summary refs log tree commit diff stats
path: root/doc
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorhut <hut@lavabit.com>2010-03-08 19:21:27 +0100
committerhut <hut@lavabit.com>2010-03-08 19:21:27 +0100
commit6ac4be61c3c701fdfca6c2f23d7060c817e82840 (patch)
treee089fdfe98b358721e07bdc40cd98c15fd7d8bef /doc
parentea775b1c823d150ec6179a4f831ac88f86a8309d (diff)
downloadranger-6ac4be61c3c701fdfca6c2f23d7060c817e82840.tar.gz
make snapshot: changed the format of the filename
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions
'n98' href='#n98'>98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536
# A doubly linked list permits bidirectional traversal.

container duplex-list:_elem [
  value:_elem
  next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem
  prev:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem
]

# should I say in/contained-in:result, allow ingredients to refer to products?
def push x:_elem, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- new {(duplex-list _elem): type}
  *result <- merge x, in, 0
  {
    break-unless in
    *in <- put *in, prev:offset, result
  }
  return result  # needed explicitly because we need to replace 'in' with 'result'
]

def first in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> result:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  return-unless in, 0
  result <- get *in, value:offset
]

def next in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  return-unless in, 0
  result <- get *in, next:offset
]

def prev in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  return-unless in, 0
  result <- get *in, prev:offset
  return result
]

scenario duplex-list-handling [
  run [
    # reserve locations 0, 1 and 2 to check for missing null check
    1:number <- copy 34
    2:number <- copy 35
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- first 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    9:character <- first 8:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    10:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 8:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    11:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 8:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    12:character <- first 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    13:character <- first 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    14:boolean <- equal 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 4:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    0 <- 0  # no modifications to null pointers
    1 <- 34
    2 <- 35
    5 <- 5  # scanning next
    6 <- 4
    7 <- 3
    8 <- 0  # null
    9 <- 0  # first of null
    10 <- 0  # next of null
    11 <- 0  # prev of null
    12 <- 4  # then start scanning prev
    13 <- 5
    14 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

# insert 'x' after 'in'
def insert x:_elem, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  new-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- new {(duplex-list _elem): type}
  *new-node <- put *new-node, value:offset, x
  # save old next before changing it
  next-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- get *in, next:offset
  *in <- put *in, next:offset, new-node
  *new-node <- put *new-node, prev:offset, in
  *new-node <- put *new-node, next:offset, next-node
  return-unless next-node
  *next-node <- put *next-node, prev:offset, new-node
]

scenario inserting-into-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character  # 2 points inside list
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- insert 6, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    9:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    10:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 5  # scanning next
    4 <- 4
    5 <- 6  # inserted element
    6 <- 3
    7 <- 6  # then prev
    8 <- 4
    9 <- 5
    10 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

scenario inserting-at-end-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character  # 2 points inside list
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character  # now at end of list
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- insert 6, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    9:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    10:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 5  # scanning next
    4 <- 4
    5 <- 3
    6 <- 6  # inserted element
    7 <- 3  # then prev
    8 <- 4
    9 <- 5
    10 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

scenario inserting-after-start-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- insert 6, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    9:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    10:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 5  # scanning next
    4 <- 6  # inserted element
    5 <- 4
    6 <- 3
    7 <- 4  # then prev
    8 <- 6
    9 <- 5
    10 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

# remove 'x' from its surrounding list 'in'
#
# Returns null if and only if list is empty. Beware: in that case any other
# pointers to the head are now invalid.
def remove x:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in, in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  # if 'x' is null, return
  return-unless x
  next-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- get *x, next:offset
  prev-node:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- get *x, prev:offset
  # null x's pointers
  *x <- put *x, next:offset, 0
  *x <- put *x, prev:offset, 0
  # if next-node is not null, set its prev pointer
  {
    break-unless next-node
    *next-node <- put *next-node, prev:offset, prev-node
  }
  # if prev-node is not null, set its next pointer and return
  {
    break-unless prev-node
    *prev-node <- put *prev-node, next:offset, next-node
    return
  }
  # if prev-node is null, then we removed the head node at 'in'
  # return the new head rather than the old 'in'
  return next-node
]

scenario removing-from-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character  # 2 points at second element
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- remove 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:boolean <- equal 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 0
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 0  # remove returned non-null
    4 <- 5  # scanning next, skipping deleted element
    5 <- 3
    6 <- 0  # no more elements
    7 <- 5  # prev of final element
    8 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

scenario removing-from-start-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- remove 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 4  # scanning next, skipping deleted element
    4 <- 3
    5 <- 0  # no more elements
    6 <- 4  # prev of final element
    7 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

scenario removing-from-end-of-duplex-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 4, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 5, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # delete last element
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- remove 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:boolean <- equal 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 0
    # check structure like before
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- copy 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    4:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    5:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- prev 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    7:character <- first 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:boolean <- equal 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    3 <- 0  # remove returned non-null
    4 <- 5  # scanning next, skipping deleted element
    5 <- 4
    6 <- 0  # no more elements
    7 <- 5  # prev of final element
    8 <- 1  # list back at start
  ]
]

scenario removing-from-singleton-list [
  run [
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 3, 0
    1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- remove 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1 <- 0  # back to an empty list
  ]
]

# remove values between 'start' and 'end' (both exclusive).
# also clear pointers back out from start/end for hygiene.
# set end to 0 to delete everything past start.
# can't set start to 0 to delete everything before end, because there's no
# clean way to return the new head pointer.
def remove-between start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, end:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:start -> start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- get *start, next:offset
  nothing-to-delete?:boolean <- equal next, end
  return-if nothing-to-delete?
  assert next, [malformed duplex list]
  # start->next->prev = 0
  # start->next = end
  *next <- put *next, prev:offset, 0
  *start <- put *start, next:offset, end
  return-unless end
  # end->prev->next = 0
  # end->prev = start
  prev:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- get *end, prev:offset
  assert prev, [malformed duplex list - 2]
  *prev <- put *prev, next:offset, 0
  *end <- put *end, prev:offset, start
]

scenario remove-range [
  # construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 18, 0
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 17, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 16, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 15, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 14, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 13, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    # delete 16 onwards
    # first pointer: to the third element
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- remove-between 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 0
    # now check the list
    4:character <- get *1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    5:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- get *5:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    7:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 5:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- get *7:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    9:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 7:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    4 <- 13
    6 <- 14
    8 <- 15
    9 <- 0
  ]
]

scenario remove-range-to-final [
  # construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 18, 0
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 17, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 16, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 15, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 14, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 13, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    # delete 15, 16 and 17
    # start pointer: to the second element
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # end pointer: to the last (sixth) element
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    3:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    remove-between 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 3:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # now check the list
    4:character <- get *1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    5:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- get *5:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    7:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 5:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- get *7:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    9:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 7:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    4 <- 13
    6 <- 14
    8 <- 18
    9 <- 0
  ]
]

scenario remove-range-empty [
  # construct a duplex list with three elements [13, 14, 15]
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 15, 0
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 14, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 13, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    # delete between first and second element (i.e. nothing)
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    remove-between 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    # now check the list
    4:character <- get *1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    5:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- get *5:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    7:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 5:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- get *7:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    9:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 7:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  # no change
  memory-should-contain [
    4 <- 13
    6 <- 14
    8 <- 15
    9 <- 0
  ]
]

scenario remove-range-to-end [
  # construct a duplex list with six elements [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 18, 0
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 17, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 16, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 15, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 14, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  1:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- push 13, 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  run [
    # remove the third element and beyond
    2:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    remove-between 2:address:shared:duplex-list:character, 0
    # now check the list
    4:character <- get *1:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    5:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 1:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    6:character <- get *5:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    7:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 5:address:shared:duplex-list:character
    8:character <- get *7:address:shared:duplex-list:character, value:offset
    9:address:shared:duplex-list:character <- next 7:address:shared:duplex-list:character
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    4 <- 13
    6 <- 14
    7 <- 0
  ]
]

# insert list beginning at 'new' after 'in'
def insert-range in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, start:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in -> in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  return-unless in
  return-unless start
  end:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- copy start
  {
    next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- next end/insert-range
    break-unless next
    end <- copy next
    loop
  }
  next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- next in
  *end <- put *end, next:offset, next
  {
    break-unless next
    *next <- put *next, prev:offset, end
  }
  *in <- put *in, next:offset, start
  *start <- put *start, prev:offset, in
]

def append in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem, new:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem/contained-in:in -> in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  last:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- last in
  *last <- put *last, next:offset, new
  return-unless new
  *new <- put *new, prev:offset, last
]

def last in:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem -> result:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  result <- copy in
  {
    next:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem <- next result
    break-unless next
    result <- copy next
    loop
  }
]

# helper for debugging
def dump-from x:address:shared:duplex-list:_elem [
  local-scope
  load-ingredients
  $print x, [: ]
  {
    break-unless x
    c:_elem <- get *x, value:offset
    $print c, [ ]
    x <- next x
    {
      is-newline?:boolean <- equal c, 10/newline
      break-unless is-newline?
      $print 10/newline
      $print x, [: ]
    }
    loop
  }
  $print 10/newline, [---], 10/newline
]