//: Running SubX programs on the VM.
//: (Not to be confused with the 'run' subcommand for running ELF binaries on
//: the VM. That comes later.)
:(before "End Help Texts")
put_new(Help, "syntax",
"SubX programs consist of segments, each segment in turn consisting of lines.\n"
"Line-endings are significant; each line should contain a single\n"
"instruction, macro or directive.\n"
"\n"
"Comments start with the '#' character. It should be at the start of a word\n"
"(start of line, or following a space).\n"
"\n"
"Each segment starts with a header line: a '==' delimiter followed by the name of\n"
"the segment.\n"
"\n"
"Currently SubX assumes the first segment encountered contains executable code, and\n"
"the second contains global variables. By convention we call them 'code' and 'data'\n"
"respectively.\n"
"The first instruction executed in the resulting binary is always the first\n"
"instruction of the first segment.\n"
"\n"
"Segments with the same name get merged together. This rule helps keep functions and\n"
"their data close together in .subx files.\n"
"Later segments with the same name get their contents *prepended* to earlier ones.\n"
"This rule helps each .subx file to put forth a different entrypoint for the binary,\n"
"overriding previously loaded files.\n"
"\n"
"Lines consist of a series of words. Words can contain arbitrary metadata\n"
"after a '/', but they can never contain whitespace. Metadata has no effect\n"
"at runtime, but can be handy when rewriting macros.\n"
"\n"
"Check out the examples in the examples/ directory.\n"
"Programming in machine code can be annoying, but let's see if we can make\n"
"it nice enough to be able to write a compiler in it.\n"
);
:(before "End Help Contents")
cerr << " syntax\n";
:(scenario add_imm32_to_eax)
# At the lowest level, SubX programs are a series of hex bytes, each
# (variable-length) instruction on one line.
#
# Later we'll make things nicer using macros. But you'll always be able to
# insert hex bytes out of instructions.
#
# As you can see, comments start with '#' and are ignored.
# Segment headers start with '==', specifying the hex address where they
# begin. There's usually one code segment and one data segment. We assume the
# code segment always comes first. Later when we emit ELF binaries we'll add
# directives for the operating system to ensure that the code segment can't be
# written to, and the data segment can't be executed as code.
== 0x1
# We don't show it here, but all lines can have metadata after a ':'.
# All words can have metadata after a '/'. No spaces allowed in word metadata, of course.
# Metadata doesn't directly form instructions, but some macros may look at it.
# Unrecognized metadata never causes errors, so you can also use it for
# documentation.
# Within the code segment, x86 instructions consist of the following parts (see cheatsheet.pdf):
# opcode ModR/M SIB displacement immediate
# instruction mod, reg, Reg/Mem bits scale, index, base
# 1-3 bytes 0/1 byte 0/1 byte 0/1/2/4 bytes 0/1/2/4 bytes
05 . . . 0a 0b 0c 0d # add 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX
# (The single periods are just to help the eye track long gaps between
# columns, and are otherwise ignored.)
# This program, when run, causes the following events in the trace:
+load: 0x00000001 -> 05
+load: 0x00000002 -> 0a
+load: 0x00000003 -> 0b
+load: 0x00000004 -> 0c
+load: 0x00000005 -> 0d
+run: add imm32 0x0d0c0b0a to reg EAX
+run: storing 0x0d0c0b0a
:(code)
// top-level helper for scenarios: parse the input, transform any macros, load
// the final hex bytes into memory, run it
void run(const string& text_bytes) {
program p;
istringstream in(text_bytes);
parse(in, p);
if (trace_contains_errors()) return; // if any stage raises errors, stop immediately
transform(p);
if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
load(p);
if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
while (EIP < End_of_program)
run_one_instruction();
}
//:: core data structures
:(before "End Types")
struct program {
vector<segment> segments;
// random ideas for other things we may eventually need
//map<name, address> globals;
//vector<recipe> recipes;
//map<string, type_info> types;
};
:(before "struct program")
struct segment {
uint32_t start;
vector<line> lines;
// End segment Fields
segment() {
start = 0;
// End segment Constructor
}
};
:(before "struct segment")
struct line {
vector<word> words;
vector<string> metadata;
string original;
};
:(before "struct line")
struct word {
string original;
string data;
vector<string> metadata;
};
//:: parse
:(code)
void parse(istream& fin, program& out) {
vector<line> l;
trace(99, "parse") << "begin" << end();
while (has_data(fin)) {
string line_data;
line curr;
getline(fin, line_data);
curr.original = line_data;
trace(99, "parse") << "line: " << line_data << end();
// End Line Parsing Special-cases(line_data -> l)
istringstream lin(line_data);
while (has_data(lin)) {
string word_data;
lin >> word_data;
if (word_data.empty()) continue;
if (word_data[0] == '#') break; // comment
if (word_data == ".") continue; // comment token
if (word_data == "==") {
flush(out, l);
string segment_title;
lin >> segment_title;
if (starts_with(segment_title, "0x")) {
segment s;
s.start = parse_int(segment_title);
sanity_check_program_segment(out, s.start);
if (trace_contains_errors()) continue;
trace(99, "parse") << "new segment from 0x" << HEXWORD << s.start << end();
out.segments.push_back(s);
}
// End Segment Parsing Special-cases(segment_title)
// todo: segment segment metadata
break; // skip rest of line
}
if (word_data[0] == ':') {
// todo: line metadata
break;
}
curr.words.push_back(word());
parse_word(word_data, curr.words.back());
trace(99, "parse") << "word: " << to_string(curr.words.back());
}
if (!curr.words.empty())
l.push_back(curr);
}
flush(out, l);
trace(99, "parse") << "done" << end();
}
void flush(program& p, vector<line>& lines) {
if (lines.empty()) return;
if (p.segments.empty()) {
raise << "input does not start with a '==' section header\n" << end();
return;
}
// End flush(p, lines) Special-cases
trace(99, "parse") << "flushing to segment" << end();
p.segments.back().lines.swap(lines);
}
void parse_word(const string& data, word& out) {
out.original = data;
istringstream win(data);
if (getline(win, out.data, '/')) {
string m;
while (getline(win, m, '/'))
out.metadata.push_back(m);
}
}
void sanity_check_program_segment(const program& p, uint32_t addr) {
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE(p.segments); ++i) {
if (p.segments.at(i).start == addr)
raise << "can't have multiple segments starting at address 0x" << HEXWORD << addr << '\n' << end();
}
}
// helper for tests
void parse(const string& text_bytes) {
program p;
istringstream in(text_bytes);
parse(in, p);
}
:(scenarios parse)
:(scenario detect_duplicate_segments)
% Hide_errors = true;
== 0xee
ab
== 0xee
cd
+error: can't have multiple segments starting at address 0x000000ee
//:: transform
:(before "End Types")
typedef void (*transform_fn)(program&);
:(before "End Globals")
vector<transform_fn> Transform;
void transform(program& p) {
trace(99, "transform") << "begin" << end();
for (int t = 0; t < SIZE(Transform); ++t)
(*Transform.at(t))(p);
trace(99, "transform") << "done" << end();
}
//:: load
void load(const program& p) {
trace(99, "load") << "begin" << end();
if (p.segments.empty()) {
raise << "no code to run\n" << end();
return;
}
// Ensure segments are disjoint.
set<uint32_t> overlap;
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE(p.segments); ++i) {
const segment& seg = p.segments.at(i);
uint32_t addr = seg.start;
if (!already_allocated(addr))
Mem.push_back(vma(seg.start));
trace(99, "load") << "loading segment " << i << " from " << HEXWORD << addr << end();
for (int j = 0; j < SIZE(seg.lines); ++j) {
const line& l = seg.lines.at(j);
for (int k = 0; k < SIZE(l.words); ++k) {
const word& w = l.words.at(k);
uint8_t val = hex_byte(w.data);
if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
assert(overlap.find(addr) == overlap.end());
write_mem_u8(addr, val);
overlap.insert(addr);
trace(99, "load") << "0x" << HEXWORD << addr << " -> " << HEXBYTE << NUM(read_mem_u8(addr)) << end();
++addr;
}
}
if (i == 0) End_of_program = addr;
}
EIP = p.segments.at(0).start;
trace(99, "load") << "done" << end();
}
uint8_t hex_byte(const string& s) {
istringstream in(s);
int result = 0;
in >> std::hex >> result;
if (!in || !in.eof()) {
raise << "token '" << s << "' is not a hex byte\n" << end();
return '\0';
}
if (result > 0xff || result < -0x8f) {
raise << "token '" << s << "' is not a hex byte\n" << end();
return '\0';
}
return static_cast<uint8_t>(result);
}
:(scenarios parse_and_load)
:(scenario number_too_large)
% Hide_errors = true;
== 0x1
05 cab
+error: token 'cab' is not a hex byte
:(scenario invalid_hex)
% Hide_errors = true;
== 0x1
05 cx
+error: token 'cx' is not a hex byte
:(scenario negative_number)
== 0x1
05 -12
$error: 0
:(scenario negative_number_too_small)
% Hide_errors = true;
== 0x1
05 -12345
+error: token '-12345' is not a hex byte
:(scenario hex_prefix)
== 0x1
0x05 -0x12
$error: 0
//: helper for tests
:(code)
void parse_and_load(const string& text_bytes) {
program p;
istringstream in(text_bytes);
parse(in, p);
if (trace_contains_errors()) return; // if any stage raises errors, stop immediately
load(p);
}
//:: run
:(before "End Initialize Op Names")
put_new(Name, "05", "add imm32 to EAX (add)");
//: our first opcode
:(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
case 0x05: { // add imm32 to EAX
int32_t arg2 = next32();
trace(90, "run") << "add imm32 0x" << HEXWORD << arg2 << " to reg EAX" << end();
BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(+, Reg[EAX].i, arg2);
break;
}
:(code)
// read a 32-bit int in little-endian order from the instruction stream
int32_t next32() {
int32_t result = next();
result |= (next()<<8);
result |= (next()<<16);
result |= (next()<<24);
return result;
}
//:: helpers
:(code)
string to_string(const word& w) {
ostringstream out;
out << w.data;
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE(w.metadata); ++i)
out << " /" << w.metadata.at(i);
return out.str();
}
int32_t parse_int(const string& s) {
if (s.empty()) return 0;
istringstream in(s);
in >> std::hex;
if (s.at(0) == '-') {
int32_t result = 0;
in >> result;
if (!in || !in.eof()) {
raise << "not a number: " << s << '\n' << end();
return 0;
}
return result;
}
uint32_t uresult = 0;
in >> uresult;
if (!in || !in.eof()) {
raise << "not a number: " << s << '\n' << end();
return 0;
}
return static_cast<int32_t>(uresult);
}
:(before "End Unit Tests")
void test_parse_int() {
CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0"));
CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0x0"));
CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0x0"));
CHECK_EQ(16, parse_int("10")); // hex always
CHECK_EQ(-1, parse_int("-1"));
CHECK_EQ(-1, parse_int("0xffffffff"));
}