ## see code operate in multiple situations
 
 scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
     left-click 3, 19
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # it copies into editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor [
 ]
 
 scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor-2 [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor-2 [
     left-click 3, 33
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # it copies into editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ scenario copy-a-sandbox-to-editor-2 [
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -215,14 +215,14 @@ def within-range? x:num, low:num, high:num -> result:bool [
 ]
 
 scenario copy-fails-if-sandbox-editor-not-empty [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 50/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
-  1:text <- new [add 1, 1]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [add 1, 1]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ scenario copy-fails-if-sandbox-editor-not-empty [
     left-click 3, 20  # click 'copy' button
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # copy doesn't happen
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ scenario copy-fails-if-sandbox-editor-not-empty [
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
diff --git a/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu b/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
index 03dcb4ec..59fa2c6b 100644
--- a/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
+++ b/sandbox/007-sandbox-delete.mu
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ## deleting sandboxes
 
 scenario deleting-sandboxes [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
   # run a few commands
   assume-console [
     type [divide-with-remainder 11, 3]
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ scenario deleting-sandboxes [
     type [add 2, 2]
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ scenario deleting-sandboxes [
     left-click 7, 34
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ scenario deleting-sandboxes [
     left-click 3, 49
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ def delete-sandbox env:&:environment, sandbox:&:sandbox -> env:&:environment [
 ]
 
 scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
     press F4
     press page-down
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━.
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
     left-click 6, 34
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # second sandbox shows in editor; scroll resets to display first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -192,12 +192,12 @@ scenario deleting-sandbox-after-scroll [
 ]
 
 scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
     press F4
     press page-down
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━.
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
     left-click 2, 34
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # second sandbox shows in editor; scroll resets to display first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ scenario deleting-top-sandbox-after-scroll [
 ]
 
 scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
     press page-down
     press page-down
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━.
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
     left-click 2, 34
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # implicitly scroll up to first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -287,12 +287,12 @@ scenario deleting-final-sandbox-after-scroll [
 ]
 
 scenario deleting-updates-sandbox-count [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ scenario deleting-updates-sandbox-count [
     type [add 1, 1]
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ scenario deleting-updates-sandbox-count [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # shouldn't go past last sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu b/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
index 515daa1b..7cf1ad53 100644
--- a/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
+++ b/sandbox/008-sandbox-edit.mu
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 ## editing sandboxes after they've been created
 
 scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # run something
-  1:text <- new [add 2, 2]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [add 2, 2]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor [
     left-click 3, 4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # it pops back into editor
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ scenario clicking-on-a-sandbox-moves-it-to-editor [
     type [0]
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ def try-edit-sandbox click-row:num, env:&:environment -> clicked-on-edit-button?
 ]
 
 scenario sandbox-with-print-can-be-edited [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # run a print instruction
-  1:text <- new [print-integer screen, 4]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [print-integer screen, 4]
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ scenario sandbox-with-print-can-be-edited [
     left-click 3, 18
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -143,12 +143,12 @@ scenario sandbox-with-print-can-be-edited [
 ]
 
 scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
     press page-down
     press page-down
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━.
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
     left-click 2, 10
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # second sandbox shows in editor; scroll resets to display first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -190,12 +190,12 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-after-scrolling-resets-scroll [
 ]
 
 scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # initialize environment
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  render-all screen, 2:&:environment, render
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
+  render-all screen, env, render
   # create 2 sandboxes and scroll to second
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-n
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
     type [add 1, 1]
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # no change in contents
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ scenario editing-sandbox-updates-sandbox-count [
     press page-down
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # screen should show just final sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu b/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
index 3b2e91db..aebb34c2 100644
--- a/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
+++ b/sandbox/009-sandbox-test.mu
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 ## clicking on sandbox results to 'fix' them and turn sandboxes into tests
 
 scenario sandbox-click-on-result-toggles-color-to-green [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # basic recipe
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
-  return 4
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
+  reply 4
 ]]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   # run it
-  2:text <- new [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def foo [
     left-click 5, 21
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   # color toggles to green
   screen-should-contain-in-color 2/green, [
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ def foo [
   ]
   # cursor should remain unmoved
   run [
-    4:char/cursor <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 4:char/cursor
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ def foo [
     .                                                  .
   ]
   # now change the result
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
-  return 3
+  new-recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
+  reply 3
 ]]
   # then rerun
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/new-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, new-recipes
   ]
   # result turns red
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
diff --git a/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu b/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
index dd1aed15..b921c15d 100644
--- a/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
+++ b/sandbox/010-sandbox-trace.mu
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 ## clicking on the code typed into a sandbox toggles its trace
 
 scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [stash [abc]]
   # run a stash instruction
-  1:text <- new [stash [abc]]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
     left-click 4, 21
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    4:char/cursor-icon <- copy 9251/␣
-    print screen:&:screen, 4:char/cursor-icon
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    cursor:char <- copy 9251/␣
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # trace now printed and cursor shouldn't have budged
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
     left-click 4, 25
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
-    print screen:&:screen, 4:char/cursor-icon
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
+    print screen:&:screen, cursor
   ]
   # trace hidden again
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -66,16 +66,17 @@ scenario sandbox-click-on-code-toggles-app-trace [
 ]
 
 scenario sandbox-shows-app-trace-and-result [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # run a stash instruction and some code
-  1:text <- new [stash [abc]
+  sandbox:text <- new [stash [abc]
 add 2, 2]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, sandbox
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ add 2, 2]
     left-click 4, 21
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # trace now printed above result
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -110,16 +111,16 @@ add 2, 2]
 ]
 
 scenario clicking-on-app-trace-does-nothing [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [stash 123456789]
   # create and expand the trace
-  1:text <- new [stash 123456789]
   assume-console [
     press F4
     left-click 4, 1
   ]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   screen-should-contain [
     .                               run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ scenario clicking-on-app-trace-does-nothing [
     left-click 5, 7
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # no change; doesn't die
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/011-errors.mu b/sandbox/011-errors.mu
index 561b5309..9ca8ab6d 100644
--- a/sandbox/011-errors.mu
+++ b/sandbox/011-errors.mu
@@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ after <render-sandbox-trace-done> [
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-errors-in-get [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
   get 123:num, foo:offset
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -156,11 +156,10 @@ def foo [
 ]
 
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:text <- new []
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
   assume-console [
     # create invalid sandbox 1
     type [get foo, x:offset]
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, []
   ]
   # status line shows that error is in first sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -179,11 +178,10 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox [
 ]
 
 scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:text <- new []
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, []
   assume-console [
     # create invalid sandbox 2
     type [get foo, x:offset]
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, []
   ]
   # status line shows that error is in second sandbox
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -205,15 +203,14 @@ scenario run-updates-status-with-first-erroneous-sandbox-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario run-hides-errors-from-past-sandboxes [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:text <- new [get foo, x:offset]  # invalid
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [get foo, x:offset]   # invalid
   assume-console [
     press F4  # generate error
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/empty-test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, []
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 10
     press ctrl-k
@@ -221,7 +218,7 @@ scenario run-hides-errors-from-past-sandboxes [
     press F4  # update sandbox
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # error should disappear
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -237,21 +234,21 @@ scenario run-hides-errors-from-past-sandboxes [
 ]
 
 scenario run-updates-errors-for-shape-shifting-recipes [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # define a shape-shifting recipe with an error
-  1:text <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
+  recipes:text <- new [recipe foo x:_elem -> z:_elem [
 local-scope
 load-ingredients
 y:&:num <- copy 0
 z <- add x, y
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo 2]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo 2]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -268,7 +265,7 @@ z <- add x, y
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   # error should remain unchanged
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -285,20 +282,21 @@ z <- add x, y
 ]
 
 scenario run-avoids-spurious-errors-on-reloading-shape-shifting-recipes [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # overload a well-known shape-shifting recipe
-  1:text <- new [recipe length l:&:list:_elem -> n:num [
+  recipes:text <- new [recipe length l:&:list:_elem -> n:num [
 ]]
   # call code that uses other variants of it, but not it itself
-  2:text <- new [x:&:list:num <- copy 0
+  sandbox:text <- new [x:&:list:num <- copy 0
 to-text x]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, sandbox
   # run it once
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   # no errors anywhere on screen (can't check anything else, since to-text will return an address)
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
     .                                                  .
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ to-text x]
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   # still no errors
   screen-should-contain-in-color 1/red, [
@@ -333,19 +331,19 @@ to-text x]
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-missing-type-errors [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
   x <- copy 0
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -358,20 +356,20 @@ def foo [
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-unbalanced-bracket-errors [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # recipe is incomplete (unbalanced '[')
-  1:text <- new [ 
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
 recipe foo \\[
   x <- copy 0
 ]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -387,21 +385,21 @@ recipe foo \\[
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-get-on-non-container-errors [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:&:point <- new point:type
   get x:&:point, 1:offset
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -415,22 +413,22 @@ def foo [
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-non-literal-get-argument-errors [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:num <- copy 0
   y:&:point <- new point:type
   get *y:&:point, x:num
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -444,20 +442,20 @@ def foo [
 ]
 
 scenario run-shows-errors-everytime [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # try to run a file with an error
-  1:text <- new [ 
-def foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [ 
+recipe foo [
   local-scope
   x:num <- copy y:num
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -471,7 +469,7 @@ def foo [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found                 run (F4)           .
@@ -484,16 +482,17 @@ def foo [
 ]
 
 scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 15/height
-  1:text <- new [get 1:&:point, 1:offset]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [get 1:&:point, 1:offset]
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
+  # check that screen prints error message in red
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
     .                                                  .
@@ -519,18 +518,19 @@ scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors [
 ]
 
 scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors-only-once [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 10/height
   # editor contains an illegal instruction
-  1:text <- new [get 1234:num, foo:offset]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  sandbox:text <- new [get 1234:num, foo:offset]
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, sandbox
   # run the code in the editors multiple times
   assume-console [
     press F4
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   # check that screen prints error message just once
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -548,19 +548,20 @@ scenario run-instruction-and-print-errors-only-once [
 ]
 
 scenario sandbox-can-handle-infinite-loop [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # editor contains an infinite loop
-  1:text <- new [{
+  sandbox:text <- new [{
 loop
 }]
-  2:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 1:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, sandbox
   # run the sandbox
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:environment
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
@@ -577,24 +578,24 @@ loop
 ]
 
 scenario sandbox-with-errors-shows-trace [
+  local-scope
   trace-until 100/app  # trace too long
   assume-screen 50/width, 20/height
   # generate a stash and a error
-  1:text <- new [recipe foo [
+  recipes:text <- new [recipe foo [
 local-scope
 a:num <- next-ingredient
 b:num <- next-ingredient
 stash [dividing by], b
 _, c:num <- divide-with-remainder a, b
-return b
+reply b
 ]]
-  2:text <- new [foo 4, 0]
-  3:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, 2:text
+  env:&:environment <- new-programming-environment screen:&:screen, [foo 4, 0]
   # run
   assume-console [
     press F4
   ]
-  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+  event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   # screen prints error message
   screen-should-contain [
     .  errors found (0)             run (F4)           .
@@ -612,7 +613,7 @@ return b
     left-click 4, 15
   ]
   run [
-    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 3:&:environment, 1:text/test-recipes
+    event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, env, recipes
   ]
   # screen should expand trace
   screen-should-contain [
diff --git a/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu b/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
index 371a9ef1..0b13de25 100644
--- a/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
+++ b/sandbox/012-editor-undo.mu
@@ -99,21 +99,21 @@ after <handle-special-character> [
 # undo typing
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor and type a character
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [0]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # character should be gone
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing [
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -229,21 +229,21 @@ after <handle-undo> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor and type multiple characters
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [012]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # all characters must be gone
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -255,16 +255,16 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [a]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [a], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # type some characters
   assume-console [
     type [012]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .012a      .
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # back to original text
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
     type [3]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -301,17 +301,17 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-multiple-2 [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [  abc]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [  abc], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # new line
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 8
     press enter
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .  abc     .
@@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
     .          .
   ]
   # line is indented
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 2
@@ -331,10 +331,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 5
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -364,16 +364,16 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-typing-enter [
 # redo typing
 
 scenario editor-redo-typing [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [a]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [a], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [012]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # all characters must be back
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing [
     type [3]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -428,16 +428,16 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor, type something, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [012]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .          .
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # all characters must be back
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
     type [3]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -474,23 +474,24 @@ scenario editor-redo-typing-empty [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-work-clears-redo-stack [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text, do some work, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [1]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # do some more work
   assume-console [
     type [0]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .0abc      .
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ ghi]
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # nothing should happen
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -516,11 +517,11 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and tabs, hit enter, some more text and tabs
   assume-console [
     press tab
@@ -531,7 +532,7 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press tab
     type [efg]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .  ab  cd  .
@@ -539,8 +540,8 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 7
@@ -550,11 +551,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # typing in second line deleted, but not indent
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 2
@@ -571,11 +572,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # indent and newline deleted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 8
@@ -591,11 +592,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # empty screen
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 0
@@ -611,11 +612,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 8
@@ -631,11 +632,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # newline and indent inserted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 2
@@ -652,11 +653,11 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # indent and newline deleted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 7
@@ -673,28 +674,29 @@ scenario editor-can-redo-typing-and-enter-and-tab [
 # undo cursor movement
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-touch [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # click undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 0
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -763,29 +765,30 @@ after <handle-undo> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-left-arrow [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
     press left-arrow
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 3
     4 <- 1
@@ -795,7 +798,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -807,21 +810,22 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-up-arrow [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
     press up-arrow
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -831,11 +835,11 @@ ghi]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 3
     4 <- 1
@@ -845,7 +849,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -857,29 +861,30 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-down-arrow [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press down-arrow
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -889,7 +894,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -901,29 +906,30 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-a [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press ctrl-a
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -933,7 +939,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -945,29 +951,30 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-home [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press home
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -977,7 +984,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -989,29 +996,30 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-ctrl-e [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press ctrl-e
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -1021,7 +1029,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1033,29 +1041,30 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-end [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor, then to start of line
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
     press end
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # undo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves back
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -1065,7 +1074,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1077,13 +1086,14 @@ ghi]
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-multiple-arrows-in-the-same-direction [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # move the cursor
   assume-console [
     left-click 2, 1
@@ -1091,9 +1101,9 @@ ghi]
     press right-arrow
     press up-arrow
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 3
@@ -1103,11 +1113,11 @@ ghi]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # up-arrow is undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 3
@@ -1117,11 +1127,11 @@ ghi]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # both right-arrows are undone
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 2
     4 <- 1
@@ -1131,28 +1141,29 @@ ghi]
 # redo cursor movement
 
 scenario editor-redo-touch [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor with some text, click on a character, undo
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def
 ghi]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     left-click 3, 1
     press ctrl-z
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   # redo
   assume-console [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # cursor moves to left-click
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 3
     4 <- 1
@@ -1162,7 +1173,7 @@ ghi]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1188,19 +1199,19 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor, type some text, move the cursor, type some more text
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
     left-click 1, 1
     type [d]
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .adbc      .
@@ -1216,9 +1227,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # last letter typed is deleted
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1236,9 +1247,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # no change to screen; cursor moves
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1256,9 +1267,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # screen empty
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1276,9 +1287,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # first insert
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1296,9 +1307,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # cursor moves
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1317,9 +1328,9 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
-    3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-    4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
+    3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+    4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   ]
   # second insert
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1337,26 +1348,26 @@ scenario editor-separates-undo-insert-from-undo-cursor-move [
 # undo backspace
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and hit backspace
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
     press backspace
     press backspace
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1366,10 +1377,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 3
@@ -1385,10 +1396,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-backspace [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1482,11 +1493,11 @@ after <handle-redo> [
 # undo delete
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
     type [abcdef]
@@ -1496,15 +1507,15 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press delete
     press delete
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .af        .
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1514,10 +1525,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1533,10 +1544,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 2
@@ -1552,10 +1563,10 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 2
@@ -1571,11 +1582,11 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 2
@@ -1591,11 +1602,11 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1611,11 +1622,11 @@ scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-delete [
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1671,18 +1682,19 @@ before <delete-character-end> [
 # undo ctrl-k
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-k [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 1
     press ctrl-k
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .a         .
@@ -1690,8 +1702,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1701,7 +1713,7 @@ def]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1710,8 +1722,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1721,7 +1733,7 @@ def]
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1731,8 +1743,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 1
@@ -1742,7 +1754,7 @@ def]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1773,18 +1785,19 @@ before <delete-to-end-of-line-end> [
 # undo ctrl-u
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new [abc
+  contents:text <- new [abc
 def]
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor contents, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
     left-click 1, 2
     press ctrl-u
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .c         .
@@ -1792,8 +1805,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 0
@@ -1803,7 +1816,7 @@ def]
     press ctrl-z
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1812,8 +1825,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 2
@@ -1823,7 +1836,7 @@ def]
     press ctrl-y
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   # first line inserted
   screen-should-contain [
@@ -1833,8 +1846,8 @@ def]
     .┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈.
     .          .
   ]
-  3:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-row:offset
-  4:num <- get *2:&:editor, cursor-column:offset
+  3:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-row:offset
+  4:num/raw <- get *e, cursor-column:offset
   memory-should-contain [
     3 <- 1
     4 <- 0
@@ -1844,7 +1857,7 @@ def]
     type [1]
   ]
   run [
-    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+    editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   ]
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
@@ -1874,18 +1887,18 @@ before <delete-to-start-of-line-end> [
 ]
 
 scenario editor-can-undo-and-redo-ctrl-u-2 [
+  local-scope
   # create an editor
   assume-screen 10/width, 5/height
-  1:text <- new []
-  2:&:editor <- new-editor 1:text, screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
-  editor-render screen, 2:&:editor
+  e:&:editor <- new-editor [], screen:&:screen, 0/left, 10/right
+  editor-render screen, e
   # insert some text and hit delete and backspace a few times
   assume-console [
     type [abc]
     press ctrl-u
     press ctrl-z
   ]
-  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, 2:&:editor
+  editor-event-loop screen:&:screen, console:&:console, e
   screen-should-contain [
     .          .
     .abc       .