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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mu - apps/ex15.mu</title> <meta name="Generator" content="Vim/8.2"> <meta name="plugin-version" content="vim8.1_v2"> <meta name="syntax" content="none"> <meta name="settings" content="number_lines,use_css,pre_wrap,no_foldcolumn,expand_tabs,line_ids,prevent_copy=,use_input_for_pc=fallback"> <meta name="colorscheme" content="minimal-light"> <style>  </style> <script>  </script> </head> <body onload='JumpToLine();'> <a href='https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/main/apps/ex15.mu'>https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/main/apps/ex15.mu</a> <pre id='vimCodeElement'> 1 # Demo of combining-character support in Mu, which can be summarized as, "the 2 # old typewriter-based approach of backing up one character and adding the 3 # accent or _matra_ in." 4 # <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character</a> 5 # 6 # Mu uses this approach for both accents in Latin languages and vowel 7 # diacritics in Abugida scripts. 8 # <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic</a> 9 # <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida</a> 10 # 11 # Steps for trying it out: 12 # 1. Translate this example into a disk image code.img. 13 # ./translate apps/ex15.mu 14 # 2. Run: 15 # qemu-system-i386 -hda code.img -hdb data.img 16 # 17 # Expected output, showing off what this approach can and cannot do: 18 # 'à' in green in a few places near the top-left corner of screen, with 19 # other letters nearby showing cases where characters blend to the eye. 20 # 21 # A few Devanagari letter combinations. Devanagari works well except for 22 # characters blending together. 23 # 24 # A few Tamil letter combinations. Tamil often doesn't look right, and 25 # requires ligatures for many letter combinations. 26 # 27 # Others? (Patches welcome.) I suspect Tibetan in particular will not work 28 # well with this approach. But I need native readers to assess quality. 29 30 fn <a href='ex15.mu.html#L30'>main</a> <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L16'>screen</a>: (addr <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L16'>screen</a>), keyboard: (addr keyboard), data-disk: (addr disk) { 31 # at the top of screen, the accent is almost cropped 32 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x61/a, 0/x 0/y, 3/fg 0/bg 33 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0300/combining-grave-accent, 0/x 0/y, 3/fg 0/bg 34 35 # below a grapheme with a descender, the accent uglily overlaps 36 # <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descender">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descender</a> 37 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x67/g, 4/x 3/y, 3/fg 0/bg 38 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x61/a, 4/x 4/y, 3/fg 0/bg 39 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0300/combining-grave-accent, 4/x 4/y, 3/fg 0/bg 40 41 # beside a grapheme with a descender, it becomes more obvious that monowidth fonts can't make baselines line up 42 # <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(typography)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(typography)</a> 43 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x67/g, 8/x 3/y, 3/fg 0/bg 44 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x61/a, 9/x 3/y, 3/fg 0/bg 45 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0300/combining-grave-accent, 9/x 3/y, 3/fg 0/bg 46 47 # a single devanagari letter combined with different vowel _matras_ 48 # ka 49 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 4/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 50 # kaa 51 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 7/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 52 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x093e/devanagari-vowel-aa, 7/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 53 # ki 54 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0xa/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 55 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x093f/devanagari-vowel-i, 0xa/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 56 # kee 57 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0xd/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 58 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0940/devanagari-vowel-ii, 0xd/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 59 # ku 60 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0x10/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 61 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0941/devanagari-vowel-u, 0x10/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 62 # koo 63 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0x13/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 64 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0942/devanagari-vowel-oo, 0x13/x 8/y, 3/fg 0/bg 65 # kay 66 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 4/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 67 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0947/devanagari-vowel-E, 4/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 68 # kai 69 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 7/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 70 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0948/devanagari-vowel-ai, 7/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 71 # ko 72 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0xa/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 73 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x094b/devanagari-vowel-o, 0xa/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 74 # kow 75 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0xd/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 76 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x094f/devanagari-vowel-aw, 0xd/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 77 # kan 78 # bump this letter down to show the letter without overlap; we've already established above that overlap is an issue 79 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0x10/x 0xa/y, 3/fg 0/bg 80 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0902/devanagari-anusvara, 0x10/x 0xa/y, 3/fg 0/bg 81 # kaha 82 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L19'>draw-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka, 0x13/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 83 var dummy/eax: int <- <a href='../103glyph.subx.html#L31'>overlay-code-point-on-real-screen</a> 0x0903/devanagari-visarga, 0x13/x 9/y, 3/fg 0/bg 84 85 # render the same devanagari letters as a single stream of utf-8 graphemes rather than individual code-points. 86 var text-storage: (stream byte 0x200) 87 var text/esi: (addr stream byte) <- address text-storage 88 var g/eax: grapheme <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0915/devanagari-letter-ka 89 var ka/ecx: grapheme <- copy g 90 # ka 91 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 92 # kaa 93 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 94 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x093e/devanagari-vowel-aa 95 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 96 # ki 97 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 98 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x093f/devanagari-vowel-i 99 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 100 # kee 101 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 102 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0940/devanagari-vowel-ii 103 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 104 # ku 105 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 106 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0941/devanagari-vowel-u 107 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 108 # koo 109 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 110 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0942/devanagari-vowel-oo 111 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 112 # kay 113 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 114 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0947/devanagari-vowel-E 115 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 116 # kai 117 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 118 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0948/devanagari-vowel-ai 119 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 120 # ko 121 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 122 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x094b/devanagari-vowel-o 123 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 124 # kow 125 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 126 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x094f/devanagari-vowel-aw 127 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 128 # kan 129 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 130 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0902/devanagari-anusvara 131 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 132 # kaha 133 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, ka 134 g <- <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L104'>to-grapheme</a> 0x0903/devanagari-visarga 135 <a href='../403unicode.mu.html#L339'>write-grapheme</a> text, g 136 # render everything 137 <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L269'>set-cursor-position</a> <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L16'>screen</a>, 4/x 0xe/y 138 <a href='../501draw-text.mu.html#L295'>draw-stream-wrapping-right-then-down-from-cursor-over-full-screen</a> <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L16'>screen</a>, text, 3/fg 0/bg 139 140 # a stream of tamil graphemes (with interspersed spaces for clarity) that don't look the same in Mu 141 <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L269'>set-cursor-position</a> 0, 4/x 0x12/y 142 <a href='../501draw-text.mu.html#L339'>draw-text-wrapping-right-then-down-from-cursor-over-full-screen</a> 0, "எ ஃ கு ", 3/fg 0/bg 143 <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L269'>set-cursor-position</a> 0, 4/x 0x13/y 144 <a href='../501draw-text.mu.html#L339'>draw-text-wrapping-right-then-down-from-cursor-over-full-screen</a> 0, "அ ன் று ", 3/fg 0/bg 145 <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L269'>set-cursor-position</a> 0, 4/x 0x14/y 146 <a href='../501draw-text.mu.html#L339'>draw-text-wrapping-right-then-down-from-cursor-over-full-screen</a> 0, "அ தா வ து " , 3/fg 0/bg 147 <a href='../500fake-screen.mu.html#L269'>set-cursor-position</a> 0, 4/x 0x15/y 148 <a href='../501draw-text.mu.html#L339'>draw-text-wrapping-right-then-down-from-cursor-over-full-screen</a> 0, "அ ஃ தா ன் று ", 3/fg 0/bg 149 } </pre> </body> </html>


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