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<a href='https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/main/baremetal/boot.hex'>https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/main/baremetal/boot.hex</a>
<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span id="L1" class="LineNr"> 1 </span><span class="subxComment"># Code for the first few disk sectors that all programs in this directory need:</span>
<span id="L2" class="LineNr"> 2 </span><span class="subxComment"># - load sectors past the first (using BIOS primitives) since only the first is available by default</span>
<span id="L3" class="LineNr"> 3 </span><span class="subxComment"># - if this fails, print 'D' at top-left of screen and halt</span>
<span id="L4" class="LineNr"> 4 </span><span class="subxComment"># - initialize a minimal graphics mode</span>
<span id="L5" class="LineNr"> 5 </span><span class="subxComment"># - switch to 32-bit mode (giving up access to BIOS primitives)</span>
<span id="L6" class="LineNr"> 6 </span><span class="subxComment"># - set up a handler for keyboard events</span>
<span id="L7" class="LineNr"> 7 </span><span class="subxComment"># - jump to start of program</span>
<span id="L8" class="LineNr"> 8 </span><span class="subxComment">#</span>
<span id="L9" class="LineNr"> 9 </span><span class="subxComment"># To convert to a disk image, first prepare a realistically sized disk image:</span>
<span id="L10" class="LineNr"> 10 </span><span class="subxComment"># dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img count=20160 # 512-byte sectors, so 10MB</span>
<span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span><span class="subxComment"># Create initial sectors from this file:</span>
<span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span><span class="subxComment"># ./bootstrap run apps/hex < baremetal/boot.hex > boot.bin</span>
<span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span><span class="subxComment"># Translate other sectors into a file called a.img</span>
<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span><span class="subxComment"># Load all sectors into the disk image:</span>
<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span><span class="subxComment"># cat boot.bin a.img > disk.bin</span>
<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span><span class="subxComment"># dd if=disk.bin of=disk.img conv=notrunc</span>
<span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span><span class="subxComment"># To run:</span>
<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span><span class="subxComment"># qemu-system-i386 disk.img</span>
<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span><span class="subxComment"># Or:</span>
<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span><span class="subxComment"># bochs -f baremetal/boot.bochsrc # boot.bochsrc loads disk.img</span>
<span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span><span class="subxComment">#</span>
<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span><span class="subxComment"># Since we start out in 16-bit mode, we need instructions SubX doesn't</span>
<span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span><span class="subxComment"># support.</span>
<span id="L24" class="LineNr"> 24 </span><span class="subxComment"># This file contains just lowercase hex bytes and comments. Zero</span>
<span id="L25" class="LineNr"> 25 </span><span class="subxComment"># error-checking. Make liberal use of:</span>
<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span><span class="subxComment"># - comments documenting expected offsets</span>
<span id="L27" class="LineNr"> 27 </span><span class="subxComment"># - size checks on the emitted file (currently: 5120 bytes)</span>
<span id="L28" class="LineNr"> 28 </span><span class="subxComment"># - xxd to eyeball that offsets contain expected bytes</span>
<span id="L29" class="LineNr"> 29 </span><span class="subxComment">#</span>
<span id="L30" class="LineNr"> 30 </span><span class="subxComment"># Programs using this initialization:</span>
<span id="L31" class="LineNr"> 31 </span><span class="subxComment"># - can't use any syscalls</span>
<span id="L32" class="LineNr"> 32 </span><span class="subxComment"># - can't print text to video memory (past these boot sectors)</span>
<span id="L33" class="LineNr"> 33 </span><span class="subxComment"># - must only print raw pixels (256 colors) to video memory (resolution 1024x768)</span>
<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span><span class="subxComment"># - must store their entry-point at address 0x9000</span>
<span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span>
<span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span><span class="subxComment">## 16-bit entry point</span>
<span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span>
<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span><span class="subxComment"># Upon reset, the IBM PC:</span>
<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="subxComment"># - loads the first sector (512 bytes)</span>
<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="subxComment"># from some bootable image (see the boot sector marker at the end of this file)</span>
<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span><span class="subxComment"># to the address range [0x7c00, 0x7e00)</span>
<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span><span class="subxComment"># - starts executing code at address 0x7c00</span>
<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span>
<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset 00 (address 0x7c00):</span>
<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span> <span class="subxComment"># disable interrupts for this initialization</span>
<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span> fa <span class="subxComment"># cli</span>
<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span>
<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span> <span class="subxComment"># initialize segment registers</span>
<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span> <span class="subxComment"># this isn't always needed, but the recommendation is to not make assumptions</span>
<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span> b8 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># ax <- 0</span>
<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span> 8e d8 <span class="subxComment"># ds <- ax</span>
<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span> 8e d0 <span class="subxComment"># ss <- ax</span>
<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span> 8e c0 <span class="subxComment"># es <- ax</span>
<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span> 8e e0 <span class="subxComment"># fs <- ax</span>
<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span> 8e e8 <span class="subxComment"># gs <- ax</span>
<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span>
<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span> <span class="subxComment"># We don't read or write the stack before we get to 32-bit mode. No function</span>
<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span> <span class="subxComment"># calls, so we don't need to initialize the stack.</span>
<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span>
<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="subxComment"># 0e:</span>
<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span> <span class="subxComment"># load some sectors from disk</span>
<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span> b4 02 <span class="subxComment"># ah <- 2 # read sectors from disk</span>
<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span> <span class="subxComment"># dl comes conveniently initialized at boot time with the index of the device being booted</span>
<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span> b5 00 <span class="subxComment"># ch <- 0 # cylinder 0</span>
<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span> b6 00 <span class="subxComment"># dh <- 0 # track 0</span>
<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span> b1 02 <span class="subxComment"># cl <- 2 # second sector, 1-based</span>
<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span> b0 80 <span class="subxComment"># al <- 128 # number of sectors to read; TODO - all sectors might need to be in a single track on real hardware (so 63 sectors at most including the boot sector)</span>
<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span> <span class="subxComment"># address to write sectors to = es:bx = 0x7e00, contiguous with boot segment</span>
<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span> bb 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># bx <- 0</span>
<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span> 8e c3 <span class="subxComment"># es <- bx</span>
<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span> bb 00 7e <span class="subxComment"># bx <- 0x7e00 [label]</span>
<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span> cd 13 <span class="subxComment"># int 13h, BIOS disk service</span>
<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span> 0f 82 8a 00 <span class="subxComment"># jump-if-carry disk-error [label]</span>
<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span>
<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span><span class="subxComment"># 26:</span>
<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span> <span class="subxComment"># undo the A20 hack: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A20_line">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A20_line</a></span>
<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span> <span class="subxComment"># this is from <a href="https://github.com/mit-pdos/xv6-public/blob/master/bootasm.S">https://github.com/mit-pdos/xv6-public/blob/master/bootasm.S</a></span>
<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span> <span class="subxComment"># seta20.1:</span>
<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span> e4 64 <span class="subxComment"># al <- port 0x64</span>
<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span> a8 02 <span class="subxComment"># set zf if bit 1 (second-least significant) is not set</span>
<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span> 75 fa <span class="subxComment"># if zf not set, goto seta20.1 (-6)</span>
<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>
<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span> b0 d1 <span class="subxComment"># al <- 0xd1</span>
<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span> e6 64 <span class="subxComment"># port 0x64 <- al</span>
<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span>
<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span><span class="subxComment"># 30:</span>
<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span> <span class="subxComment"># seta20.2:</span>
<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span> e4 64 <span class="subxComment"># al <- port 0x64</span>
<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span> a8 02 <span class="subxComment"># set zf if bit 1 (second-least significant) is not set</span>
<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span> 75 fa <span class="subxComment"># if zf not set, goto seta20.2 (-6)</span>
<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span>
<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span> b0 df <span class="subxComment"># al <- 0xdf</span>
<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span> e6 64 <span class="subxComment"># port 0x64 <- al</span>
<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span>
<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span><span class="subxComment"># 3a:</span>
<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span> <span class="subxComment"># adjust video mode</span>
<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span> b4 4f <span class="subxComment"># ah <- 4f (VBE)</span>
<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span> b0 02 <span class="subxComment"># al <- 02 (set video mode)</span>
<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span> bb 05 41 <span class="subxComment"># bx <- 0x0105 (graphics 1024x768x256</span>
<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span> <span class="subxComment"># 0x4000 bit = configure linear frame buffer in Bochs emulator; hopefully this doesn't hurt anything when running natively)</span>
<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span> <span class="subxComment"># fallback mode: 0x0101 (640x480x256)</span>
<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span> cd 10 <span class="subxComment"># int 10h, Vesa BIOS extensions</span>
<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>
<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span><span class="subxComment"># 43:</span>
<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span> <span class="subxComment"># load information for the (hopefully) current video mode</span>
<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span> <span class="subxComment"># mostly just for the address to the linear frame buffer</span>
<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span> b4 4f <span class="subxComment"># ah <- 4f (VBE)</span>
<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span> b0 01 <span class="subxComment"># al <- 01 (get video mode)</span>
<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span> b9 07 01 <span class="subxComment"># cx <- 0x0107 (mode we requested)</span>
<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span> bf 00 7f <span class="subxComment"># di <- 0x7f00 (video mode info) [label]</span>
<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span> cd 10
<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>
<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span><span class="subxComment"># 4f:</span>
<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span> <span class="subxComment"># switch to 32-bit mode</span>
<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span> 0f 01 16 <span class="subxComment"># lgdt 00/mod/indirect 010/subop 110/rm/use-disp16</span>
<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span> a0 7c <span class="subxComment"># *gdt_descriptor [label]</span>
<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span> 0f 20 c0 <span class="subxComment"># eax <- cr0</span>
<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span> 66 83 c8 01 <span class="subxComment"># eax <- or 0x1</span>
<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span> 0f 22 c0 <span class="subxComment"># cr0 <- eax</span>
<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span> ea e0 7c 08 00 <span class="subxComment"># far jump to initialize_32bit_mode after setting cs to the record at offset 8 in the gdt (gdt_code) [label]</span>
<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>
<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span><span class="subxComment"># 63:</span>
<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>
<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span><span class="subxComment">## GDT: 3 records of 8 bytes each</span>
<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>
<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span><span class="subxComment"># 80:</span>
<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_start:</span>
<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_null: mandatory null descriptor</span>
<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_code: (offset 8 from gdt_start)</span>
<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span> ff ff <span class="subxComment"># limit[0:16]</span>
<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span> 00 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># base[0:24]</span>
<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span> 9a <span class="subxComment"># 1/present 00/privilege 1/descriptor type = 1001b</span>
<span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span> <span class="subxComment"># 1/code 0/conforming 1/readable 0/accessed = 1010b</span>
<span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span> cf <span class="subxComment"># 1/granularity 1/32-bit 0/64-bit-segment 0/AVL = 1100b</span>
<span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span> <span class="subxComment"># limit[16:20] = 1111b</span>
<span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># base[24:32]</span>
<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_data: (offset 16 from gdt_start)</span>
<span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span> ff ff <span class="subxComment"># limit[0:16]</span>
<span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span> 00 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># base[0:24]</span>
<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span> 92 <span class="subxComment"># 1/present 00/privilege 1/descriptor type = 1001b</span>
<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span> <span class="subxComment"># 0/data 0/conforming 1/readable 0/accessed = 0010b</span>
<span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span> cf <span class="subxComment"># same as gdt_code</span>
<span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># base[24:32]</span>
<span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_end:</span>
<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>
<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span><span class="subxComment"># 98:</span>
<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>
<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span><span class="subxComment"># a0:</span>
<span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span><span class="subxComment"># gdt_descriptor:</span>
<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span> 17 00 <span class="subxComment"># final index of gdt = gdt_end - gdt_start - 1</span>
<span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span> 80 7c 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># start = gdt_start [label]</span>
<span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span>
<span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L160" class="LineNr">160 </span><span class="subxComment"># a5:</span>
<span id="L161" class="LineNr">161 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span>
<span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span><span class="subxComment"># b0:</span>
<span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span><span class="subxComment"># disk_error:</span>
<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span> <span class="subxComment"># print 'D' to top-left of screen to indicate disk error</span>
<span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span> <span class="subxComment"># *0xb8000 <- 0x0f44</span>
<span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span> <span class="subxComment"># bx <- 0xb800</span>
<span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span> bb 00 b8
<span id="L169" class="LineNr">169 </span> <span class="subxComment"># ds <- bx</span>
<span id="L170" class="LineNr">170 </span> 8e db <span class="subxComment"># 11b/mod 011b/reg/ds 011b/rm/bx</span>
<span id="L171" class="LineNr">171 </span> <span class="subxComment"># al <- 'D'</span>
<span id="L172" class="LineNr">172 </span> b0 44
<span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span> <span class="subxComment"># ah <- 0x0f # white on black</span>
<span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span> b4 0f
<span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span> <span class="subxComment"># bx <- 0</span>
<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span> bb 00 00
<span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span> <span class="subxComment"># *ds:bx <- ax</span>
<span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span> 89 07 <span class="subxComment"># 00b/mod/indirect 000b/reg/ax 111b/rm/bx</span>
<span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span>
<span id="L180" class="LineNr">180 </span>e9 fb ff <span class="subxComment"># loop forever</span>
<span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span>
<span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span><span class="subxComment"># c1:</span>
<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span>
<span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span><span class="subxComment">## 32-bit code from this point (still some instructions not in SubX)</span>
<span id="L188" class="LineNr">188 </span>
<span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span><span class="subxComment"># e0:</span>
<span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span><span class="subxComment"># initialize_32bit_mode:</span>
<span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span> 66 b8 10 00 <span class="subxComment"># ax <- offset 16 from gdt_start</span>
<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span> 8e d8 <span class="subxComment"># ds <- ax</span>
<span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span> 8e d0 <span class="subxComment"># ss <- ax</span>
<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span> 8e c0 <span class="subxComment"># es <- ax</span>
<span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span> 8e e0 <span class="subxComment"># fs <- ax</span>
<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span> 8e e8 <span class="subxComment"># gs <- ax</span>
<span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>
<span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span> <span class="subxComment"># load interrupt handlers</span>
<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span> 0f 01 1d <span class="subxComment"># lidt 00/mod/indirect 011/subop 101/rm32/use-disp32</span>
<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span> f8 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># *idt_descriptor [label]</span>
<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>
<span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span> <span class="subxComment"># For now, not bothering reprogramming the IRQ to not conflict with software</span>
<span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span> <span class="subxComment"># exceptions.</span>
<span id="L204" class="LineNr">204 </span> <span class="subxComment"># <a href="https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=8259_PIC&oldid=24650#Protected_Mode">https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=8259_PIC&oldid=24650#Protected_Mode</a></span>
<span id="L205" class="LineNr">205 </span> <span class="subxComment">#</span>
<span id="L206" class="LineNr">206 </span> <span class="subxComment"># Interrupt 1 (keyboard) conflicts with debugger faults. We don't use a</span>
<span id="L207" class="LineNr">207 </span> <span class="subxComment"># debugger.</span>
<span id="L208" class="LineNr">208 </span> <span class="subxComment"># Reference:</span>
<span id="L209" class="LineNr">209 </span> <span class="subxComment"># <a href="https://wiki.osdev.org/Exceptions">https://wiki.osdev.org/Exceptions</a></span>
<span id="L210" class="LineNr">210 </span>
<span id="L211" class="LineNr">211 </span> <span class="subxComment"># enable keyboard IRQ (1)</span>
<span id="L212" class="LineNr">212 </span> b0 fd <span class="subxComment"># al <- 0xfd # disable mask for IRQ1</span>
<span id="L213" class="LineNr">213 </span> e6 21 <span class="subxComment"># port 0x21 <- al</span>
<span id="L214" class="LineNr">214 </span>
<span id="L215" class="LineNr">215 </span> <span class="subxComment"># initialization is done; enable interrupts</span>
<span id="L216" class="LineNr">216 </span> fb
<span id="L217" class="LineNr">217 </span> e9 01 13 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># jump to 0x9000 [label]</span>
<span id="L218" class="LineNr">218 </span>
<span id="L219" class="LineNr">219 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L220" class="LineNr">220 </span><span class="subxComment"># ff:</span>
<span id="L221" class="LineNr">221 </span> 00
<span id="L222" class="LineNr">222 </span>
<span id="L223" class="LineNr">223 </span><span class="subxComment"># 100:</span>
<span id="L224" class="LineNr">224 </span><span class="subxComment"># null interrupt handler:</span>
<span id="L225" class="LineNr">225 </span> cf <span class="subxComment"># iret</span>
<span id="L226" class="LineNr">226 </span>
<span id="L227" class="LineNr">227 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L228" class="LineNr">228 </span><span class="subxComment"># 101:</span>
<span id="L229" class="LineNr">229 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L230" class="LineNr">230 </span>
<span id="L231" class="LineNr">231 </span><span class="subxComment"># 110:</span>
<span id="L232" class="LineNr">232 </span><span class="subxComment"># keyboard interrupt handler:</span>
<span id="L233" class="LineNr">233 </span> <span class="subxComment"># prologue</span>
<span id="L234" class="LineNr">234 </span> fa <span class="subxComment"># disable interrupts</span>
<span id="L235" class="LineNr">235 </span> 60 <span class="subxComment"># push all registers to stack</span>
<span id="L236" class="LineNr">236 </span> <span class="subxComment"># acknowledge interrupt</span>
<span id="L237" class="LineNr">237 </span> b0 20 <span class="subxComment"># al <- 0x20</span>
<span id="L238" class="LineNr">238 </span> e6 20 <span class="subxComment"># port 0x20 <- al</span>
<span id="L239" class="LineNr">239 </span> <span class="subxComment"># read status into eax</span>
<span id="L240" class="LineNr">240 </span> 31 c0 <span class="subxComment"># eax <- xor eax; 11/direct 000/r32/eax 000/rm32/eax</span>
<span id="L241" class="LineNr">241 </span> e4 64 <span class="subxComment"># al <- port 0x64</span>
<span id="L242" class="LineNr">242 </span> <span class="subxComment"># if (status & 0x1) == 0, return</span>
<span id="L243" class="LineNr">243 </span> 24 01 <span class="subxComment"># al <- and 0x1</span>
<span id="L244" class="LineNr">244 </span> 3c 00 <span class="subxComment"># compare al, 0</span>
<span id="L245" class="LineNr">245 </span> 74 39 <span class="subxComment"># jump to epilogue if = [label]</span>
<span id="L246" class="LineNr">246 </span><span class="subxComment"># 120:</span>
<span id="L247" class="LineNr">247 </span> <span class="subxComment"># if keyboard buffer is full, return</span>
<span id="L248" class="LineNr">248 </span> 31 c9 <span class="subxComment"># ecx <- xor ecx; 11/direct 001/r32/ecx 001/rm32/ecx</span>
<span id="L249" class="LineNr">249 </span> <span class="subxS1Comment"># . var index/ecx: byte</span>
<span id="L250" class="LineNr">250 </span> 8a <span class="subxComment"># copy m8 at r32 to r8</span>
<span id="L251" class="LineNr">251 </span> 0d <span class="subxComment"># 00/mod/indirect 001/r8/cl 101/rm32/use-disp32</span>
<span id="L252" class="LineNr">252 </span> c8 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L253" class="LineNr">253 </span> <span class="subxS1Comment"># . al = *(keyboard buffer + index)</span>
<span id="L254" class="LineNr">254 </span> 8a <span class="subxComment"># copy m8 at r32 to r8</span>
<span id="L255" class="LineNr">255 </span> 81 <span class="subxComment"># 10/mod/*+disp32 000/r8/al 001/rm32/ecx</span>
<span id="L256" class="LineNr">256 </span> d0 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L257" class="LineNr">257 </span> <span class="subxS1Comment"># . if (al != 0) return</span>
<span id="L258" class="LineNr">258 </span> 3c 00 <span class="subxComment"># compare al, 0</span>
<span id="L259" class="LineNr">259 </span><span class="subxComment"># 130:</span>
<span id="L260" class="LineNr">260 </span> 75 27 <span class="subxComment"># jump to epilogue if != [label]</span>
<span id="L261" class="LineNr">261 </span> <span class="subxComment"># read keycode into al</span>
<span id="L262" class="LineNr">262 </span> e4 60 <span class="subxComment"># al <- port 0x60</span>
<span id="L263" class="LineNr">263 </span> <span class="subxComment"># if (al & 0x80) a key is being lifted; return</span>
<span id="L264" class="LineNr">264 </span> 50 <span class="subxComment"># push eax</span>
<span id="L265" class="LineNr">265 </span> 24 80 <span class="subxComment"># al <- and 0x80</span>
<span id="L266" class="LineNr">266 </span> 3c 00 <span class="subxComment"># compare al, 0</span>
<span id="L267" class="LineNr">267 </span> 58 <span class="subxComment"># pop to eax (without touching flags)</span>
<span id="L268" class="LineNr">268 </span> 75 1d <span class="subxComment"># jump to epilogue if != [label]</span>
<span id="L269" class="LineNr">269 </span><span class="subxComment"># 13c:</span>
<span id="L270" class="LineNr">270 </span> <span class="subxComment"># al <- *(keyboard normal map + eax)</span>
<span id="L271" class="LineNr">271 </span> 8a <span class="subxComment"># copy m8 at rm32 to r8</span>
<span id="L272" class="LineNr">272 </span> 80 <span class="subxComment"># 10/mod/*+disp32 000/r8/al 000/rm32/eax</span>
<span id="L273" class="LineNr">273 </span> 00 80 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L274" class="LineNr">274 </span> <span class="subxComment"># if there's no character mapping, return</span>
<span id="L275" class="LineNr">275 </span> 3c 00 <span class="subxComment"># compare al, 0</span>
<span id="L276" class="LineNr">276 </span> 74 13 <span class="subxComment"># jump to epilogue if = [label]</span>
<span id="L277" class="LineNr">277 </span><span class="subxComment"># 146:</span>
<span id="L278" class="LineNr">278 </span> <span class="subxComment"># store al in keyboard buffer</span>
<span id="L279" class="LineNr">279 </span> 88 <span class="subxComment"># copy r8 to m8 at r32</span>
<span id="L280" class="LineNr">280 </span> 81 <span class="subxComment"># 10/mod/*+disp32 000/r8/al 001/rm32/ecx</span>
<span id="L281" class="LineNr">281 </span> d0 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L282" class="LineNr">282 </span><span class="subxComment"># 14c:</span>
<span id="L283" class="LineNr">283 </span> <span class="subxComment"># increment index</span>
<span id="L284" class="LineNr">284 </span> fe <span class="subxComment"># increment byte</span>
<span id="L285" class="LineNr">285 </span> 05 <span class="subxComment"># 00/mod/indirect 000/subop/increment 101/rm32/use-disp32</span>
<span id="L286" class="LineNr">286 </span> c8 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L287" class="LineNr">287 </span> <span class="subxComment"># clear top nibble of index (keyboard buffer is circular)</span>
<span id="L288" class="LineNr">288 </span> 80 <span class="subxComment"># and byte</span>
<span id="L289" class="LineNr">289 </span> 25 <span class="subxComment"># 00/mod/indirect 100/subop/and 101/rm32/use-disp32</span>
<span id="L290" class="LineNr">290 </span> c8 7d 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># disp32 [label]</span>
<span id="L291" class="LineNr">291 </span> 0f <span class="subxComment"># imm8</span>
<span id="L292" class="LineNr">292 </span><span class="subxComment"># 159:</span>
<span id="L293" class="LineNr">293 </span> <span class="subxComment"># epilogue</span>
<span id="L294" class="LineNr">294 </span> 61 <span class="subxComment"># pop all registers</span>
<span id="L295" class="LineNr">295 </span> fb <span class="subxComment"># enable interrupts</span>
<span id="L296" class="LineNr">296 </span> cf <span class="subxComment"># iret</span>
<span id="L297" class="LineNr">297 </span>
<span id="L298" class="LineNr">298 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L299" class="LineNr">299 </span><span class="subxComment"># 15c:</span>
<span id="L300" class="LineNr">300 </span> 00 00 00 00
<span id="L301" class="LineNr">301 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L302" class="LineNr">302 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L303" class="LineNr">303 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L304" class="LineNr">304 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L305" class="LineNr">305 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L306" class="LineNr">306 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L307" class="LineNr">307 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L308" class="LineNr">308 </span>
<span id="L309" class="LineNr">309 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1c8:</span>
<span id="L310" class="LineNr">310 </span><span class="subxComment"># var keyboard circular buffer</span>
<span id="L311" class="LineNr">311 </span><span class="subxComment"># write index: nibble</span>
<span id="L312" class="LineNr">312 </span><span class="subxComment"># still take up 4 bytes so SubX can handle it</span>
<span id="L313" class="LineNr">313 </span> 00 00 00 00
<span id="L314" class="LineNr">314 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1cc:</span>
<span id="L315" class="LineNr">315 </span><span class="subxComment"># read index: nibble</span>
<span id="L316" class="LineNr">316 </span><span class="subxComment"># still take up 4 bytes so SubX can handle it</span>
<span id="L317" class="LineNr">317 </span> 00 00 00 00
<span id="L318" class="LineNr">318 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1d0:</span>
<span id="L319" class="LineNr">319 </span><span class="subxComment"># circular buffer: byte[16]</span>
<span id="L320" class="LineNr">320 </span> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L321" class="LineNr">321 </span>
<span id="L322" class="LineNr">322 </span><span class="subxComment"># padding</span>
<span id="L323" class="LineNr">323 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1e0:</span>
<span id="L324" class="LineNr">324 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L325" class="LineNr">325 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L326" class="LineNr">326 </span>
<span id="L327" class="LineNr">327 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1f8:</span>
<span id="L328" class="LineNr">328 </span><span class="subxComment"># idt_descriptor:</span>
<span id="L329" class="LineNr">329 </span> ff 00 <span class="subxComment"># idt_end - idt_start - 1</span>
<span id="L330" class="LineNr">330 </span> 00 7e 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># start = idt_start [label]</span>
<span id="L331" class="LineNr">331 </span>
<span id="L332" class="LineNr">332 </span><span class="subxComment"># 1fe:</span>
<span id="L333" class="LineNr">333 </span><span class="subxComment"># final 2 bytes of boot sector</span>
<span id="L334" class="LineNr">334 </span>55 aa
<span id="L335" class="LineNr">335 </span>
<span id="L336" class="LineNr">336 </span><span class="subxComment">## sector 2</span>
<span id="L337" class="LineNr">337 </span><span class="subxComment"># loaded by load_disk, not automatically on boot</span>
<span id="L338" class="LineNr">338 </span>
<span id="L339" class="LineNr">339 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset 200 (address 0x7e00): interrupt descriptor table</span>
<span id="L340" class="LineNr">340 </span><span class="subxComment"># 32 entries * 8 bytes each = 256 bytes (0x100)</span>
<span id="L341" class="LineNr">341 </span><span class="subxComment"># idt_start:</span>
<span id="L342" class="LineNr">342 </span>
<span id="L343" class="LineNr">343 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L344" class="LineNr">344 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L345" class="LineNr">345 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L346" class="LineNr">346 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L347" class="LineNr">347 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L348" class="LineNr">348 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L349" class="LineNr">349 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L350" class="LineNr">350 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L351" class="LineNr">351 </span>
<span id="L352" class="LineNr">352 </span><span class="subxComment"># By default, BIOS maps IRQ0-7 to interrupt vectors 8-15.</span>
<span id="L353" class="LineNr">353 </span><span class="subxComment"># <a href="https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=Interrupts&oldid=25102#Default_PC_Interrupt_Vector_Assignment">https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=Interrupts&oldid=25102#Default_PC_Interrupt_Vector_Assignment</a></span>
<span id="L354" class="LineNr">354 </span>
<span id="L355" class="LineNr">355 </span><span class="subxComment"># entry 8: clock</span>
<span id="L356" class="LineNr">356 </span> 00 7d <span class="subxComment"># target[0:16] = null interrupt handler [label]</span>
<span id="L357" class="LineNr">357 </span> 08 00 <span class="subxComment"># segment selector (gdt_code)</span>
<span id="L358" class="LineNr">358 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># unused</span>
<span id="L359" class="LineNr">359 </span> 8e <span class="subxComment"># 1/p 00/dpl 0 1110/type/32-bit-interrupt-gate</span>
<span id="L360" class="LineNr">360 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># target[16:32]</span>
<span id="L361" class="LineNr">361 </span>
<span id="L362" class="LineNr">362 </span><span class="subxComment"># entry 9: keyboard</span>
<span id="L363" class="LineNr">363 </span> 10 7d <span class="subxComment"># target[0:16] = keyboard interrupt handler [label]</span>
<span id="L364" class="LineNr">364 </span> 08 00 <span class="subxComment"># segment selector (gdt_code)</span>
<span id="L365" class="LineNr">365 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># unused</span>
<span id="L366" class="LineNr">366 </span> 8e <span class="subxComment"># 1/p 00/dpl 0 1110/type/32-bit-interrupt-gate</span>
<span id="L367" class="LineNr">367 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># target[16:32]</span>
<span id="L368" class="LineNr">368 </span>
<span id="L369" class="LineNr">369 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L370" class="LineNr">370 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L371" class="LineNr">371 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L372" class="LineNr">372 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L373" class="LineNr">373 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L374" class="LineNr">374 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L375" class="LineNr">375 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L376" class="LineNr">376 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L377" class="LineNr">377 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L378" class="LineNr">378 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L379" class="LineNr">379 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L380" class="LineNr">380 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L381" class="LineNr">381 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L382" class="LineNr">382 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L383" class="LineNr">383 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L384" class="LineNr">384 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L385" class="LineNr">385 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L386" class="LineNr">386 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L387" class="LineNr">387 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L388" class="LineNr">388 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L389" class="LineNr">389 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L390" class="LineNr">390 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L391" class="LineNr">391 </span><span class="subxComment"># idt_end:</span>
<span id="L392" class="LineNr">392 </span>
<span id="L393" class="LineNr">393 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset 300 (address 0x7f00):</span>
<span id="L394" class="LineNr">394 </span><span class="subxComment"># video mode info:</span>
<span id="L395" class="LineNr">395 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># attributes</span>
<span id="L396" class="LineNr">396 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># winA</span>
<span id="L397" class="LineNr">397 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># winB</span>
<span id="L398" class="LineNr">398 </span><span class="subxComment"># 304</span>
<span id="L399" class="LineNr">399 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># granularity</span>
<span id="L400" class="LineNr">400 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># winsize</span>
<span id="L401" class="LineNr">401 </span><span class="subxComment"># 308</span>
<span id="L402" class="LineNr">402 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># segmentA</span>
<span id="L403" class="LineNr">403 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># segmentB</span>
<span id="L404" class="LineNr">404 </span><span class="subxComment"># 30c</span>
<span id="L405" class="LineNr">405 </span> 00 00 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># realFctPtr (who knows)</span>
<span id="L406" class="LineNr">406 </span><span class="subxComment"># 310</span>
<span id="L407" class="LineNr">407 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># pitch</span>
<span id="L408" class="LineNr">408 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># Xres</span>
<span id="L409" class="LineNr">409 </span><span class="subxComment"># 314</span>
<span id="L410" class="LineNr">410 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># Yres</span>
<span id="L411" class="LineNr">411 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># Wchar Ychar</span>
<span id="L412" class="LineNr">412 </span><span class="subxComment"># 318</span>
<span id="L413" class="LineNr">413 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># planes</span>
<span id="L414" class="LineNr">414 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># bpp</span>
<span id="L415" class="LineNr">415 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># banks</span>
<span id="L416" class="LineNr">416 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># memory_model</span>
<span id="L417" class="LineNr">417 </span><span class="subxComment"># 31c</span>
<span id="L418" class="LineNr">418 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># bank_size</span>
<span id="L419" class="LineNr">419 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># image_pages</span>
<span id="L420" class="LineNr">420 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># reserved</span>
<span id="L421" class="LineNr">421 </span><span class="subxComment"># 31f</span>
<span id="L422" class="LineNr">422 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># red_mask red_position</span>
<span id="L423" class="LineNr">423 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># green_mask green_position</span>
<span id="L424" class="LineNr">424 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># blue_mask blue_position</span>
<span id="L425" class="LineNr">425 </span> 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># rsv_mask rsv_position</span>
<span id="L426" class="LineNr">426 </span> 00 <span class="subxComment"># directcolor_attributes</span>
<span id="L427" class="LineNr">427 </span><span class="subxComment"># 328</span>
<span id="L428" class="LineNr">428 </span> 00 00 00 00 <span class="subxComment"># physbase <== linear frame buffer</span>
<span id="L429" class="LineNr">429 </span>
<span id="L430" class="LineNr">430 </span><span class="subxComment"># 32c</span>
<span id="L431" class="LineNr">431 </span><span class="subxComment"># reserved for video mode info</span>
<span id="L432" class="LineNr">432 </span> 00 00 00 00
<span id="L433" class="LineNr">433 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L434" class="LineNr">434 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L435" class="LineNr">435 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L436" class="LineNr">436 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L437" class="LineNr">437 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L438" class="LineNr">438 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L439" class="LineNr">439 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L440" class="LineNr">440 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L441" class="LineNr">441 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L442" class="LineNr">442 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L443" class="LineNr">443 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L444" class="LineNr">444 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L445" class="LineNr">445 </span>00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
<span id="L446" class="LineNr">446 </span>
<span id="L447" class="LineNr">447 </span><span class="subxComment">## the rest of this file has data</span>
<span id="L448" class="LineNr">448 </span>
<span id="L449" class="LineNr">449 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset 400 (address 0x8000):</span>
<span id="L450" class="Folded">450 </span><span class="Folded">+--161 lines: # translating keys to ASCII -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span id="L611" class="LineNr">611 </span>
<span id="L612" class="LineNr">612 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset c00 (address 0x8800)</span>
<span id="L613" class="Folded">613 </span><span class="Folded">+--236 lines: # Bitmaps for some ASCII characters (soon Unicode) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span id="L849" class="LineNr">849 </span>
<span id="L850" class="LineNr">850 </span><span class="subxComment"># offset 1400 (address 0x9000)</span>
<span id="L851" class="LineNr">851 </span>
<span id="L852" class="LineNr">852 </span><span class="subxComment"># vim:ft=subx</span>
</pre>
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