1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>Python: module os</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head><body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="heading">
<tr bgcolor="#7799ee">
<td valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"> <br><big><big><strong>os</strong></big></big></font></td
><td align=right valign=bottom
><font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"><a href=".">index</a><br><a href="file:/usr/lib/python3.1/os.py">/usr/lib/python3.1/os.py</a><br><a href="http://docs.python.org/library/os">Module Docs</a></font></td></tr></table>
<p><tt>OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.<br>
<br>
This exports:<br>
- all functions from posix, nt, os2, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.<br>
- os.path is either posixpath or ntpath<br>
- os.name is either 'posix', 'nt', 'os2' or 'ce'.<br>
- os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':')<br>
- os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::')<br>
- os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\\')<br>
- os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')<br>
- os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')<br>
- os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc<br>
- os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')<br>
- os.defpath is the default search path for executables<br>
- os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)<br>
<br>
Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being<br>
portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then<br>
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink<br>
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path<br>
(e.g., split and join).</tt></p>
<p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#aa55cc">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"><big><strong>Modules</strong></big></font></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#aa55cc"><tt> </tt></td><td> </td>
<td width="100%"><table width="100%" summary="list"><tr><td width="25%" valign=top><a href="copyreg.html">copyreg</a><br>
</td><td width="25%" valign=top><a href="errno.html">errno</a><br>
</td><td width="25%" valign=top><a href="posixpath.html">posixpath</a><br>
</td><td width="25%" valign=top><a href="sys.html">sys</a><br>
</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#ee77aa">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"><big><strong>Classes</strong></big></font></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ee77aa"><tt> </tt></td><td> </td>
<td width="100%"><dl>
<dt><font face="helvetica, arial"><a href="builtins.html#EnvironmentError">builtins.EnvironmentError</a>(<a href="builtins.html#Exception">builtins.Exception</a>)
</font></dt><dd>
<dl>
<dt><font face="helvetica, arial"><a href="builtins.html#OSError">builtins.OSError</a>
</font></dt></dl>
</dd>
<dt><font face="helvetica, arial"><a href="builtins.html#object">builtins.object</a>
</font></dt><dd>
<dl>
<dt><font face="helvetica, arial"><a href="posix.html#stat_result">posix.stat_result</a>
</font></dt><dt><font face="helvetica, arial"><a href="posix.html#statvfs_result">posix.statvfs_result</a>
</font></dt></dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#000000" face="helvetica, arial"><strong>error</strong> = <a name="error">class OSError</a>(<a href="builtins.html#EnvironmentError">EnvironmentError</a>)</font></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8"><td rowspan=2><tt> </tt></td>
<td colspan=2><tt>OS system call failed.<br> </tt></td></tr>
<tr><td> </td>
<td width="100%"><dl><dt>Method resolution order:</dt>
<dd><a href="builtins.html#OSError">OSError</a></dd>
<dd><a href="builtins.html#EnvironmentError">EnvironmentError</a></dd>
<dd><a href="builtins.html#Exception">Exception</a></dd>
<dd><a href="builtins.html#BaseException">BaseException</a></dd>
<dd><a href="builtins.html#object">object</a></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
Methods defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__init__"><strong>__init__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__init__">__init__</a>(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature</tt></dd></dl>
<hr>
Data and other attributes defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>__new__</strong> = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f20a8d46fc0><dd><tt>T.<a href="#error-__new__">__new__</a>(S, ...) -> a new <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a> with type S, a subtype of T</tt></dl>
<hr>
Methods inherited from <a href="builtins.html#EnvironmentError">EnvironmentError</a>:<br>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__reduce__"><strong>__reduce__</strong></a>(...)</dt></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__str__"><strong>__str__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__str__">__str__</a>() <==> str(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<hr>
Data descriptors inherited from <a href="builtins.html#EnvironmentError">EnvironmentError</a>:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>errno</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>exception errno</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>filename</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>exception filename</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>strerror</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>exception strerror</tt></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
Methods inherited from <a href="builtins.html#BaseException">BaseException</a>:<br>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__delattr__"><strong>__delattr__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__delattr__">__delattr__</a>('name') <==> del x.name</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__getattribute__"><strong>__getattribute__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__getattribute__">__getattribute__</a>('name') <==> x.name</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__repr__"><strong>__repr__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__repr__">__repr__</a>() <==> repr(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__setattr__"><strong>__setattr__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#error-__setattr__">__setattr__</a>('name', value) <==> x.name = value</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-__setstate__"><strong>__setstate__</strong></a>(...)</dt></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="OSError-with_traceback"><strong>with_traceback</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>Exception.<a href="#error-with_traceback">with_traceback</a>(tb) --<br>
set self.<strong>__traceback__</strong> to tb and return self.</tt></dd></dl>
<hr>
Data descriptors inherited from <a href="builtins.html#BaseException">BaseException</a>:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>__cause__</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>exception cause</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>__context__</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>exception context</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>__dict__</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>__traceback__</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>args</strong></dt>
</dl>
</td></tr></table> <p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#000000" face="helvetica, arial"><a name="stat_result">class <strong>stat_result</strong></a>(<a href="builtins.html#object">builtins.object</a>)</font></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8"><td rowspan=2><tt> </tt></td>
<td colspan=2><tt><a href="#stat_result">stat_result</a>: Result from stat or lstat.<br>
<br>
This <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a> may be accessed either as a tuple of<br>
(mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)<br>
or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.<br>
<br>
Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,<br>
or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.<br>
<br>
See os.stat for more information.<br> </tt></td></tr>
<tr><td> </td>
<td width="100%">Methods defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__add__"><strong>__add__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__add__">__add__</a>(y) <==> x+y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__contains__"><strong>__contains__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__contains__">__contains__</a>(y) <==> y in x</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__eq__"><strong>__eq__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__eq__">__eq__</a>(y) <==> x==y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__ge__"><strong>__ge__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__ge__">__ge__</a>(y) <==> x>=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__getitem__"><strong>__getitem__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__getitem__">__getitem__</a>(y) <==> x[y]</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__gt__"><strong>__gt__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__gt__">__gt__</a>(y) <==> x>y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__hash__"><strong>__hash__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__hash__">__hash__</a>() <==> hash(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__le__"><strong>__le__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__le__">__le__</a>(y) <==> x<=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__len__"><strong>__len__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__len__">__len__</a>() <==> len(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__lt__"><strong>__lt__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__lt__">__lt__</a>(y) <==> x<y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__mul__"><strong>__mul__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__mul__">__mul__</a>(n) <==> x*n</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__ne__"><strong>__ne__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__ne__">__ne__</a>(y) <==> x!=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__reduce__"><strong>__reduce__</strong></a>(...)</dt></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__repr__"><strong>__repr__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__repr__">__repr__</a>() <==> repr(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="stat_result-__rmul__"><strong>__rmul__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#stat_result-__rmul__">__rmul__</a>(n) <==> n*x</tt></dd></dl>
<hr>
Data descriptors defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>st_atime</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>time of last access</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_blksize</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>blocksize for filesystem I/O</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_blocks</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>number of blocks allocated</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_ctime</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>time of last change</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_dev</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>device</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_gid</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>group ID of owner</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_ino</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>inode</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_mode</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>protection bits</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_mtime</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>time of last modification</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_nlink</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>number of hard links</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_rdev</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>device type (if inode device)</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_size</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>total size, in bytes</tt></dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>st_uid</strong></dt>
<dd><tt>user ID of owner</tt></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
Data and other attributes defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>__new__</strong> = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f20a8d9a840><dd><tt>T.<a href="#stat_result-__new__">__new__</a>(S, ...) -> a new <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a> with type S, a subtype of T</tt></dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_fields</strong> = 16</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_sequence_fields</strong> = 10</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_unnamed_fields</strong> = 3</dl>
</td></tr></table> <p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#000000" face="helvetica, arial"><a name="statvfs_result">class <strong>statvfs_result</strong></a>(<a href="builtins.html#object">builtins.object</a>)</font></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffc8d8"><td rowspan=2><tt> </tt></td>
<td colspan=2><tt><a href="#statvfs_result">statvfs_result</a>: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.<br>
<br>
This <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a> may be accessed either as a tuple of<br>
(bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),<br>
or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.<br>
<br>
See os.statvfs for more information.<br> </tt></td></tr>
<tr><td> </td>
<td width="100%">Methods defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__add__"><strong>__add__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__add__">__add__</a>(y) <==> x+y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__contains__"><strong>__contains__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__contains__">__contains__</a>(y) <==> y in x</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__eq__"><strong>__eq__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__eq__">__eq__</a>(y) <==> x==y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__ge__"><strong>__ge__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__ge__">__ge__</a>(y) <==> x>=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__getitem__"><strong>__getitem__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__getitem__">__getitem__</a>(y) <==> x[y]</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__gt__"><strong>__gt__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__gt__">__gt__</a>(y) <==> x>y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__hash__"><strong>__hash__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__hash__">__hash__</a>() <==> hash(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__le__"><strong>__le__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__le__">__le__</a>(y) <==> x<=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__len__"><strong>__len__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__len__">__len__</a>() <==> len(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__lt__"><strong>__lt__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__lt__">__lt__</a>(y) <==> x<y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__mul__"><strong>__mul__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__mul__">__mul__</a>(n) <==> x*n</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__ne__"><strong>__ne__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__ne__">__ne__</a>(y) <==> x!=y</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__reduce__"><strong>__reduce__</strong></a>(...)</dt></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__repr__"><strong>__repr__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__repr__">__repr__</a>() <==> repr(x)</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="statvfs_result-__rmul__"><strong>__rmul__</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt>x.<a href="#statvfs_result-__rmul__">__rmul__</a>(n) <==> n*x</tt></dd></dl>
<hr>
Data descriptors defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>f_bavail</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_bfree</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_blocks</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_bsize</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_favail</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_ffree</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_files</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_flag</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_frsize</strong></dt>
</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>f_namemax</strong></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
Data and other attributes defined here:<br>
<dl><dt><strong>__new__</strong> = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f20a8d9a9e0><dd><tt>T.<a href="#statvfs_result-__new__">__new__</a>(S, ...) -> a new <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a> with type S, a subtype of T</tt></dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_fields</strong> = 10</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_sequence_fields</strong> = 10</dl>
<dl><dt><strong>n_unnamed_fields</strong> = 0</dl>
</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#eeaa77">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"><big><strong>Functions</strong></big></font></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeaa77"><tt> </tt></td><td> </td>
<td width="100%"><dl><dt><a name="-WCOREDUMP"><strong>WCOREDUMP</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WCOREDUMP">WCOREDUMP</a>(status) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WEXITSTATUS"><strong>WEXITSTATUS</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WEXITSTATUS">WEXITSTATUS</a>(status) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return the process return code from 'status'.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WIFCONTINUED"><strong>WIFCONTINUED</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WIFCONTINUED">WIFCONTINUED</a>(status) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a<br>
job control stop.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WIFEXITED"><strong>WIFEXITED</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WIFEXITED">WIFEXITED</a>(status) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()<br>
system call.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WIFSIGNALED"><strong>WIFSIGNALED</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WIFSIGNALED">WIFSIGNALED</a>(status) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WIFSTOPPED"><strong>WIFSTOPPED</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WIFSTOPPED">WIFSTOPPED</a>(status) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WSTOPSIG"><strong>WSTOPSIG</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WSTOPSIG">WSTOPSIG</a>(status) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided<br>
the 'status' value.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-WTERMSIG"><strong>WTERMSIG</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-WTERMSIG">WTERMSIG</a>(status) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'<br>
value.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-abort"><strong>abort</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-abort">abort</a>() -> does not return!<br>
<br>
Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails<br>
in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-access"><strong>access</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-access">access</a>(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise<br>
<br>
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most<br>
operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can<br>
be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the<br>
specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test<br>
existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-chdir"><strong>chdir</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-chdir">chdir</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Change the current working directory to the specified path.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-chmod"><strong>chmod</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-chmod">chmod</a>(path, mode)<br>
<br>
Change the access permissions of a file.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-chown"><strong>chown</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-chown">chown</a>(path, uid, gid)<br>
<br>
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-chroot"><strong>chroot</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-chroot">chroot</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Change root directory to path.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-close"><strong>close</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-close">close</a>(fd)<br>
<br>
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-closerange"><strong>closerange</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-closerange">closerange</a>(fd_low, fd_high)<br>
<br>
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-confstr"><strong>confstr</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-confstr">confstr</a>(name) -> string<br>
<br>
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-ctermid"><strong>ctermid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-ctermid">ctermid</a>() -> string<br>
<br>
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-device_encoding"><strong>device_encoding</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-device_encoding">device_encoding</a>(fd) -> str<br>
<br>
Return a string describing the encoding of the device<br>
if the output is a terminal; else return None.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-dup"><strong>dup</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-dup">dup</a>(fd) -> fd2<br>
<br>
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-dup2"><strong>dup2</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-dup2">dup2</a>(old_fd, new_fd)<br>
<br>
Duplicate file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execl"><strong>execl</strong></a>(file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execl">execl</a>(file, *args)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the<br>
current process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execle"><strong>execle</strong></a>(file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execle">execle</a>(file, *args, env)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file with argument list args and<br>
environment env, replacing the current process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execlp"><strong>execlp</strong></a>(file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execlp">execlp</a>(file, *args)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)<br>
with argument list args, replacing the current process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execlpe"><strong>execlpe</strong></a>(file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execlpe">execlpe</a>(file, *args, env)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)<br>
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current<br>
process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execv"><strong>execv</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execv">execv</a>(path, args)<br>
<br>
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.<br>
<br>
path: path of executable file<br>
args: tuple or list of strings</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execve"><strong>execve</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execve">execve</a>(path, args, env)<br>
<br>
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.<br>
<br>
path: path of executable file<br>
args: tuple or list of arguments<br>
env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execvp"><strong>execvp</strong></a>(file, args)</dt><dd><tt>execp(file, args)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)<br>
with argument list args, replacing the current process.<br>
args may be a list or tuple of strings.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-execvpe"><strong>execvpe</strong></a>(file, args, env)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-execvpe">execvpe</a>(file, args, env)<br>
<br>
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)<br>
with argument list args and environment env , replacing the<br>
current process.<br>
args may be a list or tuple of strings.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fchdir"><strong>fchdir</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fchdir">fchdir</a>(fildes)<br>
<br>
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be<br>
opened on a directory, not a file.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fchmod"><strong>fchmod</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fchmod">fchmod</a>(fd, mode)<br>
<br>
Change the access permissions of the file given by file<br>
descriptor fd.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fchown"><strong>fchown</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fchown">fchown</a>(fd, uid, gid)<br>
<br>
Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor<br>
fd to the numeric uid and gid.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fdatasync"><strong>fdatasync</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fdatasync">fdatasync</a>(fildes)<br>
<br>
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.<br>
does not force update of metadata.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fork"><strong>fork</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fork">fork</a>() -> pid<br>
<br>
Fork a child process.<br>
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-forkpty"><strong>forkpty</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-forkpty">forkpty</a>() -> (pid, master_fd)<br>
<br>
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.<br>
<br>
Like <a href="#-fork">fork</a>(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.<br>
To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fpathconf"><strong>fpathconf</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fpathconf">fpathconf</a>(fd, name) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.<br>
If there is no limit, return -1.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fstat"><strong>fstat</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fstat">fstat</a>(fd) -> stat result<br>
<br>
Like <a href="#-stat">stat</a>(), but for an open file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fstatvfs"><strong>fstatvfs</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fstatvfs">fstatvfs</a>(fd) -> statvfs result<br>
<br>
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-fsync"><strong>fsync</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-fsync">fsync</a>(fildes)<br>
<br>
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-ftruncate"><strong>ftruncate</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-ftruncate">ftruncate</a>(fd, length)<br>
<br>
Truncate a file to a specified length.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getcwd"><strong>getcwd</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getcwd">getcwd</a>() -> path<br>
<br>
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getcwdb"><strong>getcwdb</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getcwdb">getcwdb</a>() -> path<br>
<br>
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getegid"><strong>getegid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getegid">getegid</a>() -> egid<br>
<br>
Return the current process's effective group id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getenv"><strong>getenv</strong></a>(key, default<font color="#909090">=None</font>)</dt><dd><tt>Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.<br>
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-geteuid"><strong>geteuid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-geteuid">geteuid</a>() -> euid<br>
<br>
Return the current process's effective user id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getgid"><strong>getgid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getgid">getgid</a>() -> gid<br>
<br>
Return the current process's group id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getgroups"><strong>getgroups</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getgroups">getgroups</a>() -> list of group IDs<br>
<br>
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getloadavg"><strong>getloadavg</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getloadavg">getloadavg</a>() -> (float, float, float)<br>
<br>
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over<br>
the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average<br>
was unobtainable</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getlogin"><strong>getlogin</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getlogin">getlogin</a>() -> string<br>
<br>
Return the actual login name.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getpgid"><strong>getpgid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getpgid">getpgid</a>(pid) -> pgid<br>
<br>
Call the system call <a href="#-getpgid">getpgid</a>().</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getpgrp"><strong>getpgrp</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getpgrp">getpgrp</a>() -> pgrp<br>
<br>
Return the current process group id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getpid"><strong>getpid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getpid">getpid</a>() -> pid<br>
<br>
Return the current process id</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getppid"><strong>getppid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getppid">getppid</a>() -> ppid<br>
<br>
Return the parent's process id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getsid"><strong>getsid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getsid">getsid</a>(pid) -> sid<br>
<br>
Call the system call <a href="#-getsid">getsid</a>().</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-getuid"><strong>getuid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-getuid">getuid</a>() -> uid<br>
<br>
Return the current process's user id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-isatty"><strong>isatty</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-isatty">isatty</a>(fd) -> bool<br>
<br>
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor<br>
connected to the slave end of a terminal.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-kill"><strong>kill</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-kill">kill</a>(pid, sig)<br>
<br>
Kill a process with a signal.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-killpg"><strong>killpg</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-killpg">killpg</a>(pgid, sig)<br>
<br>
Kill a process group with a signal.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-lchown"><strong>lchown</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-lchown">lchown</a>(path, uid, gid)<br>
<br>
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.<br>
This function will not follow symbolic links.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-link"><strong>link</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-link">link</a>(src, dst)<br>
<br>
Create a hard link to a file.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-listdir"><strong>listdir</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-listdir">listdir</a>(path) -> list_of_strings<br>
<br>
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.<br>
<br>
path: path of directory to list<br>
<br>
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special<br>
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-lseek"><strong>lseek</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-lseek">lseek</a>(fd, pos, how) -> newpos<br>
<br>
Set the current position of a file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-lstat"><strong>lstat</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-lstat">lstat</a>(path) -> stat result<br>
<br>
Like <a href="#-stat">stat</a>(path), but do not follow symbolic links.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-major"><strong>major</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-major">major</a>(device) -> major number<br>
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-makedev"><strong>makedev</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-makedev">makedev</a>(major, minor) -> device number<br>
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-makedirs"><strong>makedirs</strong></a>(name, mode<font color="#909090">=511</font>)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-makedirs">makedirs</a>(path [, mode=0o777])<br>
<br>
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.<br>
Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not<br>
just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist. This is<br>
recursive.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-minor"><strong>minor</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-minor">minor</a>(device) -> minor number<br>
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-mkdir"><strong>mkdir</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-mkdir">mkdir</a>(path [, mode=0777])<br>
<br>
Create a directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-mkfifo"><strong>mkfifo</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-mkfifo">mkfifo</a>(filename [, mode=0666])<br>
<br>
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-mknod"><strong>mknod</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-mknod">mknod</a>(filename [, mode=0600, device])<br>
<br>
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe)<br>
named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the<br>
type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of<br>
S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK,<br>
device defines the newly created device special file (probably using<br>
os.<a href="#-makedev">makedev</a>()), otherwise it is ignored.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-nice"><strong>nice</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-nice">nice</a>(inc) -> new_priority<br>
<br>
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-open"><strong>open</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-open">open</a>(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd<br>
<br>
Open a file (for low level IO).</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-openpty"><strong>openpty</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-openpty">openpty</a>() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)<br>
<br>
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-pathconf"><strong>pathconf</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-pathconf">pathconf</a>(path, name) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.<br>
If there is no limit, return -1.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-pipe"><strong>pipe</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-pipe">pipe</a>() -> (read_end, write_end)<br>
<br>
Create a pipe.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-putenv"><strong>putenv</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-putenv">putenv</a>(key, value)<br>
<br>
Change or add an environment variable.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-read"><strong>read</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-read">read</a>(fd, buffersize) -> string<br>
<br>
Read a file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-readlink"><strong>readlink</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-readlink">readlink</a>(path) -> path<br>
<br>
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-remove"><strong>remove</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-remove">remove</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Remove a file (same as <a href="#-unlink">unlink</a>(path)).</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-removedirs"><strong>removedirs</strong></a>(name)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-removedirs">removedirs</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate<br>
ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is<br>
successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path<br>
segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is<br>
consumed or an <a href="#error">error</a> occurs. Errors during this latter phase are<br>
ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-rename"><strong>rename</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-rename">rename</a>(old, new)<br>
<br>
Rename a file or directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-renames"><strong>renames</strong></a>(old, new)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-renames">renames</a>(old, new)<br>
<br>
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left<br>
empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate<br>
directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted<br>
first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost<br>
path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the<br>
whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.<br>
<br>
Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made<br>
if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or<br>
file.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-rmdir"><strong>rmdir</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-rmdir">rmdir</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Remove a directory.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setegid"><strong>setegid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setegid">setegid</a>(gid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's effective group id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-seteuid"><strong>seteuid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-seteuid">seteuid</a>(uid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's effective user id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setgid"><strong>setgid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setgid">setgid</a>(gid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's group id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setgroups"><strong>setgroups</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setgroups">setgroups</a>(list)<br>
<br>
Set the groups of the current process to list.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setpgid"><strong>setpgid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setpgid">setpgid</a>(pid, pgrp)<br>
<br>
Call the system call <a href="#-setpgid">setpgid</a>().</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setpgrp"><strong>setpgrp</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setpgrp">setpgrp</a>()<br>
<br>
Make this process a session leader.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setregid"><strong>setregid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setregid">setregid</a>(rgid, egid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's real and effective group ids.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setreuid"><strong>setreuid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setreuid">setreuid</a>(ruid, euid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's real and effective user ids.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setsid"><strong>setsid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setsid">setsid</a>()<br>
<br>
Call the system call <a href="#-setsid">setsid</a>().</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-setuid"><strong>setuid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-setuid">setuid</a>(uid)<br>
<br>
Set the current process's user id.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnl"><strong>spawnl</strong></a>(mode, file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnl">spawnl</a>(mode, file, *args) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnle"><strong>spawnle</strong></a>(mode, file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnle">spawnle</a>(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the<br>
supplied environment.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnlp"><strong>spawnlp</strong></a>(mode, file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnlp">spawnlp</a>(mode, file, *args) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from<br>
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnlpe"><strong>spawnlpe</strong></a>(mode, file, *args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnlpe">spawnlpe</a>(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from<br>
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnv"><strong>spawnv</strong></a>(mode, file, args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnv">spawnv</a>(mode, file, args) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnve"><strong>spawnve</strong></a>(mode, file, args, env)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnve">spawnve</a>(mode, file, args, env) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the<br>
specified environment.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnvp"><strong>spawnvp</strong></a>(mode, file, args)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnvp">spawnvp</a>(mode, file, args) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from<br>
args in a subprocess.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-spawnvpe"><strong>spawnvpe</strong></a>(mode, file, args, env)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-spawnvpe">spawnvpe</a>(mode, file, args, env) -> integer<br>
<br>
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from<br>
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.<br>
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.<br>
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;<br>
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-stat"><strong>stat</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-stat">stat</a>(path) -> stat result<br>
<br>
Perform a stat system call on the given path.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-stat_float_times"><strong>stat_float_times</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-stat_float_times">stat_float_times</a>([newval]) -> oldval<br>
<br>
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.<br>
If newval is True, future calls to <a href="#-stat">stat</a>() return floats, if it is False,<br>
future calls return ints. <br>
If newval is omitted, return the current setting.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-statvfs"><strong>statvfs</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-statvfs">statvfs</a>(path) -> statvfs result<br>
<br>
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-strerror"><strong>strerror</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-strerror">strerror</a>(code) -> string<br>
<br>
Translate an <a href="#error">error</a> code to a message string.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-symlink"><strong>symlink</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-symlink">symlink</a>(src, dst)<br>
<br>
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-sysconf"><strong>sysconf</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-sysconf">sysconf</a>(name) -> integer<br>
<br>
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-system"><strong>system</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-system">system</a>(command) -> exit_status<br>
<br>
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-tcgetpgrp"><strong>tcgetpgrp</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-tcgetpgrp">tcgetpgrp</a>(fd) -> pgid<br>
<br>
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-tcsetpgrp"><strong>tcsetpgrp</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-tcsetpgrp">tcsetpgrp</a>(fd, pgid)<br>
<br>
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-times"><strong>times</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-times">times</a>() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)<br>
<br>
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-ttyname"><strong>ttyname</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-ttyname">ttyname</a>(fd) -> string<br>
<br>
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-umask"><strong>umask</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-umask">umask</a>(new_mask) -> old_mask<br>
<br>
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-uname"><strong>uname</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-uname">uname</a>() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)<br>
<br>
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-unlink"><strong>unlink</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-unlink">unlink</a>(path)<br>
<br>
Remove a file (same as <a href="#-remove">remove</a>(path)).</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-unsetenv"><strong>unsetenv</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-unsetenv">unsetenv</a>(key)<br>
<br>
Delete an environment variable.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-utime"><strong>utime</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-utime">utime</a>(path, (atime, mtime))<br>
<a href="#-utime">utime</a>(path, None)<br>
<br>
Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the<br>
second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-wait"><strong>wait</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-wait">wait</a>() -> (pid, status)<br>
<br>
Wait for completion of a child process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-wait3"><strong>wait3</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-wait3">wait3</a>(options) -> (pid, status, rusage)<br>
<br>
Wait for completion of a child process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-wait4"><strong>wait4</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-wait4">wait4</a>(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage)<br>
<br>
Wait for completion of a given child process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-waitpid"><strong>waitpid</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-waitpid">waitpid</a>(pid, options) -> (pid, status)<br>
<br>
Wait for completion of a given child process.</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-walk"><strong>walk</strong></a>(top, topdown<font color="#909090">=True</font>, onerror<font color="#909090">=None</font>, followlinks<font color="#909090">=False</font>)</dt><dd><tt>Directory tree generator.<br>
<br>
For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top<br>
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple<br>
<br>
dirpath, dirnames, filenames<br>
<br>
dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of<br>
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').<br>
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.<br>
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.<br>
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in<br>
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).<br>
<br>
If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a<br>
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories<br>
(directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple<br>
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its<br>
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).<br>
<br>
When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place<br>
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the<br>
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune<br>
the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying<br>
dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in<br>
dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is<br>
generated.<br>
<br>
By default errors from the os.<a href="#-listdir">listdir</a>() call are ignored. If<br>
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it<br>
will be called with one argument, an os.<a href="#error">error</a> instance. It can<br>
report the <a href="#error">error</a> to continue with the walk, or raise the exception<br>
to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the<br>
filename attribute of the exception <a href="builtins.html#object">object</a>.<br>
<br>
By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on<br>
systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the<br>
optional argument 'followlinks' to true.<br>
<br>
Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the<br>
current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never<br>
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't<br>
either.<br>
<br>
Example:<br>
<br>
import os<br>
from os.path import join, getsize<br>
for root, dirs, files in os.<a href="#-walk">walk</a>('python/Lib/email'):<br>
print(root, "consumes", end="")<br>
print(sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]), end="")<br>
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")<br>
if 'CVS' in dirs:<br>
dirs.<a href="#-remove">remove</a>('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories</tt></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a name="-write"><strong>write</strong></a>(...)</dt><dd><tt><a href="#-write">write</a>(fd, string) -> byteswritten<br>
<br>
Write a string to a file descriptor.</tt></dd></dl>
</td></tr></table><p>
<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="#55aa55">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial"><big><strong>Data</strong></big></font></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#55aa55"><tt> </tt></td><td> </td>
<td width="100%"><strong>EX_CANTCREAT</strong> = 73<br>
<strong>EX_CONFIG</strong> = 78<br>
<strong>EX_DATAERR</strong> = 65<br>
<strong>EX_IOERR</strong> = 74<br>
<strong>EX_NOHOST</strong> = 68<br>
<strong>EX_NOINPUT</strong> = 66<br>
<strong>EX_NOPERM</strong> = 77<br>
<strong>EX_NOUSER</strong> = 67<br>
<strong>EX_OK</strong> = 0<br>
<strong>EX_OSERR</strong> = 71<br>
<strong>EX_OSFILE</strong> = 72<br>
<strong>EX_PROTOCOL</strong> = 76<br>
<strong>EX_SOFTWARE</strong> = 70<br>
<strong>EX_TEMPFAIL</strong> = 75<br>
<strong>EX_UNAVAILABLE</strong> = 69<br>
<strong>EX_USAGE</strong> = 64<br>
<strong>F_OK</strong> = 0<br>
<strong>NGROUPS_MAX</strong> = 65536<br>
<strong>O_APPEND</strong> = 1024<br>
<strong>O_ASYNC</strong> = 8192<br>
<strong>O_CREAT</strong> = 64<br>
<strong>O_DIRECT</strong> = 16384<br>
<strong>O_DIRECTORY</strong> = 65536<br>
<strong>O_DSYNC</strong> = 4096<br>
<strong>O_EXCL</strong> = 128<br>
<strong>O_LARGEFILE</strong> = 0<br>
<strong>O_NDELAY</strong> = 2048<br>
<strong>O_NOATIME</strong> = 262144<br>
<strong>O_NOCTTY</strong> = 256<br>
<strong>O_NOFOLLOW</strong> = 131072<br>
<strong>O_NONBLOCK</strong> = 2048<br>
<strong>O_RDONLY</strong> = 0<br>
<strong>O_RDWR</strong> = 2<br>
<strong>O_RSYNC</strong> = 4096<br>
<strong>O_SYNC</strong> = 4096<br>
<strong>O_TRUNC</strong> = 512<br>
<strong>O_WRONLY</strong> = 1<br>
<strong>R_OK</strong> = 4<br>
<strong>SEEK_CUR</strong> = 1<br>
<strong>SEEK_END</strong> = 2<br>
<strong>SEEK_SET</strong> = 0<br>
<strong>TMP_MAX</strong> = 238328<br>
<strong>WCONTINUED</strong> = 8<br>
<strong>WNOHANG</strong> = 1<br>
<strong>WUNTRACED</strong> = 2<br>
<strong>W_OK</strong> = 2<br>
<strong>X_OK</strong> = 1<br>
<strong>__all__</strong> = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'pathsep', 'linesep', 'defpath', 'name', 'path', 'devnull', 'SEEK_SET', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'EX_CANTCREAT', 'EX_CONFIG', 'EX_DATAERR', 'EX_IOERR', 'EX_NOHOST', 'EX_NOINPUT', 'EX_NOPERM', ...]<br>
<strong>altsep</strong> = None<br>
<strong>confstr_names</strong> = {'CS_LFS64_CFLAGS': 1004, 'CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS': 1005, 'CS_LFS64_LIBS': 1006, 'CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS': 1007, 'CS_LFS_CFLAGS': 1000, 'CS_LFS_LDFLAGS': 1001, 'CS_LFS_LIBS': 1002, 'CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS': 1003, 'CS_PATH': 0, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS': 1100, ...}<br>
<strong>curdir</strong> = '.'<br>
<strong>defpath</strong> = ':/bin:/usr/bin'<br>
<strong>devnull</strong> = '/dev/null'<br>
<strong>environ</strong> = <os._Environ object at 0x7f20a7d83e50><br>
<strong>linesep</strong> = '<font color="#c040c0">\n</font>'<br>
<strong>name</strong> = 'posix'<br>
<strong>pardir</strong> = '..'<br>
<strong>pathconf_names</strong> = {'PC_ASYNC_IO': 10, 'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 6, 'PC_FILESIZEBITS': 13, 'PC_LINK_MAX': 0, 'PC_MAX_CANON': 1, 'PC_MAX_INPUT': 2, 'PC_NAME_MAX': 3, 'PC_NO_TRUNC': 7, 'PC_PATH_MAX': 4, 'PC_PIPE_BUF': 5, ...}<br>
<strong>pathsep</strong> = ':'<br>
<strong>sep</strong> = '/'<br>
<strong>sysconf_names</strong> = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 95, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 47, 'SC_2_C_DEV': 48, 'SC_2_C_VERSION': 96, 'SC_2_FORT_DEV': 49, 'SC_2_FORT_RUN': 50, 'SC_2_LOCALEDEF': 52, 'SC_2_SW_DEV': 51, 'SC_2_UPE': 97, 'SC_2_VERSION': 46, ...}</td></tr></table>
</body></html>
|