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-rw-r--r--test/tc_commandlist.py100
-rw-r--r--test/tc_newkeys.py491
-rw-r--r--test/tc_ui.py2
3 files changed, 492 insertions, 101 deletions
diff --git a/test/tc_commandlist.py b/test/tc_commandlist.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9af2cf05..00000000
--- a/test/tc_commandlist.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010  Roman Zimbelmann <romanz@lavabit.com>
-#
-# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-# (at your option) any later version.
-#
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-# GNU General Public License for more details.
-#
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-if __name__ == '__main__': from __init__ import init; init()
-
-from unittest import TestCase, main
-from ranger.container.commandlist import CommandList as CL
-
-class Test(TestCase):
-	def assertKeyError(self, obj, key):
-		self.assertRaises(KeyError, obj.__getitem__, key)
-
-	def test_commandist(self):
-		cl = CL()
-		fnc = lambda arg: 1
-		fnc2 = lambda arg: 2
-		dmy = cl.dummy_object
-
-		cl.bind(fnc, 'aaaa')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['a'])
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aa'])
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aaa'])
-		self.assertEqual(fnc, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aabb')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aaaaa')
-
-		cl.bind(fnc, 'aabb')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['a'])
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aa'])
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aab'])
-		self.assertEqual(fnc, cl['aabb'].execute)
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aaa'])
-		self.assertEqual(fnc, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-
-		cl.unbind('aabb')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['a'])
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aa'])
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aabb')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aab')
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aaa'])
-		self.assertEqual(fnc, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-
-		# Hints work different now.  Since a rework of this system
-		# is planned anyway, there is no need to fix the test.
-		# hint_text = 'some tip blablablba'
-		# cl.hint(hint_text, 'aa')
-		# cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['a'])
-		# self.assertEqual(hint_text, cl['aa'].text)
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['aaa'])
-		self.assertEqual(fnc, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-
-		# ------------------------ test aliases
-		cl.alias('aaaa', 'cc')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(dmy, cl['c'])
-		self.assertEqual(cl['cc'].execute, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-
-		cl.bind(fnc2, 'aaaa')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(cl['cc'].execute, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-
-		cl.unbind('cc')
-		cl.rebuild_paths()
-
-		self.assertEqual(fnc2, cl['aaaa'].execute)
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'cc')
-
-		# ----------------------- test clearing
-		cl.clear()
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'a')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aa')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aaa')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aaaa')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aab')
-		self.assertKeyError(cl, 'aabb')
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__': main()
diff --git a/test/tc_newkeys.py b/test/tc_newkeys.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c810af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/tc_newkeys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# coding=utf-8
+# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010  Roman Zimbelmann <romanz@lavabit.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': from __init__ import init; init()
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+
+from ranger.ext.tree import Tree
+from ranger.container.keymap import *
+
+import sys
+
+class PressTestCase(TestCase):
+	"""Some useful methods for the actual test"""
+	def _mkpress(self, keybuffer, keymap):
+		def press(keys):
+			keybuffer.clear()
+			match = keybuffer.simulate_press(keys)
+			self.assertFalse(keybuffer.failure,
+					"parsing keys '"+keys+"' did fail!")
+			self.assertTrue(keybuffer.done,
+					"parsing keys '"+keys+"' did not complete!")
+			arg = CommandArgs(None, None, keybuffer)
+			self.assert_(match.function, "No function found! " + \
+					str(match.__dict__))
+			return match.function(arg)
+		return press
+
+	def assertPressFails(self, kb, keys):
+		kb.clear()
+		kb.simulate_press(keys)
+		self.assertTrue(kb.failure, "Keypress did not fail as expected")
+		kb.clear()
+
+	def assertPressIncomplete(self, kb, keys):
+		kb.clear()
+		kb.simulate_press(keys)
+		self.assertFalse(kb.failure, "Keypress failed, expected incomplete")
+		self.assertFalse(kb.done, "Keypress done which was unexpected")
+		kb.clear()
+
+class Test(PressTestCase):
+	"""The test cases"""
+	def test_passive_action(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		def n(value):
+			"""return n or value"""
+			def fnc(arg=None):
+				if arg is None or arg.n is None:
+					return value
+				return arg.n
+			return fnc
+
+		km.map('ppp', n(5))
+		km.map('pp<bg>', n(8))
+		km.map('pp<dir>', n(2))
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('ppp'))
+		self.assertEqual(3, press('3ppp'))
+
+		self.assertEqual(2, press('ppj'))
+
+		kb.clear()
+		match = kb.simulate_press('pp')
+		args = CommandArgs(0, 0, kb)
+		self.assert_(match)
+		self.assert_(match.function)
+		self.assertEqual(8, match.function(args))
+
+	def test_map_collision(self):
+		def add_dirs(arg):
+			return sum(dir.down for dir in arg.directions)
+		def return5(_):
+			return 5
+
+
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		directions.map('gg', dir=Direction(down=1))
+
+
+		km = KeyMap()
+		km.map('gh', return5)
+		km.map('agh', return5)
+		km.map('a<dir>', add_dirs)
+
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('gh'))
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('agh'))
+#		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'agh')
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('agg'))
+
+
+	def test_translate_keys(self):
+		def test(string, *args):
+			if not args:
+				args = (string, )
+			self.assertEqual(ordtuple(*args), tuple(translate_keys(string)))
+
+		def ordtuple(*args):
+			lst = []
+			for arg in args:
+				if isinstance(arg, str):
+					lst.extend(ord(c) for c in arg)
+				else:
+					lst.append(arg)
+			return tuple(lst)
+
+		test('k')
+		test('kj')
+		test('k<dir>', 'k', DIRKEY)
+		test('k<ANY>z<any>', 'k', ANYKEY, 'z', ANYKEY)
+		test('k<anY>z<dir>', 'k', ANYKEY, 'z', DIRKEY)
+		test('<cr>', "\n")
+		test('<tab><tab><cr>', "\t\t\n")
+		test('<')
+		test('>')
+		test('<C-a>', 1)
+		test('<C-b>', 2)
+		for i in range(1, 26):
+			test('<C-' + chr(i+ord('a')-1) + '>', i)
+		test('k<a')
+		test('k<anz>')
+		test('k<a<nz>')
+		test('k<a<nz>')
+		test('k<a<>nz>')
+		test('>nz>')
+
+	def test_alias(self):
+		def add_dirs(arg):
+			return sum(dir.down for dir in arg.directions)
+		def return5(_):
+			return 5
+
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+		directions.map('<CR>', alias='j')
+		directions.map('@', alias='<CR>')
+
+		base = KeyMap()
+		base.map('a<dir>', add_dirs)
+		base.map('b<dir>', add_dirs)
+		base.map('x<dir>x<dir>', add_dirs)
+		base.map('f', return5)
+		base.map('yy', alias='y')
+		base.map('!', alias='!')
+
+		other = KeyMap()
+		other.map('b<dir>b<dir>', alias='x<dir>x<dir>')
+		other.map('c<dir>', add_dirs)
+		other.map('g', alias='f')
+
+		km = base.merge(other, copy=True)
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('aj'))
+		self.assertEqual(2, press('bjbj'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('cj'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('c<CR>'))
+
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('f'))
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('g'))
+		self.assertEqual(press('c<CR>'), press('c@'))
+		self.assertEqual(press('c<CR>'), press('c@'))
+		self.assertEqual(press('c<CR>'), press('c@'))
+
+		for n in range(1, 50):
+			self.assertPressIncomplete(kb, 'y' * n)
+
+		for n in range(1, 5):
+			self.assertPressFails(kb, '!' * n)
+
+	def test_tree(self):
+		t = Tree()
+		t.set('abcd', "Yes")
+		self.assertEqual("Yes", t.traverse('abcd'))
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t.traverse, 'abcde')
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t.traverse, 'xyz')
+		self.assert_(isinstance(t.traverse('abc'), Tree))
+
+		t2 = Tree()
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.set, 'axy', "Lol", force=False)
+		t2.set('axx', 'ololol')
+		t2.set('axyy', "Lol")
+		self.assertEqual("Yes", t.traverse('abcd'))
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.traverse, 'abcd')
+		self.assertEqual("Lol", t2.traverse('axyy'))
+		self.assertEqual("ololol", t2.traverse('axx'))
+
+		t2.unset('axyy')
+		self.assertEqual("ololol", t2.traverse('axx'))
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.traverse, 'axyy')
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.traverse, 'axy')
+
+		t2.unset('a')
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.traverse, 'abcd')
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t2.traverse, 'a')
+		self.assert_(t2.empty())
+
+	def test_merge_trees(self):
+		def makeTreeA():
+			t = Tree()
+			t.set('aaaX', 1)
+			t.set('aaaY', 2)
+			t.set('aaaZ', 3)
+			t.set('bbbA', 11)
+			t.set('bbbB', 12)
+			t.set('bbbC', 13)
+			t.set('bbbD', 14)
+			t.set('bP', 21)
+			t.set('bQ', 22)
+			return t
+
+		def makeTreeB():
+			u = Tree()
+			u.set('aaaX', 0)
+			u.set('bbbC', 'Yes')
+			u.set('bbbD', None)
+			u.set('bbbE', 15)
+			u.set('bbbF', 16)
+			u.set('bQ', 22)
+			u.set('bR', 23)
+			u.set('ffff', 1337)
+			return u
+
+		# test 1
+		t = Tree('a')
+		u = Tree('b')
+		merged = t.merge(u, copy=True)
+		self.assertEqual('b', merged._tree)
+
+		# test 2
+		t = Tree('a')
+		u = makeTreeA()
+		merged = t.merge(u, copy=True)
+		self.assertEqual(u._tree, merged._tree)
+
+		# test 3
+		t = makeTreeA()
+		u = makeTreeB()
+		v = t.merge(u, copy=True)
+
+		self.assertEqual(0, v['aaaX'])
+		self.assertEqual(2, v['aaaY'])
+		self.assertEqual(3, v['aaaZ'])
+		self.assertEqual(11, v['bbbA'])
+		self.assertEqual('Yes', v['bbbC'])
+		self.assertEqual(None, v['bbbD'])
+		self.assertEqual(15, v['bbbE'])
+		self.assertEqual(16, v['bbbF'])
+		self.assertRaises(KeyError, t.__getitem__, 'bbbG')
+		self.assertEqual(21, v['bP'])
+		self.assertEqual(22, v['bQ'])
+		self.assertEqual(23, v['bR'])
+		self.assertEqual(1337, v['ffff'])
+
+		# merge shouldn't be destructive
+		self.assertEqual(makeTreeA()._tree, t._tree)
+		self.assertEqual(makeTreeB()._tree, u._tree)
+
+		v['fff'].replace('Lolz')
+		self.assertEqual('Lolz', v['fff'])
+
+		v['aaa'].replace('Very bad')
+		v.plow('qqqqqqq').replace('eww.')
+
+		self.assertEqual(makeTreeA()._tree, t._tree)
+		self.assertEqual(makeTreeB()._tree, u._tree)
+
+	def test_add(self):
+		c = KeyMap()
+		c.map('aa', 'b', lambda *_: 'lolz')
+		self.assert_(c['aa'].function(), 'lolz')
+		@c.map('a', 'c')
+		def test():
+			return 5
+		self.assert_(c['b'].function(), 'lolz')
+		self.assert_(c['c'].function(), 5)
+		self.assert_(c['a'].function(), 5)
+
+	def test_quantifier(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		def n(value):
+			"""return n or value"""
+			def fnc(arg=None):
+				if arg is None or arg.n is None:
+					return value
+				return arg.n
+			return fnc
+		km.map('p', n(5))
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+		self.assertEqual(5, press('p'))
+		self.assertEqual(3, press('3p'))
+		self.assertEqual(6223, press('6223p'))
+
+	def test_direction(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+		def nd(arg):
+			""" n * direction """
+			n = arg.n is None and 1 or arg.n
+			dir = arg.direction is None and Direction(down=1) \
+					or arg.direction
+			return n * dir.down
+		km.map('d<dir>', nd)
+		km.map('dd', func=nd)
+
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		self.assertPressIncomplete(kb, 'd')
+		self.assertEqual(  1, press('dj'))
+		self.assertEqual(  3, press('3ddj'))
+		self.assertEqual( 15, press('3d5j'))
+		self.assertEqual(-15, press('3d5k'))
+		# supporting this kind of key combination would be too confusing:
+		# self.assertEqual( 15, press('3d5d'))
+		self.assertEqual(  3, press('3dd'))
+		self.assertEqual(  33, press('33dd'))
+		self.assertEqual(  1, press('dd'))
+
+		km.map('x<dir>', nd)
+		km.map('xxxx', func=nd)
+
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('xxxxj'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('xxxxjsomeinvalitchars'))
+
+		# these combinations should break:
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xxxj')
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xxj')
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xxkldfjalksdjklsfsldkj')
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xyj')
+		self.assertPressIncomplete(kb, 'x') # direction missing
+
+	def test_any_key(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+
+		directions.map('g<any>', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+
+		def cat(arg):
+			n = arg.n is None and 1 or arg.n
+			return ''.join(chr(c) for c in arg.matches) * n
+
+		km.map('return<any>', cat)
+		km.map('cat4<any><any><any><any>', cat)
+		km.map('foo<dir><any>', cat)
+
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		self.assertEqual('x', press('returnx'))
+		self.assertEqual('abcd', press('cat4abcd'))
+		self.assertEqual('abcdabcd', press('2cat4abcd'))
+		self.assertEqual('55555', press('5return5'))
+
+		self.assertEqual('x', press('foojx'))
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'fooggx')  # ANYKEY forbidden in DIRECTION
+
+		km.map('<any>', lambda _: Ellipsis)
+		self.assertEqual('x', press('returnx'))
+		self.assertEqual('abcd', press('cat4abcd'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('2cat4abcd'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('5return5'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('g'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('ß'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('ア'))
+		self.assertEqual(Ellipsis, press('9'))
+
+	def test_multiple_directions(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+
+		def add_dirs(arg):
+			return sum(dir.down for dir in arg.directions)
+
+		km.map('x<dir>y<dir>', add_dirs)
+		km.map('four<dir><dir><dir><dir>', add_dirs)
+
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		self.assertEqual(2, press('xjyj'))
+		self.assertEqual(0, press('fourjkkj'))
+		self.assertEqual(2, press('four2j4k2j2j'))
+		self.assertEqual(10, press('four1j2j3j4j'))
+		self.assertEqual(10, press('four1j2j3j4jafslkdfjkldj'))
+
+	def test_corruptions(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+		km.map('xxx', lambda _: 1)
+
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('xxx'))
+
+		# corrupt the tree
+		tup = tuple(translate_keys('xxx'))
+		x = ord('x')
+		km._tree[x][x][x] = "Boo"
+
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xxy')
+		self.assertPressFails(kb, 'xzy')
+		self.assertPressIncomplete(kb, 'xx')
+		self.assertPressIncomplete(kb, 'x')
+		if not sys.flags.optimize:
+			self.assertRaises(AssertionError, kb.simulate_press, 'xxx')
+		kb.clear()
+
+	def test_directions_as_functions(self):
+		km = KeyMap()
+		directions = KeyMap()
+		kb = KeyBuffer(km, directions)
+		press = self._mkpress(kb, km)
+
+		def move(arg):
+			return arg.direction.down
+
+		directions.map('j', dir=Direction(down=1))
+		directions.map('s', alias='j')
+		directions.map('k', dir=Direction(down=-1))
+		km.map('<dir>', func=move)
+
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('s'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('s'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('s'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('s'))
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('s'))
+		self.assertEqual(-1, press('k'))
+		self.assertEqual(-1, press('k'))
+		self.assertEqual(-1, press('k'))
+
+		km.map('k', func=lambda _: 'love')
+
+		self.assertEqual(1, press('j'))
+		self.assertEqual('love', press('k'))
+
+		self.assertEqual(40, press('40j'))
+
+		km.map('<dir><dir><any><any>', func=move)
+
+		self.assertEqual(40, press('40jkhl'))
+
+	def test_tree_deep_copy(self):
+		t = Tree()
+		s = t.plow('abcd')
+		s.replace('X')
+		u = t.copy()
+		self.assertEqual(t._tree, u._tree)
+		s = t.traverse('abc')
+		s.replace('Y')
+		self.assertNotEqual(t._tree, u._tree)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': main()
diff --git a/test/tc_ui.py b/test/tc_ui.py
index affec907..98ddff93 100644
--- a/test/tc_ui.py
+++ b/test/tc_ui.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Test(unittest.TestCase):
 	def setUp(self):
 
 		self.fm = Fake()
-		self.ui = ui.UI(env=Fake(), fm=self.fm, commandlist=Fake())
+		self.ui = ui.UI(env=Fake(), fm=self.fm, keymap=Fake())
 
 		def fakesetup():
 			self.ui.widget = Fake()
ckground-color: #fff0ff } /* Literal.String.Regex */ .highlight .s1 { color: #dd2200; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Single */ .highlight .ss { color: #aa6600; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */ .highlight .bp { color: #003388 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */ .highlight .fm { color: #0066bb; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Function.Magic */ .highlight .vc { color: #336699 } /* Name.Variable.Class */ .highlight .vg { color: #dd7700 } /* Name.Variable.Global */ .highlight .vi { color: #3333bb } /* Name.Variable.Instance */ .highlight .vm { color: #336699 } /* Name.Variable.Magic */ .highlight .il { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
# Helper to dynamically allocate memory on the heap.
#
# We'd like to be able to write tests for functions that allocate memory,
# making assertions on the precise addresses used. To achieve this we'll pass
# in an *allocation descriptor* to allocate from.
#
# Allocation descriptors are also useful outside of tests. Assembly and machine
# code are of necessity unsafe languages, and one of the most insidious kinds
# of bugs unsafe languages expose us to are dangling pointers to memory that
# has been freed and potentially even reused for something totally different.
# To reduce the odds of such "use after free" errors, SubX programs tend to not
# reclaim and reuse dynamically allocated memory. (Running out of memory is far
# easier to debug.) Long-running programs that want to reuse memory are mostly
# on their own to be careful. However, they do get one bit of help: they can
# carve out chunks of memory and then allocate from them manually using this
# very same 'allocate' helper. They just need a new allocation descriptor for
# their book-keeping.

== data

# Allocations are returned in a handle, which consists of an alloc-id and a payload.
# The alloc-id helps detect use-after-free errors.
Handle-size:  # (addr int)
  8/imm32

# A default allocation descriptor for programs to use.
Heap:  # allocation-descriptor
  # curr
  0/imm32
  # limit
  0/imm32

# a reasonable default
Heap-size:  # int
  0x600000/imm32/6MB

Next-alloc-id:  # int
  0x100/imm32  # save a few alloc ids for fake handles

== code
#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes

# Let's start initializing the default allocation descriptor.

Entry:
    # initialize heap
    # . Heap = new-segment(Heap-size)
    # . . push args
    68/push  Heap/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Heap-size/disp32                  # push *Heap-size
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp

    e8/call  run-tests/disp32  # 'run-tests' is a function created automatically by SubX. It calls all functions that start with 'test-'.
$array-equal-main:end:
    # syscall(exit, Num-test-failures)
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/ebx   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to ebx
    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32

# Allocate and clear 'n' bytes of memory from an allocation-descriptor 'ad'.
# Abort if there isn't enough memory in 'ad'.
allocate:  # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int, out: (addr handle)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    # allocate-raw(ad, n, out)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate-raw/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # eax = out->payload + 4
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to eax
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(eax+4) to eax
    05/add-to-eax  4/imm32
    # zero-out(eax, n)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  zero-out/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
$allocate:end:
    # . restore registers
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# Claim the next 'n' bytes of memory starting at ad->curr and update ad->curr.
# Abort if there isn't enough memory in 'ad'.
allocate-raw:  # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int, out: (addr handle)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    52/push-edx
    53/push-ebx
    56/push-esi
    57/push-edi
    # ecx = ad
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to ecx
    # edx = out
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to edx
    # ebx = n
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to ebx
    # out->alloc-id = Next-alloc-id
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           0/r32/eax   Next-alloc-id/disp32              # copy *Next-alloc-id to eax
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy eax to *edx
    # out->payload = ad->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy *ecx to eax
$allocate-raw:save-payload-in-eax:
    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy eax to *(edx+4)
    # *out->payload = Next-alloc-id
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           7/r32/edi   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(edx+4) to edi
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           6/r32/esi   Next-alloc-id/disp32              # copy *Next-alloc-id to esi
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   .               .                 # copy esi to *edi
$allocate-raw:increment-next-alloc-id:
    # increment *Next-alloc-id
    ff          0/subop/increment   0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32              # increment *Next-alloc-id
    # check if there's enough space
    # TODO: move this check up before any state updates when we support error recovery
    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    0/base/eax  3/index/ebx   .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy eax+ebx+4 to eax
    3b/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # compare eax with *(ecx+4)
    73/jump-if->=-signed  $allocate-raw:abort/disp8
$allocate-raw:commit:
    # ad->curr += n+4
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy eax to *ecx
$allocate-raw:end:
    # . restore registers
    5f/pop-to-edi
    5e/pop-to-esi
    5b/pop-to-ebx
    5a/pop-to-edx
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

$allocate-raw:abort:
    # . _write(2/stderr, error)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "allocate: failed\n"/imm32
    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
    # . . call
    e8/call  _write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # . syscall(exit, 1)
    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
    # never gets here

test-allocate-raw-success:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var ad/ecx: allocation-descriptor
    68/push  0/imm32/limit
    68/push  0/imm32/curr
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # ad = new-segment(512)
    # . . push args
    51/push-ecx
    68/push  0x200/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # var expected-payload/ebx = ad->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # copy *ecx to ebx
    # var h/edx: handle = {0, 0}
    68/push  0/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to edx
    # *Next-alloc-id = 0x34
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x34/imm32  # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # allocate-raw(ad, 3, h)
    # . . push args
    52/push-edx
    68/push  3/imm32
    51/push-ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate-raw/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-raw-success: sets alloc-id in handle"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *edx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload, expected-payload, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-raw-success: sets payload in handle"/imm32
    53/push-ebx
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(edx+4)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-raw-success: sets alloc-id in payload"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ebx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(*Next-alloc-id, 0x35, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-raw-success: increments Next-alloc-id"/imm32
    68/push  0x35/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32              # push *Next-alloc-id
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(ad->curr - expected-payload, 3 + 4 for alloc-id, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-raw-success: updates allocation descriptor"/imm32
    68/push  7/imm32
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy *ecx to eax
    29/subtract                     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # subtract ebx from eax
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # clean up
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x100/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

lookup:  # h: (handle T) -> eax: (addr T)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    51/push-ecx
    # eax = 0
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # clear eax
    # ecx = handle->alloc_id
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to ecx
    # if (ecx == 0) return 0
    81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm32           # compare ecx
    74/jump-if-=  $lookup:end/disp8
    # eax = handle->address (payload)
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to eax
    # if (ecx != *eax) abort
    39/compare                      0/mod/indirect  0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # compare *eax and ecx
    75/jump-if-!=  $lookup:abort/disp8
    # add 4 to eax
    05/add-to-eax  4/imm32
$lookup:end:
    # . restore registers
    59/pop-to-ecx
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

$lookup:abort:
    # . _write(2/stderr, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "lookup failed\n"/imm32
    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
    # . . call
    e8/call  _write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # . syscall(exit, 1)
    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32/exit-status
    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32

test-lookup-success:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var ad/ebx: allocation-descriptor
    68/push  0/imm32/limit
    68/push  0/imm32/curr
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebx
    # ad = new-segment(512)
    # . . push args
    53/push-ebx
    68/push  0x200/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # var handle/ecx: handle
    68/push  0/imm32/address
    68/push  0/imm32/alloc-id
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # var old-top/edx = ad->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy *ebx to edx
    # allocate-raw(ad, 2, handle)
    # . . push args
    51/push-ecx
    68/push  2/imm32/size
    53/push-ebx
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate-raw/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # eax = lookup(handle)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ecx+4)
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  lookup/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # eax contains old top of heap, except skipping the alloc-id in the payload
    # . check-ints-equal(eax, old-top+4, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-lookup-success"/imm32
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to edx
    52/push-edx
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # clean up
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x100/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

test-lookup-null-returns-null:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var handle/ecx: handle
    68/push  0/imm32/address
    68/push  0/imm32/alloc-id
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # eax = lookup(handle)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ecx+4)
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  lookup/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-lookup-null-returns-null"/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

_pending-test-lookup-failure:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var heap/esi: allocation-descriptor
    68/push  0/imm32/limit
    68/push  0/imm32/curr
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to esi
    # heap = new-segment(512)
    # . . push args
    56/push-esi
    68/push  0x200/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # var h1/ecx: handle
    68/push  0/imm32/address
    68/push  0/imm32/alloc-id
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # var old_top/ebx = heap->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # copy *esi to ebx
    # first allocation, to h1
    # . allocate(heap, 2, h1)
    # . . push args
    51/push-ecx
    68/push  2/imm32/size
    56/push-esi
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # reset heap->curr to mimic reclamation
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # copy ebx to *esi
    # second allocation that returns the same address as the first
    # var h2/edx: handle
    68/push  0/imm32/address
    68/push  0/imm32/alloc-id
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to edx
    # . allocate(heap, 2, h2)
    # . . push args
    52/push-edx
    68/push  2/imm32/size
    56/push-esi
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h1->address, h2->address, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-lookup-failure"/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(edx+4)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ecx+4)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # lookup(h1) should crash
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ecx+4)
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  lookup/disp32
    # should never get past this point
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # clean up
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x100/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# when comparing handles, just treat them as pure values
handle-equal?:  # a: handle, b: handle -> eax: boolean
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    51/push-ecx
    # eax = false
    b8/copy-to-eax  0/imm32/false
$handle-equal?:compare-alloc-id:
    # ecx = a->alloc_id
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to ecx
    # if (ecx != b->alloc_id) return false
    39/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0x10/disp8      .                 # compare ecx and *(ebp+16)
    75/jump-if-!=  $handle-equal?:end/disp8
$handle-equal?:compare-address:
    # ecx = handle->address
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to ecx
    # if (ecx != b->address) return false
    39/compare                      1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0x14/disp8      .                 # compare ecx and *(ebp+20)
    75/jump-if-!=  $handle-equal?:end/disp8
$handle-equal?:return-true:
    # return true
    b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/true
$handle-equal?:end:
    # . restore registers
    59/pop-to-ecx
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

copy-handle:  # src: handle, dest: (addr handle)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    # ecx = dest
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to ecx
    # *dest = src
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to eax
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy eax to *ecx
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to eax
    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy eax to *(ecx+4)
$copy-handle:end:
    # . restore registers
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# helper: create a nested allocation descriptor (useful for tests)
allocate-region:  # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int, out: (addr handle allocation-descriptor)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    # allocate(ad, n, out)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(ebp+12)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # eax = out->payload
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to eax
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(eax+4) to eax
    # skip payload->allocid
    05/add-to-eax  4/imm32
    # if (eax == 0) abort
    3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32
    74/jump-if-=  $allocate-region:abort/disp8
    # earmark 8 bytes at the start for a new allocation descriptor
    # . *eax = eax + 8
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy eax to ecx
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ecx
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy ecx to *eax
    # . *(eax+4) = eax + n
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy eax to ecx
    03/add                          1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0xc/disp8       .                 # add *(ebp+12) to ecx
    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   4/disp8         .                 # copy ecx to *(eax+4)
    # . restore registers
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# We could create a more general '$abort' jump target, but then we'd need to do
# a conditional jump followed by loading the error message and an unconditional
# jump. Or we'd need to unconditionally load the error message before a
# conditional jump, even if it's unused the vast majority of the time. This way
# we bloat a potentially cold segment in RAM so we can abort with a single
# instruction.
$allocate-region:abort:
    # . _write(2/stderr, error)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "allocate-region: failed to allocate\n"/imm32
    68/push  2/imm32/stderr
    # . . call
    e8/call  _write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # . syscall(exit, 1)
    bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
    e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
    # never gets here

# Claim the next 'n+4' bytes of memory and initialize the first 4 to n.
# Abort if there isn't enough memory in 'ad'.
allocate-array:  # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int, out: (addr handle)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    52/push-edx
    # ecx = n
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to ecx
    # var size/edx: int = n+4
    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   4/disp8         .                 # copy ecx+4 to edx
    # allocate(ad, size, out)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
    52/push-edx
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # *out->payload = n
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to eax
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(eax+4) to eax
    # . skip payload->allocid
    05/add-to-eax  4/imm32
    # .
    89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy ecx to *eax
$allocate-array:end:
    # . restore registers
    5a/pop-to-edx
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

test-allocate-array:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var ad/ecx: allocation-descriptor
    68/push  0/imm32/limit
    68/push  0/imm32/curr
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # ad = new-segment(512)
    # . . push args
    51/push-ecx
    68/push  0x200/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # var expected-payload/ebx = ad->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # copy *ecx to ebx
    # var h/edx: handle = {0, 0}
    68/push  0/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to edx
    # *Next-alloc-id = 0x34
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x34/imm32  # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # allocate-array(ad, 3, h)
    # . . push args
    52/push-edx
    68/push  3/imm32
    51/push-ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate-array/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: sets alloc-id in handle"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *edx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload, expected-payload, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: sets payload in handle"/imm32
    53/push-ebx
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(edx+4)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: sets alloc-id in payload"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ebx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload->size, 3, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: sets array size in payload"/imm32
    68/push  3/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   3/rm32/ebx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(ebx+4)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(*Next-alloc-id, 0x35, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: increments Next-alloc-id"/imm32
    68/push  0x35/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32              # push *Next-alloc-id
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(ad->curr - expected-payload, 3 + 4 for alloc-id + 4 for array size, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-allocate-array: updates allocation descriptor"/imm32
    68/push  0xb/imm32
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy *ecx to eax
    29/subtract                     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # subtract ebx from eax
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # clean up
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  1/imm32     # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

copy-array:  # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), src: (addr array), out: (addr handle)
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    52/push-edx
    56/push-esi
    # esi = src
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to esi
    # var size/ecx: int = src->size+4
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # copy *esi to ecx
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ecx
    # allocate(ad, size, out)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(ebp+16)
    51/push-ecx
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(ebp+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  allocate/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # var payload/eax: (addr byte) = out->payload
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0x10/disp8      .                 # copy *(ebp+16) to eax
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(eax+4) to eax
    # . skip payload->allocid
    05/add-to-eax  4/imm32
    # var max/ecx: (addr byte) = payload + size
    01/add                          3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # add eax to ecx
    # _append-4(payload, max, src, &src->data[src->size])
    # . . push &src->data[src->size]
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy *esi to edx
    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/esi  2/index/edx   .           2/r32/edx   4/disp8         .                 # copy esi+edx+4 to edx
    52/push-edx
    # . . push src
    56/push-esi
    # . . push max
    51/push-ecx
    # . . push payload
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  _append-4/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0x10/imm32        # add to esp
$copy-array:end:
    # . restore registers
    5e/pop-to-esi
    5a/pop-to-edx
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

test-copy-array:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # var src/esi: (addr array int) = [3, 4, 5]
    68/push  5/imm32
    68/push  4/imm32
    68/push  3/imm32
    68/push  0xc/imm32/size
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to esi
    # var ad/ecx: allocation-descriptor
    68/push  0/imm32/limit
    68/push  0/imm32/curr
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # ad = new-segment(512)
    # . . push args
    51/push-ecx
    68/push  0x200/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  new-segment/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # var expected-payload/ebx = ad->curr
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # copy *ecx to ebx
    # var h/edx: handle = {0, 0}
    68/push  0/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to edx
    # *Next-alloc-id = 0x34
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  0x34/imm32  # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # copy-array(ad, src, h)
    # . . push args
    52/push-edx
    56/push-esi
    51/push-ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  copy-array/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: sets alloc-id in handle"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *edx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload, expected-payload, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: sets payload in handle"/imm32
    53/push-ebx
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(edx+4)
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(h->payload->alloc-id, 0x34, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: sets alloc-id in payload"/imm32
    68/push  0x34/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *edx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # var payload/eax: (addr int) = lookup(h)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           4/disp8         .                 # push *(edx+4)
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *edx
    # . . call
    e8/call  lookup/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(payload->size, 0xc, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: sets array size in payload"/imm32
    68/push  0xc/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(*Next-alloc-id, 0x35, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: increments Next-alloc-id"/imm32
    68/push  0x35/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32              # push *Next-alloc-id
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # check-ints-equal(ad->curr - expected-payload, 12 + 4 for alloc-id + 4 for length, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-copy-array: updates allocation descriptor"/imm32
    68/push  0x14/imm32
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   .               .                 # copy *ecx to eax
    29/subtract                     3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # subtract ebx from eax
    50/push-eax
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # clean up
    c7          0/subop/copy        0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           .           Next-alloc-id/disp32  1/imm32     # copy to *Next-alloc-id
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# Fill a region of memory with zeroes.
zero-out:  # start: (addr byte), len: int
    # pseudocode:
    #   curr/esi = start
    #   i/ecx = 0
    #   while true
    #     if (i >= len) break
    #     *curr = 0
    #     ++curr
    #     ++i
    #
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # . save registers
    50/push-eax
    51/push-ecx
    52/push-edx
    56/push-esi
    # curr/esi = start
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           6/r32/esi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to esi
    # var i/ecx: int = 0
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   .               .                 # clear ecx
    # edx = len
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to edx
$zero-out:loop:
    # if (i >= len) break
    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # compare ecx with edx
    7d/jump-if->=  $zero-out:end/disp8
    # *curr = 0
    c6          0/subop/copy        0/mod/direct    6/rm32/esi    .           .             .           .           .               0/imm8            # copy byte to *esi
    # ++curr
    46/increment-esi
    # ++i
    41/increment-ecx
    eb/jump  $zero-out:loop/disp8
$zero-out:end:
    # . restore registers
    5e/pop-to-esi
    5a/pop-to-edx
    59/pop-to-ecx
    58/pop-to-eax
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

test-zero-out:
    # . prologue
    55/push-ebp
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
    # region/ecx = 34, 35, 36, 37
    68/push  0x37363534/imm32
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ecx
    # zero-out(ecx, 3)
    # . . push args
    68/push  3/imm32/len
    51/push-ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  zero-out/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
    # first 3 bytes cleared, fourth left alone
    # . check-ints-equal(*ecx, 0x37000000, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  "F - test-zero-out"/imm32
    68/push  0x37000000/imm32
    ff          6/subop/push        0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # push *ecx
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
    # . epilogue
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
    5d/pop-to-ebp
    c3/return

# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0