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# Port of https://github.com/akkartik/crenshaw/blob/master/tutor2.1.pas
# which corresponds to the section "single digits" in https://compilers.iecc.com/crenshaw/tutor2.txt
# except that we support hex digits.
#
# To run:
# $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux [01]*.subx apps/crenshaw2-1.subx -o apps/crenshaw2-1
# $ echo '3' |./bootstrap run apps/crenshaw2-1
# Expected output:
# # syscall(exit, 3)
# bb/copy-to-ebx 3/imm32
# b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
# cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
#
# To run the generated output:
# $ echo '3' |./bootstrap run apps/crenshaw2-1 > z1.subx
# $ ./bootstrap translate init.linux z1.subx -o z1
# $ ./bootstrap run z1
# $ echo $?
# 3
#
# Stdin must contain just a single hex digit. Other input will print an error:
# $ echo 'xyz' |./bootstrap run apps/crenshaw2-1
# Error: integer expected
#
# Names in this file sometimes follow Crenshaw's original rather than my usual
# naming conventions.
== code
# instruction effective address register displacement immediate
# . op subop mod rm32 base index scale r32
# . 1-3 bytes 3 bits 2 bits 3 bits 3 bits 3 bits 2 bits 2 bits 0/1/2/4 bytes 0/1/2/4 bytes
Entry: # run tests if necessary, call 'compile' if not
# . prologue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# initialize heap
# . Heap = new-segment(Heap-size)
# . . push args
68/push Heap/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Heap-size/disp32 # push *Heap-size
# . . call
e8/call new-segment/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# - if argc > 1 and argv[1] == "test", then return run_tests()
# if (argc <= 1) goto run-main
81 7/subop/compare 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0/disp8 1/imm32 # compare *ebp
7e/jump-if-<= $run-main/disp8
# if (!kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")) goto run-main
# . eax = kernel-string-equal?(argv[1], "test")
# . . push args
68/push "test"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call kernel-string-equal?/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . if (eax == false) goto run-main
3d/compare-eax-and 0/imm32/false
74/jump-if-= $run-main/disp8
# run-tests()
e8/call run-tests/disp32
# syscall(exit, *Num-test-failures)
8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . 3/r32/ebx Num-test-failures/disp32 # copy *Num-test-failures to ebx
eb/jump $main:end/disp8
$run-main:
# - otherwise read a program from stdin and emit its translation to stdout
# . compile(Stdin, 1/stdout, 2/stderr, ed)
# . . push args
68/push 0/imm32/exit-descriptor
68/push 2/imm32/stderr
68/push 1/imm32/stdout
68/push Stdin/imm32
# . . call
e8/call compile/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0x10/imm32 # add to esp
# syscall(exit, 0)
bb/copy-to-ebx 0/imm32
$main:end:
e8/call syscall_exit/disp32
# the main entry point
compile: # in: (addr buffered-file), out: fd or (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# . save registers
50/push-eax
51/push-ecx
# prime the pump
# . Look = get-char(in)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call get-char/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# var num/ecx: (stream byte 7)
# Numbers can be 32 bits or 8 hex bytes long. One of them will be in 'Look', so we need space for 7 bytes.
# Sizing the stream just right buys us overflow-handling for free inside 'get-num'.
# Add 12 bytes for 'read', 'write' and 'size' fields, for a total of 19 bytes, or 0x13 in hex.
# The stack pointer is no longer aligned, so dump_stack() can be misleading past this point.
81 5/subop/subtract 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0x13/imm32 # subtract from esp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ecx
# initialize the stream
# . num->size = 7
c7 0/subop/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ecx . . . . 8/disp8 7/imm32 # copy to *(ecx+8)
# . clear-stream(num)
# . . push args
51/push-ecx
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# read a digit from 'in' into 'num'
# . get-num(in, num, err, ed)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x14/disp8 . # push *(ebp+20)
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x10/disp8 . # push *(ebp+16)
51/push-ecx/num
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call get-num/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0x10/imm32 # add to esp
# render 'num' into the following template on 'out':
# bb/copy-to-ebx _num_
# b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
# cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
#
# . write(out, "bb/copy-to-ebx ")
# . . push args
68/push "bb/copy-to-ebx "/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . write-stream(out, num)
# . . push args
51/push-ecx/num
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . write(out, Newline)
# . . push args
68/push Newline/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . write(out, "b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit\n")
# . . push args
68/push "b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit\n"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . write(out, "cd/syscall 0x80/imm8\n")
# . . push args
68/push "cd/syscall 0x80/imm8\n"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
$compile:end:
# . restore registers
59/pop-to-ecx
58/pop-to-eax
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
# Read a single digit into 'out'. Abort if there are none, or if there is no
# space in 'out'.
# Input comes from the global variable 'Look' (first byte) and the argument
# 'in' (rest). We leave the next byte from 'in' into 'Look' on exit.
get-num: # in: (addr buffered-file), out: (addr stream byte), err: fd or (addr stream byte), ed: (addr exit-descriptor)
# pseudocode:
# if (!is-digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
# if out->write >= out->size
# write(err, "Error: too many digits in number\n")
# stop(ed, 1)
# out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
# ++out->write
# Look = get-char(in)
#
# registers:
# in: esi
# out: edi
# out->write: ecx (cached copy; need to keep in sync)
# out->size: edx
# temporaries: eax, ebx
# We can't allocate Look to a register because it gets written implicitly in
# get-char in each iteration of the loop. (Thereby demonstrating that it's
# not the right interface for us. But we'll keep it just to follow Crenshaw.)
#
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# - if (is-digit?(Look)) expected(ed, err, "integer")
# . eax = is-digit?(Look)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Look/disp32 . # push *Look
# . . call
e8/call is-digit?/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . if (eax == false)
3d/compare-eax-and 0/imm32/false
75/jump-if-!= $get-num:main/disp8
# . expected(ed, err, "integer")
# . . push args
68/push "integer"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x10/disp8 . # push *(ebp+16)
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x14/disp8 . # push *(ebp+20)
# . . call
e8/call expected/disp32 # never returns
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
$get-num:main:
# - otherwise read a digit
# . save registers
50/push-eax
51/push-ecx
52/push-edx
53/push-ebx
56/push-esi
57/push-edi
# read necessary variables to registers
# esi = in
8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 6/r32/esi 8/disp8 . # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
# edi = out
8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 7/r32/edi 0xc/disp8 . # copy *(ebp+12) to edi
# ecx = out->write
8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 7/rm32/edi . . . 1/r32/ecx . . # copy *edi to ecx
# edx = out->size
8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 7/rm32/edi . . . 2/r32/edx 8/disp8 . # copy *(edi+8) to edx
$get-num:loop:
# if (out->write >= out->size) error
39/compare 3/mod/direct 2/rm32/edx . . . 1/r32/ecx . . # compare edx with ecx
7d/jump-if-< $get-num:stage2/disp8
# . error(ed, err, msg) # TODO: show full number
# . . push args
68/push "get-num: too many digits in number"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x10/disp8 . # push *(ebp+16)
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x14/disp8 . # push *(ebp+20)
# . . call
e8/call error/disp32 # never returns
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
$get-num:stage2:
# out->data[out->write] = LSB(Look)
8d/copy-address 1/mod/*+disp8 4/rm32/sib 7/base/edi 1/index/ecx . 3/r32/ebx 0xc/disp8 . # copy edi+ecx+12 to ebx
8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . 0/r32/eax Look/disp32 . # copy *Look to eax
88/copy-byte 0/mod/indirect 3/rm32/ebx . . . 0/r32/AL . . # copy byte at AL to *ebx
# ++out->write
41/increment-ecx
# Look = get-char(in)
# . . push args
56/push-esi
# . . call
e8/call get-char/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
$get-num:loop-end:
# persist necessary variables from registers
89/copy 0/mod/indirect 7/rm32/edi . . . 1/r32/ecx . . # copy ecx to *edi
$get-num:end:
# . restore registers
5f/pop-to-edi
5e/pop-to-esi
5b/pop-to-ebx
5a/pop-to-edx
59/pop-to-ecx
58/pop-to-eax
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
test-get-num-reads-single-digit:
# - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
# This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# clear all streams
# . clear-stream(_test-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
# . . push args
68/push $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-output-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-error-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# initialize 'in'
# . write(_test-stream, "3")
# . . push args
68/push "3"/imm32
68/push _test-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
# . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
81 5/subop/subtract 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # subtract from esp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to eax
# . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
# . . push args
68/push 0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
50/push-eax/ed
# . . call
e8/call tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# prime the pump
# . get-char(_test-buffered-file)
# . . push args
68/push _test-buffered-file/imm32
# . . call
e8/call get-char/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# get-num(in, out, err, ed)
# . . push args
50/push-eax/ed
68/push _test-error-stream/imm32
68/push _test-output-stream/imm32
68/push _test-buffered-file/imm32
# . . call
e8/call get-num/disp32
# registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0x10/imm32 # add to esp
# check-ints-equal(*_test-output-stream->data, '3', msg)
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-get-num-reads-single-digit"/imm32
68/push 0x33/imm32
b8/copy-to-eax _test-output-stream/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 0/rm32/eax . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(eax+12)
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# . reclaim locals
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look:
# - check that get-num returns first character if it's a digit
# This test uses exit-descriptors. Use ebp for setting up local variables.
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# clear all streams
# . clear-stream(_test-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream($_test-buffered-file->buffer)
# . . push args
68/push $_test-buffered-file->buffer/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream(_test-output-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-output-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# . clear-stream(_test-error-stream)
# . . push args
68/push _test-error-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call clear-stream/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# initialize 'in'
# . write(_test-stream, "3")
# . . push args
68/push "3"/imm32
68/push _test-stream/imm32
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# initialize exit-descriptor 'ed' for the call to 'get-num' below
# . var ed/eax: exit-descriptor
81 5/subop/subtract 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # subtract from esp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to eax
# . tailor-exit-descriptor(ed, 16)
# . . push args
68/push 0x10/imm32/nbytes-of-args-for-get-num
50/push-eax/ed
# . . call
e8/call tailor-exit-descriptor/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# *don't* prime the pump
# get-num(in, out, err, ed)
# . . push args
50/push-eax/ed
68/push _test-error-stream/imm32
68/push _test-output-stream/imm32
68/push _test-buffered-file/imm32
# . . call
e8/call get-num/disp32
# registers except esp may be clobbered at this point
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0x10/imm32 # add to esp
# check that get-num tried to call exit(1)
# . check-ints-equal(ed->value, 2, msg) # i.e. stop was called with value 1
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-get-num-aborts-on-non-digit-in-Look"/imm32
68/push 2/imm32
# . . push ed->value
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 0/rm32/eax . . . . 4/disp8 . # push *(eax+4)
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# . reclaim locals
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
## helpers
# write(f, "Error: "+s+" expected\n") then stop(ed, 1)
expected: # ed: (addr exit-descriptor), f: fd or (addr stream byte), s: (addr array byte)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# write(f, "Error: ")
# . . push args
68/push "Error: "/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# write(f, s)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0x10/disp8 . # push *(ebp+16)
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# write(f, " expected\n")
# . . push args
68/push " expected\n"/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
# . . call
e8/call write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# stop(ed, 1)
# . . push args
68/push 1/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call stop/disp32
# should never get past this point
$expected:dead-end:
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
# read a byte from 'f', and save it in 'Look'
get-char: # f: (addr buffered-file)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# . save registers
50/push-eax
# eax = read-byte-buffered(f)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call read-byte-buffered/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to esp
# save eax to Look
89/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . 0/r32/eax Look/disp32 . # copy eax to *Look
$get-char:end:
# . restore registers
58/pop-to-eax
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
is-digit?: # c: int -> eax: boolean
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# eax = false
b8/copy-to-eax 0/imm32
# if (c < '0') return false
81 7/subop/compare 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 0x30/imm32 # compare *(ebp+8)
7c/jump-if-< $is-digit?:end/disp8
# if (c > '9') return false
81 7/subop/compare 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 0x39/imm32 # compare *(ebp+8)
7f/jump-if-> $is-digit?:end/disp8
# otherwise return true
b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32
$is-digit?:end:
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
== data
Look: # (char with some extra padding)
0/imm32
# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0
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