mu - Soul of a tiny new machine. More thorough tests → More comprehensible and rewrite-friendly software → More resilient society.

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	Commit message (Expand)	Author	Age	Files	Lines
*	4421	Kartik Agaram	2018-07-26	1	-36/+7
*	4418	Kartik Agaram	2018-07-26	1	-4/+4
*	4417	Kartik Agaram	2018-07-26	1	-1/+1
*	4267	Kartik Agaram	2018-06-24	1	-4/+0
*	4266 - space for alloc-id in heap allocations	Kartik Agaram	2018-06-24	1	-1/+38
*	4258 - undo 4257	Kartik Agaram	2018-06-15	1	-11/+3
*	4257 - abortive attempt at safe fat pointers	Kartik Agaram	2018-06-15	1	-3/+11
*	4243	Kartik Agaram	2018-05-12	1	-1/+1
*	4204	Kartik K. Agaram	2018-02-15	1	-1/+10
*	4149	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-12-07	1	-1/+4
*	4147	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-12-07	1	-2/+6
*	4140	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-12-05	1	-1/+1
*	4139	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-12-05	1	-7/+5
*	4116 - support calling continuations with arguments	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-11-06	1	-0/+2
*	4104	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-11-03	1	-2/+2
*	4089	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-10-22	1	-5/+3
*	3987	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-09-01	1	-1/+1
*	3966	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-07-09	1	-1/+1
*	3965 - get rid of the teardown() function	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-07-09	1	-2/+1
*	3906	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-06-10	1	-0/+1
*	3888 - beginnings of a profiler	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-05-28	1	-21/+48
*	3887 - clean up early exits in interpreter loop	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-05-28	1	-10/+18
*	3877	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-05-26	1	-3/+3
*	3872	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-05-20	1	-0/+1
*	3841	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-04-27	1	-3/+3
*	3821	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-04-13	1	-0/+1
*	3819	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-04-13	1	-2/+5
*	3814	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-04-06	1	-0/+1
*	3811	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-04-04	1	-1/+1
*	3758	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-03-06	1	-0/+1
*	3756 - start of some improvements to the trace browser	Kartik K. Agaram	2017-03-05	1	-1/+1
*	3707	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-12-12	1	-3/+9
*	3701	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-29	1	-0/+1
*	3682	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-22	1	-3/+5
*	3675	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-15	1	-2/+2
*	3655	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-08	1	-1/+1
*	3653	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-08	1	-1/+4
*	3652	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-08	1	-0/+10
*	3643	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-07	1	-3/+3
*	3630 - generate trace for a single scenario	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-11-06	1	-3/+3
*	3596	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-25	1	-0/+3
*	3561	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-22	1	-4/+4
*	3555	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-22	1	-1/+1
*	3522	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-19	1	-9/+9
*	3446	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-06	1	-1/+3
*	3435	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-10-04	1	-0/+3
*	3380	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-09-17	1	-11/+11
*	3358	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-09-15	1	-0/+4
*	3335	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-09-11	1	-2/+6
*	3334	Kartik K. Agaram	2016-09-11	1	-2/+1

span>`/index`: `1` (ecx) - `/disp32`: 4 bytes containing `1000` ## Putting it all together Here's an example showing these arguments at work: <img alt='apps/ex3.subx' src='html/ex3.png'> This program sums the first 10 natural numbers. By convention I use horizontal tabstops to help read instructions, dots to help follow the long lines, comments before groups of instructions to describe their high-level purpose, and comments at the end of complex instructions to state the low-level operation they perform. Numbers are always in hexadecimal (base 16) and must start with a digit ('0'..'9'); use the '0x' prefix when a number starts with a letter ('a'..'f'). I tend to also include it as a reminder when numbers look like decimal numbers. --- I recommend you order arguments consistently in your programs. SubX allows arguments in any order, but only because that's simplest to explain/implement. Switching order from instruction to instruction is likely to add to the reader's burden. Here's the order I've been using after opcodes: ``` |<--------- reg/mem --------->| |<- reg/mem? ->| /subop /mod /rm32 /base /index /scale /r32 /displacement /immediate ``` --- Try running this example now: ```sh $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux apps/ex3.subx -o apps/ex3 $ ./bootstrap run apps/ex3 $ echo $? 55 ``` If you're on Linux you can also run it natively: ```sh $ ./apps/ex3 $ echo $? 55 ``` These details should now be enough information for reading and modifying low-level SubX programs. ## Translating SubX programs This repo includes two translators for bare SubX. The first is [the bootstrap translator](bootstrap.md) implemented in C++. In addition, you can use SubX to translate itself. For example, running natively on Linux: ```sh # generate translator phases using the C++ translator $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/hex.subx -o hex $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/survey_elf.subx -o survey_elf $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/pack.subx -o pack $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/assort.subx -o assort $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/dquotes.subx -o dquotes $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux 0*.subx apps/subx-params.subx apps/tests.subx -o tests $ chmod +x hex survey_elf pack assort dquotes tests # use the generated translator phases to translate SubX programs $ cat init.linux apps/ex1.subx |./tests |./dquotes |./assort |./pack |./survey_elf |./hex > a.elf $ chmod +x a.elf $ ./a.elf $ echo $? 42 # or, automating the above steps $ ./translate_subx init.linux apps/ex1.subx $ ./a.elf $ echo $? 42 ``` Or, running in a VM on other platforms (much slower): ```sh $ ./translate_subx_emulated init.linux apps/ex1.subx # generates identical a.elf to above $ ./bootstrap run a.elf $ echo $? 42 ``` ## Resources - [Single-page cheatsheet for the x86 ISA](https://net.cs.uni-bonn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/plohmann/x86_opcode_structure_and_instruction_overview.pdf) (pdf; [cached local copy](https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/cheatsheet.pdf)) - [Concise reference for the x86 ISA](https://c9x.me/x86) - [Concise reference for the x86 ISA #2](http://ref.x86asm.net/coder32.html) - [Intel processor manual](http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-instruction-set-reference-manual-325383.pdf) (pdf)