== code
#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes

# main:
    e8/call  run-tests/disp32  # 'run-tests' is a function created automatically by SubX. It calls all functions that start with 'test-'.
    # syscall(exit, Num-test-failures)
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/EBX   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to EBX
    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8

# read bytes from 'f' until (and including) a newline and store them into 's'
# return true if no data found, false otherwise
# just abort if 's' is too small
read-line:  # f : (address buffered-file), s : (address stream byte) -> eof?/EAX
    # pseudocode:
    #   loop:
    #     if (s->write >= s->length) abort
    #     if (f->read >= f->write) populate stream from file
    #     if (f->write == 0) break
    #     AL = f->data[f->read]
    #     s->data[s->write] = AL
    #     ++f->read
    #     ++s->write
    #     if AL == '\n' break
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # . save registers
    51/push-ECX
    52/push-EDX
    56/push-ESI
    57/push-EDI
    # ESI = f
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           6/r32/ESI   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ESI
    # ECX = f->read
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ESI+8) to ECX
    # EDI = s
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           7/r32/EDI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to EDI
    # EDX = s->write
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy *EDI to EDX
$read-line:loop:
    # if (s->write >= s->length) abort
    3b/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   8/disp8         .                 # compare EDX with *(EDI+8)
    7d/jump-if-greater-or-equal  $read-line:abort/disp8
    # if (f->read >= f->write) populate stream from file
    3b/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   4/disp8         .                 # compare ECX with *(ESI+4)
    7c/jump-if-lesser  $read-line:from-stream/disp8
    # . clear-stream(stream = f+4)
    # . . push args
    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   4/disp8         .                 # copy ESI+4 to EAX
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . f->read must now be 0; update its cache at ECX
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # clear ECX
    # . EAX = read(f->fd, stream = f+4)
    # . . push args
    50/push-EAX
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ESI
    # . . call
    e8/call  read/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # if f->write == 0 return true
    # . if EAX == 0 return true
    81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare EAX
    75/jump-if-not-equal  $read-line:from-stream/disp8
    b8/copy-to-EAX  0xffffffff/imm32
    eb/jump  $read-line:end/disp8
$read-line:from-stream:
    # AL = f->data[f->read]
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # clear EAX
    8a/copy-byte                    1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/ESI  1/index/ECX   .           0/r32/AL    0x10/disp8      .                 # copy byte at *(ESI+ECX+16) to AL
    # s->data[s->write] = AL
    88/copy-byte                    1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/EDI  2/index/EDX   .           0/r32/AL    0xc/disp8       .                 # copy AL to *(EDI+EDX+12)
    # ++f->read
    41/increment-ECX
    # ++s->write
    42/increment-EDX
    # if AL == '\n' return false
    81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           .               0xa/imm32         # compare EAX
    75/jump-if-not-equal  $read-line:loop/disp8
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # clear EAX
$read-line:end:
    # save f->read
    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   8/disp8         .                 # copy ECX to *(ESI+8)
    # save s->write
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # copy EDX to *EDI
    # . restore registers
    5f/pop-to-EDI
    5e/pop-to-ESI
    5a/pop-to-EDX
    59/pop-to-ECX
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

$read-line:abort:
    # . _write(2/stderr, error)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "read-line: line too long"/imm32
    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
    # . . call
    e8/call  _write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . syscall(exit, 1)
    bb/copy-to-EBX  1/imm32
    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
    cd/syscall  0x80/imm8
    # never gets here

test-read-line:
    # - check that read-line stops at a newline
    # setup
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-buffered-file+4)
    # . . push args
    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    05/add-to-EAX  4/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, "ab\ncd")
    # . write(_test-stream, "ab")
    # . . push args
    68/push  "ab"/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . write(_test-stream, "\n")
    # . . push args
    68/push Newline/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . write(_test-stream, "cd")
    # . . push args
    68/push  "cd"/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # read a line from _test-stream (buffered by _test-buffered-file) into _test-stream-buffer
    # . EAX = read-line(_test-buffered-file, _test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  read-line/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0/not-at-eof, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-read-line: return value"/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32/not-at-eof
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(*_test-stream-buffer->data, 61/a 62/b 0a/newline 00, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-read-line"/imm32
    68/push  0x000a6261/imm32
    # . . push *_test-stream->data
    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EAX+12)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # end
    c3/return

test-read-line-returns-true-on-eof:
    # setup
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-buffered-file+4)
    # . . push args
    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    05/add-to-EAX  4/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write nothing
    # EAX = read-line(_test-buffered-file, _test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  read-line/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, eof, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-read-line-returns-true-on-eof"/imm32
    68/push  0xffffffff/imm32/not-at-eof
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # end
    c3/return

test-read-line-reads-final-line-until-eof:
    # setup
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-buffered-file+4)
    # . . push args
    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    05/add-to-EAX  4/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # . clear-stream(_test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, "cd")
    # . . push args
    68/push  "cd"/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # read a line from _test-stream (buffered by _test-buffered-file) into _test-stream-buffer
    # . EAX = read-line(_test-buffered-file, _test-stream-buffer)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    68/push  _test-buffered-file/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  read-line/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, eof, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-read-line-reads-final-line-until-eof: return value"/imm32
    68/push  0xffffffff/imm32/not-at-eof
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(*_test-stream-buffer->data, 63/c 64/d 00 00, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-read-line-reads-final-line-until-eof"/imm32
    68/push  0x00006463/imm32
    # . . push *_test-stream->data
    b8/copy-to-EAX  _test-stream-buffer/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EAX+12)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # end
    c3/return

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<a href='https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/000organization.cc'>https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/000organization.cc</a>
<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span id="L1" class="LineNr">  1 </span><span class="Comment">//: You guessed right: the '000' prefix means you should start reading here.</span>
<span id="L2" class="LineNr">  2 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L3" class="LineNr">  3 </span><span class="Comment">//: This project is set up to load all files with a numeric prefix. Just</span>
<span id="L4" class="LineNr">  4 </span><span class="Comment">//: create a new file and start hacking.</span>
<span id="L5" class="LineNr">  5 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L6" class="LineNr">  6 </span><span class="Comment">//: The first few files (00*) are independent of what this program does, an</span>
<span id="L7" class="LineNr">  7 </span><span class="Comment">//: experimental skeleton that will hopefully make it both easier for others to</span>
<span id="L8" class="LineNr">  8 </span><span class="Comment">//: understand and more malleable, easier to rewrite and remould into radically</span>
<span id="L9" class="LineNr">  9 </span><span class="Comment">//: different shapes without breaking in subtle corner cases. The premise is</span>
<span id="L10" class="LineNr"> 10 </span><span class="Comment">//: that understandability and rewrite-friendliness are related in a virtuous</span>
<span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span><span class="Comment">//: cycle. Doing one well makes it easier to do the other.</span>
<span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span><span class="Comment">//: Lower down, this file contains a legal, bare-bones C++ program. It doesn't</span>
<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span><span class="Comment">//: do anything yet; subsequent files will contain :(...) directives to insert</span>
<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span><span class="Comment">//: lines into it. For example:</span>
<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span><span class="Comment">//:   :(after &quot;more events&quot;)</span>
<span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span><span class="Comment">//: This directive means: insert the following lines after a line in the</span>
<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span><span class="Comment">//: program containing the words &quot;more events&quot;.</span>
<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span><span class="Comment">//: A simple tool is included to 'tangle' all the files together in sequence</span>
<span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span><span class="Comment">//: according to their directives into a single source file containing all the</span>
<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span><span class="Comment">//: code for the project, and then feed the source file to the compiler.</span>
<span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span><span class="Comment">//: (It'll drop these comments starting with a '//:' prefix that only make</span>
<span id="L24" class="LineNr"> 24 </span><span class="Comment">//: sense before tangling.)</span>
<span id="L25" class="LineNr"> 25 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span><span class="Comment">//: Directives free up the programmer to order code for others to read rather</span>
<span id="L27" class="LineNr"> 27 </span><span class="Comment">//: than as forced by the computer or compiler. Each individual feature can be</span>
<span id="L28" class="LineNr"> 28 </span><span class="Comment">//: organized in a self-contained 'layer' that adds code to many different data</span>
<span id="L29" class="LineNr"> 29 </span><span class="Comment">//: structures and functions all over the program. The right decomposition into</span>
<span id="L30" class="LineNr"> 30 </span><span class="Comment">//: layers will let each layer make sense in isolation.</span>
<span id="L31" class="LineNr"> 31 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L32" class="LineNr"> 32 </span><span class="Comment">//:   &quot;If I look at any small part of it, I can see what is going on -- I don't</span>
<span id="L33" class="LineNr"> 33 </span><span class="Comment">//:   need to refer to other parts to understand what something is doing.</span>
<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span><span class="Comment">//:   If I look at any large part in overview, I can see what is going on -- I</span>
<span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span><span class="Comment">//:   don't need to know all the details to get it.</span>
<span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span><span class="Comment">//:   Every level of detail is as locally coherent and as well thought-out as</span>
<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span><span class="Comment">//:   any other level.&quot;</span>
<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span><span class="Comment">//:       -- Richard Gabriel, &quot;The Quality Without A Name&quot;</span>
<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span><span class="Comment">//:          (<a href="http://dreamsongs.com/Files/PatternsOfSoftware.pdf">http://dreamsongs.com/Files/PatternsOfSoftware.pdf</a>, page 42)</span>
<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span><span class="Comment">//: Directives are powerful; they permit inserting or modifying any point in</span>
<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span><span class="Comment">//: the program. Using them tastefully requires mapping out specific lines as</span>
<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span><span class="Comment">//: waypoints for future layers to hook into. Often such waypoints will be in</span>
<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span><span class="Comment">//: comments, capitalized to hint that other layers rely on their presence.</span>
<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span><span class="Comment">//: A single waypoint might have many different code fragments hooking into</span>
<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span><span class="Comment">//: it from all over the codebase. Use 'before' directives to insert</span>
<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span><span class="Comment">//: code at a location in order, top to bottom, and 'after' directives to</span>
<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span><span class="Comment">//: insert code in reverse order. By convention waypoints intended for insertion</span>
<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span><span class="Comment">//: before begin with 'End'. Notice below how the layers line up above the &quot;End</span>
<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span><span class="Comment">//: Foo&quot; waypoint.</span>
<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span><span class="Comment">//:   File 001          File 002                File 003</span>
<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span><span class="Comment">//:   ============      ===================     ===================</span>
<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span><span class="Comment">//:   // Foo</span>
<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span><span class="Comment">//:   ------------</span>
<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="Comment">//:              &lt;----  :(before &quot;End Foo&quot;)</span>
<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span><span class="Comment">//:                     ....</span>
<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span><span class="Comment">//:                     ...</span>
<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span><span class="Comment">//:   ------------</span>
<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span><span class="Comment">//:              &lt;----------------------------  :(before &quot;End Foo&quot;)</span>
<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span><span class="Comment">//:                                             ....</span>
<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span><span class="Comment">//:                                             ...</span>
<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span><span class="Comment">//:   // End Foo</span>
<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span><span class="Comment">//:   ============</span>
<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><span class="Comment">//: Here's part of a layer in color: <a href="http://i.imgur.com/0eONnyX.png">http://i.imgur.com/0eONnyX.png</a>. Directives</span>
<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span><span class="Comment">//: are shaded dark.</span>
<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span><span class="Comment">//: Layers do more than just shuffle code around. In a well-organized codebase</span>
<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span><span class="Comment">//: it should be possible to stop loading after any file/layer, build and run</span>
<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span><span class="Comment">//: the program, and pass all tests for loaded features. (Relevant is</span>
<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span><span class="Comment">//: <a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=c8N72t7aScY">http://youtube.com/watch?v=c8N72t7aScY</a>, a scene from &quot;2001: A Space</span>
<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span><span class="Comment">//: Odyssey&quot;.) Get into the habit of running the included script called</span>
<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span><span class="Comment">//: 'test_layers' before you commit any changes.</span>
<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span><span class="Comment">//: This 'subsetting guarantee' ensures that this directory contains a</span>
<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span><span class="Comment">//: cleaned-up narrative of the evolution of this codebase. Organizing</span>
<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span><span class="Comment">//: autobiographically allows newcomers to rapidly orient themselves, reading</span>
<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span><span class="Comment">//: the first few files to understand a simple gestalt of a program's core</span>
<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span><span class="Comment">//: purpose and features, and later gradually working their way through other</span>
<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span><span class="Comment">//: features as the need arises.</span>
<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span><span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span><span class="Comment">//: Programmers shouldn't need to understand everything about a program to</span>
<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span><span class="Comment">//: hack on it. But they shouldn't be prevented from a thorough understanding</span>
<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span><span class="Comment">//: of each aspect either. The goal of layers is to reward curiosity.</span>
<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span>
<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span><span class="Comment">// Includes</span>
<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span><span class="Comment">// End Includes</span>
<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span>
<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span><span class="Comment">// Types</span>
<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span><span class="Comment">// End Types</span>
<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span>
<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span><span class="Comment">// Function prototypes are auto-generated in the 'build*' scripts; define your</span>
<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span><span class="Comment">// functions in any order. Just be sure to declare each function header all on</span>
<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span><span class="Comment">// one line, ending with the '{'. Our auto-generation scripts are too minimal</span>
<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span><span class="Comment">// and simple-minded to handle anything else.</span>
<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span><span class="Comment">#include &quot;function_list&quot;  // by convention, files ending with '_list' are auto-generated</span>
<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>
<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span><span class="Comment">// Globals</span>
<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span><span class="Comment">//</span>
<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span><span class="Comment">// All statements in this section should always define a single variable on a</span>
<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span><span class="Comment">// single line. The 'build*' scripts will simple-mindedly auto-generate extern</span>
<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span><span class="Comment">// declarations for them. Remember to define (not just declare) constants with</span>
<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span><span class="Comment">// extern linkage in this section, since C++ global constants have internal</span>
<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span><span class="Comment">// linkage by default.</span>
<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span><span class="Comment">//</span>
<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span><span class="Comment">// End Globals</span>
<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>
<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span><span class="Normal">int</span> <a href='000organization.cc.html#L113'>main</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> argc<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">char</span>* argv[]<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  atexit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='000organization.cc.html#L134'>reset</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>
<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End One-time Setup</span>
<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>
<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>  <span class="Comment">// Commandline Parsing</span>
<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Commandline Parsing</span>
<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span>
<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// End Main</span>
<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>
<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span><span class="Comment">// Unit Tests</span>
<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span><span class="Comment">// End Unit Tests</span>
<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>
<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span><span class="Comment">//: our first directive; insert the following header at the start of the program</span>
<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span><span class="Comment">#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span>
<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span>
<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span><span class="Comment">//: Without directives or with the :(code) directive, lines get added at the</span>
<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span><span class="Comment">//: end.</span>
<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='000organization.cc.html#L134'>reset</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End Reset</span>
<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
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