counters.mu


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# example program: maintain multiple counters with isolated lexical scopes
# (spaces)

recipe new-counter n:number -> default-space:address:array:location [
  default-space <- new location:type, 30
  load-ingredients
]

recipe increment-counter outer:address:array:location/names:new-counter, x:number -> n:number/space:1 [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  0:address:array:location/names:new-counter <- copy outer  # setup outer space; it *must* come from 'new-counter'
  n/space:1 <- add n/space:1, x
]

recipe main [
  local-scope
  # counter A
  a:address:array:location <- new-counter 34
  # counter B
  b:address:array:location <- new-counter 23
  # increment both by 2 but in different ways
  increment-counter a, 1
  b-value:number <- increment-counter b, 2
  a-value:number <- increment-counter a, 1
  # check results
  $print [Contents of counters
]
  # trailing space in next line is to help with syntax highlighting
  $print [a: ], a-value, [ b: ], b-value, [ 
]
]
//: Structured programming
//:
//: Our jump recipes are quite inconvenient to use, so Mu provides a
//: lightweight tool called 'transform_braces' to work in a slightly more
//: convenient format with nested braces:
//:
//:   {
//:     some instructions
//:     {
//:       more instructions
//:     }
//:   }
//:
//: Braces are just labels, they require no special parsing. The pseudo
//: instructions 'loop' and 'break' jump to just after the enclosing '{' and
//: '}' respectively.
//:
//: Conditional and unconditional 'loop' and 'break' should give us 80% of the
//: benefits of the control-flow primitives we're used to in other languages,
//: like 'if', 'while', 'for', etc.

void test_brace_conversion() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "    1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: jump 1:offset\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Instruction Modifying Transforms")
Transform.push_back(transform_braces);  // idempotent

:(code)
void transform_braces(const recipe_ordinal r) {
  const bool OPEN = false, CLOSE = true;
  // use signed integer for step index because we'll be doing arithmetic on it
  list<pair<bool/*OPEN/CLOSE*/, /*step*/int> > braces;
  trace(101, "transform") << "--- transform braces for recipe " << get(Recipe, r).name << end();
  for (int index = 0;  index < SIZE(get(Recipe, r).steps);  ++index) {
    const instruction& inst = get(Recipe, r).steps.at(index);
    if (inst.label == "{") {
      trace(103, "transform") << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "push (open, " << index << ")" << end();
      braces.push_back(pair<bool,int>(OPEN, index));
    }
    if (inst.label == "}") {
      trace(103, "transform") << "push (close, " << index << ")" << end();
      braces.push_back(pair<bool,int>(CLOSE, index));
    }
  }
  stack</*step*/int> open_braces;
  for (int index = 0;  index < SIZE(get(Recipe, r).steps);  ++index) {
    instruction& inst = get(Recipe, r).steps.at(index);
    if (inst.label == "{") {
      open_braces.push(index);
      continue;
    }
    if (inst.label == "}") {
      if (open_braces.empty()) {
        raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "unbalanced '}'\n" << end();
        return;
      }
      open_braces.pop();
      continue;
    }
    if (inst.is_label) continue;
    if (inst.name != "loop"
         && inst.name != "loop-if"
         && inst.name != "loop-unless"
         && inst.name != "break"
         && inst.name != "break-if"
         && inst.name != "break-unless") {
      trace(102, "transform") << inst.name << " ..." << end();
      continue;
    }
    // check for errors
    if (inst.name.find("-if") != string::npos || inst.name.find("-unless") != string::npos) {
      if (inst.ingredients.empty()) {
        raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'" << inst.name << "' expects 1 or 2 ingredients, but got none\n" << end();
        continue;
      }
    }
    // update instruction operation
    string old_name = inst.name;  // save a copy
    if (inst.name.find("-if") != string::npos) {
      inst.name = "jump-if";
      inst.operation = JUMP_IF;
    }
    else if (inst.name.find("-unless") != string::npos) {
      inst.name = "jump-unless";
      inst.operation = JUMP_UNLESS;
    }
    else {
      inst.name = "jump";
      inst.operation = JUMP;
    }
    // check for explicitly provided targets
    if (inst.name.find("-if") != string::npos || inst.name.find("-unless") != string::npos) {
      // conditional branches check arg 1
      if (SIZE(inst.ingredients) > 1 && is_literal(inst.ingredients.at(1))) {
        trace(102, "transform") << inst.name << ' ' << inst.ingredients.at(1).name << ":offset" << end();
        continue;
      }
    }
    else {
      // unconditional branches check arg 0
      if (!inst.ingredients.empty() && is_literal(inst.ingredients.at(0))) {
        trace(102, "transform") << "jump " << inst.ingredients.at(0).name << ":offset" << end();
        continue;
      }
    }
    // if implicit, compute target
    reagent target(new type_tree("offset"));
    target.set_value(0);
    if (open_braces.empty())
      raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'" << old_name << "' needs a '{' before\n" << end();
    else if (old_name.find("loop") != string::npos)
      target.set_value(open_braces.top()-index);
    else  // break instruction
      target.set_value(matching_brace(open_braces.top(), braces, r) - index - 1);
    inst.ingredients.push_back(target);
    // log computed target
    if (inst.name == "jump")
      trace(102, "transform") << "jump " << no_scientific(target.value) << ":offset" << end();
    else
      trace(102, "transform") << inst.name << ' ' << inst.ingredients.at(0).name << ", " << no_scientific(target.value) << ":offset" << end();
  }
}

// returns a signed integer not just so that we can return -1 but also to
// enable future signed arithmetic
int matching_brace(int index, const list<pair<bool, int> >& braces, recipe_ordinal r) {
  int stacksize = 0;
  for (list<pair<bool, int> >::const_iterator p = braces.begin();  p != braces.end();  ++p) {
    if (p->second < index) continue;
    stacksize += (p->first ? 1 : -1);
    if (stacksize == 0) return p->second;
  }
  raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "unbalanced '{'\n" << end();
  return SIZE(get(Recipe, r).steps);  // exit current routine
}

void test_loop() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    loop\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump -2:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_empty_block() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump 0:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_cascading() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "  }\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump 0:offset\n"
      "transform: jump 0:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_cascading_2() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "    3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump 1:offset\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump 0:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_if() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break-if 2:num\n"
      "    3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump-if 2, 1:offset\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump 0:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_nested() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    break\n"
      "    {\n"
      "      3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    }\n"
      "    4:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: jump 4:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_nested_degenerate() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    break\n"
      "    {\n"
      "    }\n"
      "    4:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: jump 3:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_nested_degenerate_2() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    break\n"
      "    {\n"
      "    }\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: jump 2:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_label() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break +foo:offset\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: jump +foo:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_break_unless() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break-unless 2:num\n"
      "    3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump-unless 2, 1:offset\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
  );
}

void test_loop_unless() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    loop-unless 2:num\n"
      "    3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: jump-unless 2, -1:offset\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
  );
}

void test_loop_nested() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    {\n"
      "      3:num <- copy 0\n"
      "    }\n"
      "    loop-if 4:bool\n"
      "    5:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: jump-if 4, -5:offset\n"
  );
}

void test_loop_label() {
  transform(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  +foo\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 0\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "transform: --- transform braces for recipe main\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
      "transform: copy ...\n"
  );
}

//: test how things actually run
void test_brace_conversion_and_run() {
  run(
      "def test-factorial [\n"
      "  1:num <- copy 5\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 1\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    3:bool <- equal 1:num, 1\n"
      "    break-if 3:bool\n"
      "    2:num <- multiply 2:num, 1:num\n"
      "    1:num <- subtract 1:num, 1\n"
      "    loop\n"
      "  }\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 2:num\n"  // trigger a read
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: location 2 is 120\n"
  );
}

void test_break_outside_braces_fails() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  break\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: 'break' needs a '{' before\n"
  );
}

void test_break_conditional_without_ingredient_fails() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  {\n"
      "    break-if\n"
      "  }\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: 'break-if' expects 1 or 2 ingredients, but got none\n"
  );
}

//: Using break we can now implement conditional returns.

void test_return_if() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- test1\n"
      "]\n"
      "def test1 [\n"
      "  return-if 0, 34\n"
      "  return 35\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 35 in location 1\n"
  );
}

void test_return_if_2() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:num <- test1\n"
      "]\n"
      "def test1 [\n"
      "  return-if 1, 34\n"
      "  return 35\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 34 in location 1\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Rewrite Instruction(curr, recipe result)")
// rewrite 'return-if a, b, c, ...' to
//   ```
//   {
//     break-unless a
//     return b, c, ...
//   }
//   ```
if (curr.name == "return-if" || curr.name == "reply-if") {
  if (curr.products.empty()) {
    emit_return_block(result, "break-unless", curr);
    curr.clear();
  }
  else {
    raise << "'" << curr.name << "' never yields any products\n" << end();
  }
}
// rewrite 'return-unless a, b, c, ...' to
//   ```
//   {
//     break-if a
//     return b, c, ...
//   }
//   ```
if (curr.name == "return-unless" || curr.name == "reply-unless") {
  if (curr.products.empty()) {
    emit_return_block(result, "break-if", curr);
    curr.clear();
  }
  else {
    raise << "'" << curr.name << "' never yields any products\n" << end();
  }
}

:(code)
void emit_return_block(recipe& out, const string& break_command, const instruction& inst) {
  const vector<reagent>& ingredients = inst.ingredients;
  reagent/*copy*/ condition = ingredients.at(0);
  vector<reagent> return_ingredients;
  copy(++ingredients.begin(), ingredients.end(), inserter(return_ingredients, return_ingredients.end()));

  // {
  instruction open_label;  open_label.is_label=true;  open_label.label = "{";
  out.steps.push_back(open_label);

  // <break command> <condition>
  instruction break_inst;
  break_inst.operation = get(Recipe_ordinal, break_command);
  break_inst.name = break_command;
  break_inst.ingredients.push_back(condition);
  out.steps.push_back(break_inst);

  // return <return ingredients>
  instruction return_inst;
  return_inst.operation = get(Recipe_ordinal, "return");
  return_inst.name = "return";
  return_inst.ingredients.swap(return_ingredients);
  return_inst.original_string = inst.original_string;
  out.steps.push_back(return_inst);

  // }
  instruction close_label;  close_label.is_label=true;  close_label.label = "}";
  out.steps.push_back(close_label);
}

//: Make sure these pseudo recipes get consistent numbers in all tests, even
//: though they aren't implemented. Allows greater flexibility in ordering
//: transforms.

:(before "End Primitive Recipe Declarations")
BREAK,
BREAK_IF,
BREAK_UNLESS,
LOOP,
LOOP_IF,
LOOP_UNLESS,
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Numbers")
put(Recipe_ordinal, "break", BREAK);
put(Recipe_ordinal, "break-if", BREAK_IF);
put(Recipe_ordinal, "break-unless", BREAK_UNLESS);
put(Recipe_ordinal, "loop", LOOP);
put(Recipe_ordinal, "loop-if", LOOP_IF);
put(Recipe_ordinal, "loop-unless", LOOP_UNLESS);
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Checks")
case BREAK: break;
case BREAK_IF: break;
case BREAK_UNLESS: break;
case LOOP: break;
case LOOP_IF: break;
case LOOP_UNLESS: break;