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* 4106Kartik K. Agaram2017-11-031-1/+1
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* 4099Kartik K. Agaram2017-11-011-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Generalize commit 4089 to arbitrary closures, and not just the current 'space' or call frame. Now we should be treating spaces just like any other data structure, and reclaiming all addresses inside them when we need to. The cost: all spaces must now specify what recipe generated them (so they know how to interpret the array of locations) using the /names property. We can probably make this ergonomic with a little 'type inference'. But at least things are safe now.
* 4089Kartik K. Agaram2017-10-221-1/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clean up how we reclaim local scopes. It used to work like this (commit 3216): 1. Update refcounts of products after every instruction, EXCEPT: a) when instruction is a non-primitive and the callee starts with 'local-scope' (because it's already not decremented in 'return') OR: b) when instruction is primitive 'next-ingredient' or 'next-ingredient-without-typechecking', and its result is saved to a variable in the default space (because it's already incremented at the time of the call) 2. If a function starts with 'local-scope', force it to be reclaimed before each return. However, since locals may be returned, *very carefully* don't reclaim those. (See the logic in the old `escaping` and `should_update_refcount` functions.) However, this approach had issues. We needed two separate commands for 'local-scope' (reclaim locals on exit) and 'new-default-space' (programmer takes charge of reclaiming locals). The hard-coded reclamation duplicated refcounting logic. In addition to adding complexity, this implementation failed to work if a function overwrites default-space after setting up a local-scope (the old default-space is leaked). It also fails in the presence of continuations. Calling a continuation more than once was guaranteed to corrupt memory (commit 3986). After this commit, reclaiming local scopes now works like this: Update refcounts of products for every PRIMITIVE instruction. For non-primitive instructions, all the work happens in the `return` instruction: increment refcount of ingredients to `return` (unless -- one last bit of ugliness -- they aren't saved in the caller) decrement the refcount of the default-space use existing infrastructure for reclaiming as necessary if reclaiming default-space, first decrement refcount of each local again, use existing infrastructure for reclaiming as necessary This commit (finally!) completes the bulk[1] of step 2 of the plan in commit 3991. It was very hard until I gave up trying to tweak the existing implementation and just test-drove layer 43 from scratch. [1] There's still potential for memory corruption if we abuse `default-space`. I should probably try to add warnings about that at some point (todo in layer 45).
* 3522Kartik K. Agaram2016-10-191-3/+3
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* 3520Kartik K. Agaram2016-10-181-1/+0
| | | | | | | | Drop a few debug prints. Hopefully now we need never duplicate trace statements and can instead just dump them to screen. I'll soon need the ability to selectively dump traces for a specific label.
* 3394Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-171-13/+13
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* 3393Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-171-1/+1
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* 3390Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-171-14/+14
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* 3389Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-171-16/+16
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* 3380Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-171-12/+12
| | | | | One more place we were missing expanding type abbreviations: inside container definitions.
* 3309Kartik K. Agaram2016-09-091-11/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rip out everything to fix one failing unit test (commit 3290; type abbreviations). This commit does several things at once that I couldn't come up with a clean way to unpack: A. It moves to a new representation for type trees without changing the actual definition of the `type_tree` struct. B. It adds unit tests for our type metadata precomputation, so that errors there show up early and in a simpler setting rather than dying when we try to load Mu code. C. It fixes a bug, guarding against infinite loops when precomputing metadata for recursive shape-shifting containers. To do this it uses a dumb way of comparing type_trees, comparing their string representations instead. That is likely incredibly inefficient. Perhaps due to C, this commit has made Mu incredibly slow. Running all tests for the core and the edit/ app now takes 6.5 minutes rather than 3.5 minutes. == more notes and details I've been struggling for the past week now to back out of a bad design decision, a premature optimization from the early days: storing atoms directly in the 'value' slot of a cons cell rather than creating a special 'atom' cons cell and storing it on the 'left' slot. In other words, if a cons cell looks like this: o / | \ left val right ..then the type_tree (a b c) used to look like this (before this commit): o | \ a o | \ b o | \ c null ..rather than like this 'classic' approach to s-expressions which never mixes val and right (which is what we now have): o / \ o o | / \ a o o | / \ b o null | c The old approach made several operations more complicated, most recently the act of replacing a (possibly atom/leaf) sub-tree with another. That was the final straw that got me to realize the contortions I was going through to save a few type_tree nodes (cons cells). Switching to the new approach was hard partly because I've been using the old approach for so long and type_tree manipulations had pervaded everything. Another issue I ran into was the realization that my layers were not cleanly separated. Key parts of early layers (precomputing type metadata) existed purely for far later ones (shape-shifting types). Layers I got repeatedly stuck at: 1. the transform for precomputing type sizes (layer 30) 2. type-checks on merge instructions (layer 31) 3. the transform for precomputing address offsets in types (layer 36) 4. replace operations in supporting shape-shifting recipes (layer 55) After much thrashing I finally noticed that it wasn't the entirety of these layers that was giving me trouble, but just the type metadata precomputation, which had bugs that weren't manifesting until 30 layers later. Or, worse, when loading .mu files before any tests had had a chance to run. A common failure mode was running into types at run time that I hadn't precomputed metadata for at transform time. Digging into these bugs got me to realize that what I had before wasn't really very good, but a half-assed heuristic approach that did a whole lot of extra work precomputing metadata for utterly meaningless types like `((address number) 3)` which just happened to be part of a larger type like `(array (address number) 3)`. So, I redid it all. I switched the representation of types (because the old representation made unit tests difficult to retrofit) and added unit tests to the metadata precomputation. I also made layer 30 only do the minimal metadata precomputation it needs for the concepts introduced until then. In the process, I also made the precomputation more correct than before, and added hooks in the right place so that I could augment the logic when I introduced shape-shifting containers. == lessons learned There's several levels of hygiene when it comes to layers: 1. Every layer introduces precisely what it needs and in the simplest way possible. If I was building an app until just that layer, nothing would seem over-engineered. 2. Some layers are fore-shadowing features in future layers. Sometimes this is ok. For example, layer 10 foreshadows containers and arrays and so on without actually supporting them. That is a net win because it lets me lay out the core of Mu's data structures out in one place. But if the fore-shadowing gets too complex things get nasty. Not least because it can be hard to write unit tests for features before you provide the plumbing to visualize and manipulate them. 3. A layer is introducing features that are tested only in later layers. 4. A layer is introducing features with tests that are invalidated in later layers. (This I knew from early on to be an obviously horrendous idea.) Summary: avoid Level 2 (foreshadowing layers) as much as possible. Tolerate it indefinitely for small things where the code stays simple over time, but become strict again when things start to get more complex. Level 3 is mostly a net lose, but sometimes it can be expedient (a real case of the usually grossly over-applied term "technical debt"), and it's better than the conventional baseline of no layers and no scenarios. Just clean it up as soon as possible. Definitely avoid layer 4 at any time. == minor lessons Avoid unit tests for trivial things, write scenarios in context as much as possible. But within those margins unit tests are fine. Just introduce them before any scenarios (commit 3297). Reorganizing layers can be easy. Just merge layers for starters! Punt on resplitting them in some new way until you've gotten them to work. This is the wisdom of Refactoring: small steps. What made it hard was not wanting to merge *everything* between layer 30 and 55. The eventual insight was realizing I just need to move those two full-strength transforms and nothing else.
* 3108Kartik K. Agaram2016-07-101-3/+0
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* 2990Kartik K. Agaram2016-05-201-11/+11
| | | | | | | | | | Standardize quotes around reagents in error messages. I'm still sure there's issues. For example, the messages when type-checking 'copy'. I'm not putting quotes around them because in layer 60 I end up creating dilated reagents, and then it's a bit much to have quotes and (two kinds of) brackets. But I'm sure I'm doing that somewhere..
* 2974Kartik K. Agaram2016-05-181-0/+20
| | | | Fix CI failure.
* 2864 - replace all address:shared with just addressKartik K. Agaram2016-04-241-14/+12
| | | | | | | Now that we no longer have non-shared addresses, we can just always track refcounts for all addresses. Phew!
* 2773 - switch to 'int'Kartik K. Agaram2016-03-131-10/+10
| | | | This should eradicate the issue of 2771.
* 2735 - define recipes using 'def'Kartik K. Agaram2016-03-081-6/+6
| | | | | | | | | | | | I'm dropping all mention of 'recipe' terminology from the Readme. That way I hope to avoid further bike-shedding discussions while I very slowly decide on the right terminology with my students. I could be smarter in my error messages and use 'recipe' when code uses it and 'function' otherwise. But what about other words like ingredient? It would all add complexity that I'm not yet sure is worthwhile. But I do want separate experiences for veteran programmers reading about Mu on github and for people learning programming using Mu.
* 2718 - stop crashing on unknown spaceKartik K. Agaram2016-02-261-2/+12
| | | | | I'm going to stop wasting precious first-line characters on 'bugfix:'. It's going to be all bugfixes for a while I think.
* 2712Kartik K. Agaram2016-02-261-13/+13
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* 2707Kartik K. Agaram2016-02-251-1/+0
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* 2701 - turn some warnings into errorsKartik K. Agaram2016-02-251-1/+1
| | | | | | | I really have only one warning left: when somebody redefines a function. I think I'm going to just turn that into an error as well and drop the notion of warnings altogether. Anytime we find something wrong we stop running the program. This is a place where hygiene is justified.
* 2680Kartik K. Agaram2016-02-201-5/+5
| | | | Delete all the [] that has crept in since 2377 in November.
* 2685Kartik K. Agaram2016-02-191-3/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Stack of plans for cleaning up replace_type_ingredients() and a couple of other things, from main problem to subproblems: include type names in the type_tree rather than in the separate properties vector make type_tree and string_tree real cons cells, with separate leaf nodes redo the vocabulary for dumping various objects: do we really need to_string and debug_string? can we have a version with *all* information? can we have to_string not call debug_string? This commit nibbles at the edges of the final task, switching from member method syntax to global function like almost everything else. I'm mostly using methods just for STL in this project.
* 2631Kartik K. Agaram2016-02-061-0/+4
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* 2576 - distinguish allocated addresses from othersKartik K. Agaram2016-01-191-12/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This is the one major refinement on the C programming model I'm planning to introduce in mu. Instead of Rust's menagerie of pointer types and static checking, I want to introduce just one new type, and use it to perform ref-counting at runtime. So far all we're doing is updating new's interface. The actual ref-counting implementation is next. One implication: I might sometimes need duplicate implementations for a recipe with allocated vs vanilla addresses of the same type. So far it seems I can get away with just always passing in allocated addresses; the situations when you want to pass an unallocated address to a recipe should be few and far between.
* 2571Kartik K. Agaram2016-01-191-0/+145
| | | | | Reorganize layers in preparation for a better way to manage heap allocations without ever risking use-after-free errors.
* 1768Kartik K. Agaram2015-07-131-133/+0
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* 1702 - experiment: start using 'ordinal' in namesKartik K. Agaram2015-07-041-14/+14
| | | | | | | It comes up pretty early in the codebase, but hopefully won't come up in the mu level until we get to higher-order recipes. Potentially intimidating name, but such prime real estate with no confusing overloadings in other projects!
* 1599Kartik K. Agaram2015-06-191-6/+6
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* 1585Kartik K. Agaram2015-06-171-1/+1
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* 1458Kartik K. Agaram2015-05-251-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | While pushing out color support in fake screens I realized I've been complecting the special-case of a special-case to transform literal-string arguments for 'new'. As a result I hadn't been catching bad habits like giving its arg the wrong type. Now we have cleaner separation of the two variants of 'new', a few more checks, and better error messages when we mis-call it. Aside: I've added a third goto target. Sliding into spaghetti? Keep an eye on it. This goto might become a common pattern: a layer hooking into a previous one to prevent it from happening. In this case new on literal-strings prevents the transform for new from triggering.
* 1391 - avoid unsigned integersKartik K. Agaram2015-05-171-14/+14
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* 1387Kartik K. Agaram2015-05-161-1/+1
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* 1363 - rename 'integer' to 'number'Kartik K. Agaram2015-05-131-7/+7
| | | | ..now that we support non-integers.
* 1343Kartik K. Agaram2015-05-111-1/+1
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* 1299 - stop using [] in any vectorKartik K. Agaram2015-05-071-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | Useful check: $ grep "[^ '\"]\[[^\"]" *.cc \ |perl -pwe 's/\Wargv\[|\WTests\[|\Wframe\[|\WMemory\[|\WName\[|\WSurrounding_space\[|\WRecipe\[|\WType\[|\WRecipe_number\[|\WType_number\[|\WBefore_fragments\[|\WAfter_fragments\[//g' \ |perl -pwe 's/\Wargv\[|\WTests\[|\Wframe\[|\WMemory\[|\WName\[|\WSurrounding_space\[|\WRecipe\[|\WType\[|\WRecipe_number\[|\WType_number\[|\WBefore_fragments\[|\WAfter_fragments\[//g' \ |grep '[^ ]\['
* 1298 - better ingredient/product handlingKartik K. Agaram2015-05-071-14/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All primitives now always write to all their products. If a product is not used that's fine, but if an instruction seems to expect too many products mu will complain. In the process, many primitives can operate on more than two ingredients where it seems intuitive. You can add or divide more than two numbers together, copy or negate multiple corresponding locations, etc. There's one remaining bit of ugliness. Some instructions like get/get-address, index/index-address, wait-for-location, these can unnecessarily load values from memory when they don't need to. Useful vim commands: %s/ingredients\[\([^\]]*\)\]/ingredients.at(\1)/gc %s/products\[\([^\]]*\)\]/products.at(\1)/gc .,$s/\[\(.\)]/.at(\1)/gc
* 1276 - make C++ version the defaultKartik K. Agaram2015-05-051-0/+133
I've tried to update the Readme, but there are at least a couple of issues.