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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<title>Mu - 075duplex_list.mu</title>
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.muControl { color: #c0a020; }
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<pre>
<span class="Comment"># A doubly linked list permits bidirectional traversal.</span>

<span class="muData">container</span> duplex-list:_elem [
  value:_elem
  next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem
  prev:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem
]

<span class="Comment"># should I say in/contained-in:result, allow ingredients to refer to products?</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> push x:_elem, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Delimiter">{</span>(duplex-list _elem): type<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  val:address:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *result, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
  *val<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy x
  next:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *result, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *next<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy in
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> in
    prev:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *in, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
    *prev<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy result
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> result  <span class="Comment"># needed explicitly because we need to replace 'in' with 'result'</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> first in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> in, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *in, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> next in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> in, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *in, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> prev in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> in, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *in, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> result
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> duplex-list-handling [
  run [
    <span class="Comment"># reserve locations 0, 1 and 2 to check for missing null check</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">34</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">35</span>
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">10</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">11</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">12</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">13</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">14</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no modifications to null pointers</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">34</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">35</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># null</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># first of null</span>
    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># next of null</span>
    <span class="Constant">11</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># prev of null</span>
    <span class="Constant">12</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># then start scanning prev</span>
    <span class="Constant">13</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>
    <span class="Constant">14</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># insert 'x' after 'in'</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> insert x:_elem, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  new-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>new <span class="Delimiter">{</span>(duplex-list _elem): type<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  val:address:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *new-node, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
  *val<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy x
  next-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *in, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  <span class="Comment"># in.next = new-node</span>
  y:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *in, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy new-node
  <span class="Comment"># new-node.prev = in</span>
  y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *new-node, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy in
  <span class="Comment"># new-node.next = next-node</span>
  y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *new-node, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy next-node
  <span class="Comment"># if next-node is not null</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> next-node
  <span class="Comment"># next-node.prev = new-node</span>
  y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *next-node, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *y<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy new-node
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> inserting-into-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character  <span class="Comment"># 2 points inside list</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>insert <span class="Constant">6</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">6</span>  <span class="Comment"># inserted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">6</span>  <span class="Comment"># then prev</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>
    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> inserting-at-end-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character  <span class="Comment"># 2 points inside list</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character  <span class="Comment"># now at end of list</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>insert <span class="Constant">6</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">6</span>  <span class="Comment"># inserted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>  <span class="Comment"># then prev</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>
    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> inserting-after-start-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>insert <span class="Constant">6</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">10</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">6</span>  <span class="Comment"># inserted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># then prev</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">6</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>
    <span class="Constant">10</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># remove 'x' from its surrounding list 'in'</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Comment"># Returns null if and only if list is empty. Beware: in that case any other</span>
<span class="Comment"># pointers to the head are now invalid.</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> remove x:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># if 'x' is null, return</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> x
  next-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *x, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  prev-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *x, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  <span class="Comment"># null x's pointers</span>
  tmp:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *x, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *x, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Comment"># if next-node is not null, set its prev pointer</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> next-node
    tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *next-node, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
    *tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy prev-node
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># if prev-node is not null, set its next pointer and return</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> prev-node
    tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *prev-node, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
    *tmp<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy next-node
    <span class="muControl">return</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># if prev-node is null, then we removed the node at 'in'</span>
  <span class="Comment"># return the new head rather than the old 'in'</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> next-node
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> removing-from-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character  <span class="Comment"># 2 points at second element</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>remove <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># remove returned non-null</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next, skipping deleted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no more elements</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># prev of final element</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> removing-from-start-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>remove <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next, skipping deleted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">3</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no more elements</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># prev of final element</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> removing-from-end-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">4</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">5</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># delete last element</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>remove <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Comment"># check structure like before</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>prev <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>first <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># remove returned non-null</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># scanning next, skipping deleted element</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">4</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no more elements</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">5</span>  <span class="Comment"># prev of final element</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># list back at start</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> removing-from-singleton-list [
  run [
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">3</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>remove <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>  <span class="Comment"># back to an empty list</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># remove values between 'start' and 'end' (both exclusive)</span>
<span class="Comment"># also clear pointers back out from start/end for hygiene</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> remove-between start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, end:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:start<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> start
  <span class="Comment"># start-&gt;next-&gt;prev = 0</span>
  <span class="Comment"># start-&gt;next = end</span>
  next:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *start, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  nothing-to-delete?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal *next, end
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> nothing-to-delete?
  prev:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address **next, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *prev<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  *next<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy end
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> end
  <span class="Comment"># end-&gt;prev-&gt;next = 0</span>
  <span class="Comment"># end-&gt;prev = start</span>
  prev<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *end, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  next<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address **prev, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *next<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  *prev<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy start
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> remove-range [
  <span class="Comment"># construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">18</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">17</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">16</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">15</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">14</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">13</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    <span class="Comment"># delete 16 onwards</span>
    <span class="Comment"># first pointer: to the third element</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>remove-between <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">0</span>
    <span class="Comment"># now check the list</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">13</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">14</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">15</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> remove-range-to-end [
  <span class="Comment"># construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">18</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">17</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">16</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">15</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">14</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">13</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    <span class="Comment"># delete 15, 16 and 17</span>
    <span class="Comment"># first pointer: to the third element</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># second pointer: to the fifth element</span>
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    remove-between <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># now check the list</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">8</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">13</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">14</span>
    <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">18</span>
    <span class="Constant">9</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> remove-range-empty [
  <span class="Comment"># construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">14</span>, <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>push <span class="Constant">13</span>, <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    <span class="Comment"># delete 16 onwards</span>
    <span class="Comment"># first pointer: to the third element</span>
    <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    remove-between <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Comment"># now check the list</span>
    <span class="Constant">4</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    <span class="Constant">6</span>:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Constant">4</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">13</span>
    <span class="Constant">6</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">14</span>
    <span class="Constant">7</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Constant">0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># insert list beginning at 'new' after 'in'</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> insert-range in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> in
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> start
  end:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy start
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next end/insert-range
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> next
    end<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy next
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next in
  dest:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *end, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy next
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> next
    dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *next, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
    *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy end
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *in, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy start
  dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *start, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy in
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> append in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, new:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  last:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>last in
  dest:address:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *last, <span class="Constant">next:offset</span>
  *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy new
  <span class="muControl">return-unless</span> new
  dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get-address *new, <span class="Constant">prev:offset</span>
  *dest<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy last
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> last in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy in
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next result
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> next
    result<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy next
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="Comment"># helper for debugging</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> dump-from x:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  $print x, <span class="Constant">[: ]</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> x
    c:_elem<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>get *x, <span class="Constant">value:offset</span>
    $print c, <span class="Constant">[ ]</span>
    x<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next x
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      is-newline?:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>equal c, <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
      <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> is-newline?
      $print <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
      $print x, <span class="Constant">[: ]</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  $print <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>, <span class="Constant">[---]</span>, <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
]
</pre>
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