about summary refs log tree commit diff stats
path: root/html/mu_instructions.html
blob: 14b2c9316a953547b99ff3246bdf9e731eb80974 (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>~/play/mu/mu_instructions.html</title>
<meta name="Generator" content="Vim/8.1">
<meta name="plugin-version" content="vim8.1_v1">
<meta name="syntax" content="none">
<meta name="settings" content="use_css,no_foldcolumn,expand_tabs,prevent_copy=">
<meta name="colorscheme" content="minimal-dark">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
pre { font-family: monospace; color: #000000; background-color: #a8a8a8; }
body { font-family: monospace; color: #000000; background-color: #a8a8a8; }
* { font-size: 1em; }
.PreProc { color: #c000c0; }
.muComment { color: #005faf; }
.Delimiter { color: #c000c0; }
.Constant { color: #008787; }
.Special { color: #ff6060; }
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span class="muComment">## Mu's instructions and their table-driven translation</span>

See <a href="http://akkartik.name/akkartik-convivial-20200607.pdf">http://akkartik.name/akkartik-convivial-20200607.pdf</a> for the complete
story. In brief: Mu is a statement-oriented language. Blocks consist of flat
lists of instructions. Instructions can have inputs after the operation, and
outputs to the left of a '<span class="Special">&lt;-</span>'. Inputs and outputs must be variables. They can't
include nested expressions. Variables can be literals ('n'), or live in a
register ('var/reg') or in memory ('var') at some 'stack-offset' from the 'ebp'
register. Outputs must be registers. To modify a variable in memory, pass it in
by reference as an input. (Inputs are more precisely called 'inouts'.)
Conversely, registers that are just read from must not be passed as outputs.

The following chart shows all the instruction forms supported by Mu, along with
the SubX instruction they're translated to.

<span class="muComment">## Integer instructions</span>

These instructions use the general-purpose registers.

var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;40/increment-eax&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ecx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;41/increment-ecx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;42/increment-edx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ebx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;43/increment-ebx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">esi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;46/increment-esi&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> increment              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;47/increment-edi&quot;</span>
increment var                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ff 0/subop/increment *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
increment *var/reg                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ff 0/subop/increment *&quot;</span> reg

var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;48/decrement-eax&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ecx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;49/decrement-ecx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;4a/decrement-edx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ebx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;4b/decrement-ebx&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">esi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;4e/decrement-esi&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> decrement              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;4f/decrement-edi&quot;</span>
decrement var                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ff 1/subop/decrement *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
decrement *var/reg                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ff 1/subop/decrement *&quot;</span> reg

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add var2/reg2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;01/add-to %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add var2               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;03/add *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add *var2/reg2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;03/add *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
add-to var1, var2/reg             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;01/add-to *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
add-to *var1/reg1, var2/reg2      =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;01/add-to *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;05/add-to-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 0/subop/add %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
add-to var, n                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 0/subop/add *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
add-to *var/reg, n                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 0/subop/add *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;29/subtract-from %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract var2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;2b/subtract *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract *var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;2b/subtract *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
subtract-from var1, var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;29/subtract-from *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
subtract-from *var1/reg1, var2/reg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;29/subtract-from *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract n             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;2d/subtract-from-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract n             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 5/subop/subtract %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
subtract-from var, n              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 5/subop/subtract *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
subtract-from *var/reg, n         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 5/subop/subtract *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> and var2/reg2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;21/and-with %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> and var2               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;23/and *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> and *var2/reg2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;23/and *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
and-with var1, var2/reg           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;21/and-with *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
and-with *var1/reg1, var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;21/and-with *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> and n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;25/and-with-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> and n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 4/subop/and %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
and-with var, n                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 4/subop/and *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
and-with *var/reg, n              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 4/subop/and *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> or var2/reg2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;09/or-with %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> or var2                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0b/or *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> or *var2/reg2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0b/or *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
or-with var1, var2/reg2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;09/or-with *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
or-with *var1/reg1, var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;09/or-with *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> or n                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0d/or-with-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> or n                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 1/subop/or %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
or-with var, n                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 1/subop/or *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
or-with *var/reg, n               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 1/subop/or *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> xor var2/reg2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;31/xor-with %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> xor var2               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;33/xor *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> xor *var2/reg2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;33/xor *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
xor-with var1, var2/reg           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;31/xor-with *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
xor-with *var1/reg1, var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;31/xor-with *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> xor n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;35/xor-with-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> xor n                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 6/subop/xor %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
xor-with var, n                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 6/subop/xor *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
xor-with *var/reg, n              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 6/subop/xor *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> negate                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f7 3/subop/negate %&quot;</span> reg
negate var                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f7 3/subop/negate *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
negate *var/reg                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f7 3/subop/negate *&quot;</span> reg

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> shift-left n           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 4/subop/left %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> shift-right n          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 5/subop/right %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> shift-right-signed n   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 7/subop/right-signed %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-left var, n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 4/subop/left *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-left *var/reg, n            =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 4/subop/left *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-right var, n                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 5/subop/right *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-right *var/reg, n           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 5/subop/right *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-right-signed var, n         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 7/subop/right-signed *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
shift-right-signed *var/reg, n    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 7/subop/right-signed *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/<span class="Constant">eax</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;b8/copy-to-eax &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ecx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;b9/copy-to-ecx &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;ba/copy-to-edx &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">ebx</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;bb/copy-to-ebx &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">esi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;be/copy-to-esi &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/<span class="Constant">edi</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;bf/copy-to-edi &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy var2/reg2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;89/&lt;- %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
copy-to var1, var2/reg            =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;89/&lt;- *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
copy-to *var1/reg1, var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;89/&lt;- *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy var2              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8b/-&gt; *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *var2/reg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8b/-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy n                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c7 0/subop/copy %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
copy-to var, n                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c7 0/subop/copy *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
copy-to *var/reg, n               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c7 0/subop/copy *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-byte var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8a/byte-&gt; %&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
                                     <span class="Constant">&quot;81 4/subop/and %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; 0xff/imm32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-byte *var2/reg2   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8a/byte-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
                                     <span class="Constant">&quot;81 4/subop/and %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; 0xff/imm32&quot;</span>
copy-byte-to *var1/reg1, var2/reg2  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;88/byte&lt;- *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

compare var1, var2/reg2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;39/compare *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
compare *var1/reg1, var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;39/compare *&quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
compare var1/reg1, var2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;3b/compare&lt;- *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
compare var/reg, *var2/reg2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;3b/compare&lt;- *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
compare var/<span class="Constant">eax</span>, n                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;3d/compare-eax-with &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
compare var/reg, n                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
compare var, n                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare *(ebp+&quot;</span> var.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
compare *var/reg, n               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare *&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply var2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f af/multiply *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f af/multiply %&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply *var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f af/multiply *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment">## Floating-point operations</span>

These instructions operate on either floating-point registers (xreg) or
general-purpose registers (reg) in indirect mode.

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add var2/xreg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 58/add %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add var2              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 58/add *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add *var2/reg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 58/add *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract var2/xreg2   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5c/subtract %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract var2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5c/subtract *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract *var2/reg2   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5c/subtract *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply var2/xreg2   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 59/multiply %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply var2         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 59/multiply *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply *var2/reg2   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 59/multiply *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> divide var2/xreg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5e/divide %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> divide var2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5e/divide *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> divide *var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5e/divide *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

There are also some exclusively floating-point instructions:

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> reciprocal var2/xreg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 53/reciprocal %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> reciprocal var2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 53/reciprocal *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> reciprocal *var2/reg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 53/reciprocal *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> square-root var2/xreg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 51/square-root %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> square-root var2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 51/square-root *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> square-root *var2/reg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 51/square-root *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> inverse-square-root var2/xreg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 52/inverse-square-root %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> inverse-square-root var2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 52/inverse-square-root *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> inverse-square-root *var2/reg2 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 52/inverse-square-root *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> min var2/xreg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5d/min %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> min var2              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5d/min *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> min *var2/reg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5d/min *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> max var2/xreg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5f/max %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> max var2              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5f/max *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> max *var2/reg2        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 5f/max *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

Remember, when these instructions use indirect mode, they still use an integer
register. Floating-point registers can't hold addresses.

Most instructions operate exclusively on integer or floating-point operands.
The only exceptions are the instructions for converting between integers and
floating-point numbers.

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2a/convert-to-float %&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert var2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2a/convert-to-float *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert *var2/reg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2a/convert-to-float *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

Converting floats to ints performs rounding by default. (We don't mess with the
MXCSR control register.)

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert var2/xreg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2d/convert-to-int %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert var2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2d/convert-to-int *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> convert *var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2d/convert-to-int *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

There's a separate instruction for truncating the fractional part.

var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> truncate var2/xreg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2c/truncate-to-int %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> truncate var2           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2c/truncate-to-int *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> truncate *var2/reg2     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 2c/truncate-to-int *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

There are no instructions accepting floating-point literals. To obtain integer
literals in floating-point registers, copy them to general-purpose registers
and then convert them to floating-point.

One pattern you may have noticed above is that the floating-point instructions
above always write to registers. The only exceptions are `copy` instructions,
which can write to memory locations.

var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy var2/xreg2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 11/&lt;- %&quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
copy-to var1, var2/xreg           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 11/&lt;- *(ebp+&quot;</span> var1.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy var2             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 10/-&gt; *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
var/xreg <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *var2/reg2       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 10/-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

Comparisons must always start with a register:

compare var1/xreg1, var2/xreg2    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 2f/compare %&quot;</span> xreg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
compare var1/xreg1, var2          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 2f/compare *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> xreg1 <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment">## Blocks</span>

In themselves, blocks generate no instructions. However, if a block contains
variable declarations, they must be cleaned up when the block ends.

Clean up var on the stack         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 0/subop/add %esp &quot;</span> size-of(var) <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
Clean up var/reg                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8f 0/subop/pop %&quot;</span> reg

Clean up var/xreg                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;f3 0f 10/-&gt; *esp &quot;</span> xreg <span class="Constant">&quot;/x32&quot;</span>
                                     <span class="Constant">&quot;81 0/subop/add %esp 4/imm32&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment">## Jumps</span>

Besides having to clean up any variable declarations (see above) between
themselves and their target, jumps translate like this:

<span class="PreProc">break</span>                             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;e9/jump break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break</span> label                       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;e9/jump &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop</span>                              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;e9/jump loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop</span> label                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;e9/jump &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-=</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-=</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-=</span>                         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-=</span> label                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-!=</span>                       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 85/jump-if-!= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-!=</span> label                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 85/jump-if-!= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-!=</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 85/jump-if-!= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-!=</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 85/jump-if-!= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-&lt;</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8c/jump-if-&lt; break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-&lt;</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8c/jump-if-&lt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&lt;</span>                         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8c/jump-if-&lt; loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&lt;</span> label                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8c/jump-if-&lt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-&gt;</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8f/jump-if-&gt; break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-&gt;</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8f/jump-if-&gt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&gt;</span>                         =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8f/jump-if-&gt; loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&gt;</span> label                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8f/jump-if-&gt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-&lt;=</span>                       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8e/jump-if-&lt;= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-&lt;=</span> label                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8e/jump-if-&lt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&lt;=</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8e/jump-if-&lt;= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&lt;=</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8e/jump-if-&lt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-&gt;=</span>                       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8d/jump-if-&gt;= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-&gt;=</span> label                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8d/jump-if-&gt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&gt;=</span>                        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8d/jump-if-&gt;= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-&gt;=</span> label                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 8d/jump-if-&gt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&lt;</span>                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-addr&lt; break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&lt;</span> label              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-addr&lt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&lt;</span>                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-addr&lt; loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&lt;</span> label               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-addr&lt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&gt;</span>                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 87/jump-if-addr&gt; break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&gt;</span> label              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 87/jump-if-addr&gt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&gt;</span>                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 87/jump-if-addr&gt; loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&gt;</span> label               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 87/jump-if-addr&gt; &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&lt;=</span>                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 86/jump-if-addr&lt;= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&lt;=</span> label             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 86/jump-if-addr&lt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&lt;=</span>                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 86/jump-if-addr&lt;= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&lt;=</span> label              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 86/jump-if-addr&lt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&gt;=</span>                   =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-addr&gt;= break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-addr&gt;=</span> label             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-addr&gt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&gt;=</span>                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-addr&gt;= loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-addr&gt;=</span> label              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-addr&gt;= &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

Similar float variants like `<span class="PreProc">break-if-float&lt;`</span> are aliases for the corresponding
`addr` equivalents. The x86 instruction set stupidly has floating-point
operations only update a subset of flags.

Four sets of conditional jumps are useful for detecting overflow.

<span class="PreProc">break-if-carry</span>                    =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-carry break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-carry</span> label              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-carry &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-carry</span>                     =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-carry break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-carry</span> label               =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 82/jump-if-carry &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-not-carry</span>                =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-not-carry break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-not-carry</span> label          =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-not-carry &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-not-carry</span>                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-not-carry break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-not-carry</span> label           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 83/jump-if-not-carry &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-overflow</span>                 =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 80/jump-if-overflow break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-overflow</span> label           =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 80/jump-if-overflow &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-overflow</span>                  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 80/jump-if-overflow loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-overflow</span> label            =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 80/jump-if-overflow &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

<span class="PreProc">break-if-not-overflow</span>             =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 81/jump-if-not-overflow break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">break-if-not-overflow</span> label       =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 81/jump-if-not-overflow &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:break/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-not-overflow</span>              =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 81/jump-if-not-overflow loop/disp32&quot;</span>
<span class="PreProc">loop-if-not-overflow</span> label        =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 81/jump-if-not-overflow &quot;</span> label <span class="Constant">&quot;:loop/disp32&quot;</span>

All this relies on a convention that every `<span class="Delimiter">{}</span>` block is delimited by labels
ending in `:<span class="PreProc">loop</span>` and `:<span class="PreProc">break</span>`.

<span class="muComment">## Returns</span>

The `<span class="PreProc">return</span>` instruction cleans up variable declarations just like an unconditional
`<span class="PreProc">jump</span>` to end of function, but also emits a series of copies before the final
`<span class="PreProc">jump</span>`, copying each argument of `<span class="PreProc">return</span>` to the register appropriate to the
respective function output. This doesn't work if a function output register
contains a later `<span class="PreProc">return</span>` argument (e.g. if the registers for two outputs are
swapped in `<span class="PreProc">return</span>`), so you can't do that.

<span class="PreProc">return</span>                            =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;c3/return&quot;</span>

---

In the following instructions types are provided for clarity even if they must
be provided in an earlier 'var' declaration.

<span class="muComment"># Address operations</span>

var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> address var2: T
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment"># Array operations</span>

var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index arr/rega: (addr array T), idx/regi: int
  | if size-of(T) is <span class="Constant">1</span>, <span class="Constant">2</span>, <span class="Constant">4</span> or <span class="Constant">8</span>
      =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare %&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; 0/imm32&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= __mu-abort-null-index-base-address/disp32&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;(__check-mu-array-bounds *&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; %&quot;</span> regi <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> regi <span class="Constant">&quot;&lt;&lt;&quot;</span> log2(size-of(T)) <span class="Constant">&quot;+4) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index arr: (array T len), idx/regi: int
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(__check-mu-array-bounds *(ebp+&quot;</span> arr.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) %&quot;</span> regi <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(ebp+&quot;</span> regi <span class="Constant">&quot;&lt;&lt;&quot;</span> log2(size-of(T)) <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> (arr.stack-offset + <span class="Constant">4</span>) <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index arr/rega: (addr array T), n
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare %&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; 0/imm32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= __mu-abort-null-index-base-address/disp32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;(__check-mu-array-bounds *&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> (n*size-of(T)+<span class="Constant">4</span>) <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index arr: (array T len), n
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(__check-mu-array-bounds *(ebp+&quot;</span> arr.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> n <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(ebp+&quot;</span> (arr.stack-offset+<span class="Constant">4</span>+n*size-of(T)) <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

var/reg: (offset T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> compute-offset arr: (addr array T), idx/regi: int  <span class="muComment"># arr can be in reg or mem</span>
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;69/multiply %&quot;</span> regi <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32 &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (offset T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> compute-offset arr: (addr array T), idx: int       <span class="muComment"># arr can be in reg or mem</span>
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;69/multiply *(ebp+&quot;</span> idx.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32 &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (addr T) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index arr/rega: (addr array T), o/rego: (offset T)
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare %&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; 0/imm32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= __mu-abort-null-index-base-address/disp32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;(__check-mu-array-bounds %&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot; %&quot;</span> rego <span class="Constant">&quot; 1 \&quot;&quot; function-name &quot;</span>\<span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(&quot;</span> rega <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> rego <span class="Constant">&quot;+4) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

Computing the length of an array is complex.

var/reg: int <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length arr/reg2: (addr array T)
  | if T is byte (TODO)
      =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8b/-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
  | if size-of(T) is <span class="Constant">4</span> or <span class="Constant">8</span> or <span class="Constant">16</span> or <span class="Constant">32</span> or <span class="Constant">64</span> or <span class="Constant">128</span>
      =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8b/-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;c1/shift 5/subop/logic-right %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> log2(size-of(T)) <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm8&quot;</span>
  | otherwise
      x86 has no instruction to divide by a literal, so
      we need up to <span class="Constant">3</span> extra registers! <span class="Constant">eax</span>/<span class="Constant">edx</span> for division and say <span class="Constant">ecx</span>
      =&gt; if reg is not <span class="Constant">eax</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;50/push-eax&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">ecx</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;51/push-ecx&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">edx</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;52/push-edx&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;8b/-&gt; *&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; eax/r32&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;31/xor %edx 2/r32/edx&quot;</span>  <span class="muComment"># sign-extend, but array size can't be negative</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;b9/copy-to-ecx &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;/imm32&quot;</span>
         <span class="Constant">&quot;f7 7/subop/idiv-eax-edx-by %ecx&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">eax</span>
           <span class="Constant">&quot;89/&lt;- %&quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot; 0/r32/eax&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">edx</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;5a/pop-to-edx&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">ecx</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;59/pop-to-ecx&quot;</span>
         if reg is not <span class="Constant">eax</span>
          <span class="Constant">&quot;58/pop-to-eax&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment"># User-defined types</span>

If a record (product) <span class="PreProc">type</span> T was defined to have elements a, b, c, ... of
types T_a, T_b, T_c, ..., then accessing one of those elements f of <span class="PreProc">type</span> T_f:

var/reg: (addr T_f) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get var2/reg2: (addr T), f
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;81 7/subop/compare %&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot; 0/imm32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;0f 84/jump-if-= __mu-abort-null-get-base-address/disp32&quot;</span>
     <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(&quot;</span> reg2 <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> offset(f) <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>
var/reg: (addr T_f) <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get var2: T, f
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;8d/copy-address *(ebp+&quot;</span> var2.stack-offset <span class="Constant">&quot;+&quot;</span> offset(f) <span class="Constant">&quot;) &quot;</span> reg <span class="Constant">&quot;/r32&quot;</span>

When the base is an address we perform a null check.

<span class="muComment"># Allocating memory</span>

allocate in: (addr handle T)
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(allocate Heap &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> in <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

populate in: (addr handle array T), num  <span class="muComment"># can be literal or variable on stack or register</span>
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(allocate-array2 Heap &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> num <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> in <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

populate-stream in: (addr handle stream T), num  <span class="muComment"># can be literal or variable on stack or register</span>
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(new-stream Heap &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> num <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> in <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

<span class="muComment"># Some miscellaneous helpers to avoid error-prone size computations</span>

clear x: (addr T)
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(zero-out &quot;</span> s <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

read-from-stream s: (addr stream T), out: (addr T)
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(read-from-stream &quot;</span> s <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> out <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

write-to-stream s: (addr stream T), in: (addr T)
  =&gt; <span class="Constant">&quot;(write-to-stream &quot;</span> s <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> in <span class="Constant">&quot; &quot;</span> size-of(T) <span class="Constant">&quot;)&quot;</span>

vim&#0058;ft=mu:nowrap:textwidth=<span class="Constant">0</span>
</pre>
</body>
</html>
<!-- vim: set foldmethod=manual : -->