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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">BERKELEY LOGO 6.2</h1>
<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="stoc-Introduction" href="usermanual.html#toc-Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Data-Structure-Primitives" href="usermanual.html#toc-Data-Structure-Primitives">2 Data Structure Primitives</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Objects" href="usermanual.html#toc-Objects">3 Objects</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Communication" href="usermanual.html#toc-Communication">4 Communication</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Arithmetic" href="usermanual.html#toc-Arithmetic">5 Arithmetic</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Logical-Operations" href="usermanual.html#toc-Logical-Operations">6 Logical Operations</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Graphics" href="usermanual.html#toc-Graphics">7 Graphics</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Workspace-Management" href="usermanual.html#toc-Workspace-Management">8 Workspace Management</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Control-Structures" href="usermanual.html#toc-Control-Structures">9 Control Structures</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Macros" href="usermanual.html#toc-Macros">10 Macros</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Error-Processing" href="usermanual.html#toc-Error-Processing">11 Error Processing</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Special-Variables" href="usermanual.html#toc-Special-Variables">12 Special Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Internationalization" href="usermanual.html#toc-Internationalization">13 Internationalization</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-INDEX-1" href="usermanual.html#toc-INDEX-1">INDEX</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Introduction" href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION">1 Introduction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Overview" href="usermanual.html#OVERVIEW">1.1 Overview</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Getter_002fSetter-Variable-Syntax" href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX">1.2 Getter/Setter Variable Syntax</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Entering-and-Leaving-Logo" href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO">1.3 Entering and Leaving Logo</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Tokenization" href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">1.4 Tokenization</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Data-Structure-Primitives" href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES">2 Data Structure Primitives</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Constructors" href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS">2.1 Constructors</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-word" href="usermanual.html#WORD">word</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-list" href="usermanual.html#LIST">list</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sentence" href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE">sentence</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fput" href="usermanual.html#FPUT">fput</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lput" href="usermanual.html#LPUT">lput</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-array" href="usermanual.html#ARRAY">array</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mdarray" href="usermanual.html#MDARRAY">mdarray</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-listtoarray" href="usermanual.html#LISTTOARRAY">listtoarray</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-arraytolist" href="usermanual.html#ARRAYTOLIST">arraytolist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-combine" href="usermanual.html#COMBINE">combine</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-reverse" href="usermanual.html#REVERSE">reverse</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-gensym" href="usermanual.html#GENSYM">gensym</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Data-Selectors" href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS">2.2 Data Selectors</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-first" href="usermanual.html#FIRST">first</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-firsts" href="usermanual.html#FIRSTS">firsts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-last" href="usermanual.html#LAST">last</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-butfirst" href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST">butfirst</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-butfirsts" href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS">butfirsts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-butlast" href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST">butlast</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-item" href="usermanual.html#ITEM">item</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mditem" href="usermanual.html#MDITEM">mditem</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pick" href="usermanual.html#PICK">pick</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-remove" href="usermanual.html#REMOVE">remove</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-remdup" href="usermanual.html#REMDUP">remdup</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-quoted" href="usermanual.html#QUOTED">quoted</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Data-Mutators" href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS">2.3 Data Mutators</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-setitem" href="usermanual.html#SETITEM">setitem</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mdsetitem" href="usermanual.html#MDSETITEM">mdsetitem</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002esetfirst" href="usermanual.html#dSETFIRST">.setfirst</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002esetbf" href="usermanual.html#dSETBF">.setbf</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002esetitem" href="usermanual.html#dSETITEM">.setitem</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-push" href="usermanual.html#PUSH">push</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pop" href="usermanual.html#POP">pop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-queue" href="usermanual.html#QUEUE">queue</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-dequeue" href="usermanual.html#DEQUEUE">dequeue</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Predicates" href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES">2.4 Predicates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-wordp" href="usermanual.html#WORDP">wordp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-listp" href="usermanual.html#LISTP">listp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-arrayp" href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP">arrayp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-emptyp" href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP">emptyp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-equalp" href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">equalp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-notequalp" href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP">notequalp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-beforep" href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP">beforep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002eeq" href="usermanual.html#dEQ">.eq</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-memberp" href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP">memberp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-substringp" href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP">substringp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-numberp" href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP">numberp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-vbarredp" href="usermanual.html#VBARREDP">vbarredp</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Queries" href="usermanual.html#QUERIES">2.5 Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-count" href="usermanual.html#COUNT">count</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ascii" href="usermanual.html#ASCII">ascii</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-rawascii" href="usermanual.html#RAWASCII">rawascii</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-char" href="usermanual.html#CHAR">char</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-member" href="usermanual.html#MEMBER">member</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lowercase" href="usermanual.html#LOWERCASE">lowercase</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-uppercase" href="usermanual.html#UPPERCASE">uppercase</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-standout" href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT">standout</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-parse" href="usermanual.html#PARSE">parse</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-runparse" href="usermanual.html#RUNPARSE">runparse</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Objects" href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS">3 Objects</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Constructors-1" href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS">3.1 Constructors</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-kindof" href="usermanual.html#KINDOF">kindof</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-something" href="usermanual.html#SOMETHING">something</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-oneof" href="usermanual.html#ONEOF">oneof</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Mutators" href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS">3.2 Mutators</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-exist" href="usermanual.html#EXIST">exist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-have" href="usermanual.html#HAVE">have</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-havemake" href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE">havemake</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-selectors" href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS">3.3 selectors</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-self" href="usermanual.html#SELF">self</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-parents" href="usermanual.html#PARENTS">parents</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mynames" href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES">mynames</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mynamep" href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP">mynamep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-myprocs" href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS">myprocs</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-myprocp" href="usermanual.html#MYPROCP">myprocp</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Messages" href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES">3.4 Messages</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-talkto" href="usermanual.html#TALKTO">talkto</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ask" href="usermanual.html#ASK">ask</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Queries-1" href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES">3.5 Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-whosename" href="usermanual.html#WHOSENAME">whosename</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-whoseproc" href="usermanual.html#WHOSEPROC">whoseproc</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-usual" href="usermanual.html#USUAL">3.6 usual</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Communication" href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION">4 Communication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Transmitters" href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS">4.1 Transmitters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-print" href="usermanual.html#PRINT">print</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-type" href="usermanual.html#TYPE">type</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-show" href="usermanual.html#SHOW">show</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Receivers" href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS">4.2 Receivers</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-readlist" href="usermanual.html#READLIST">readlist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-readword" href="usermanual.html#READWORD">readword</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-readrawline" href="usermanual.html#READRAWLINE">readrawline</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-readchar" href="usermanual.html#READCHAR">readchar</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-readchars" href="usermanual.html#READCHARS">readchars</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-shell" href="usermanual.html#SHELL">shell</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-File-Access" href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS">4.3 File Access</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-setprefix" href="usermanual.html#SETPREFIX">setprefix</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-prefix" href="usermanual.html#PREFIX">prefix</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-openread" href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD">openread</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-openwrite" href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE">openwrite</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-openappend" href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND">openappend</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-openupdate" href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE">openupdate</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-close" href="usermanual.html#CLOSE">close</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-allopen" href="usermanual.html#ALLOPEN">allopen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-closeall" href="usermanual.html#CLOSEALL">closeall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erasefile" href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE">erasefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-dribble" href="usermanual.html#DRIBBLE">dribble</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-nodribble" href="usermanual.html#NODRIBBLE">nodribble</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setread" href="usermanual.html#SETREAD">setread</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setwrite" href="usermanual.html#SETWRITE">setwrite</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-reader" href="usermanual.html#READER">reader</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-writer" href="usermanual.html#WRITER">writer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setreadpos" href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS">setreadpos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setwritepos" href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS">setwritepos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-readpos" href="usermanual.html#READPOS">readpos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-writepos" href="usermanual.html#WRITEPOS">writepos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-eofp" href="usermanual.html#EOFP">eofp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-filep" href="usermanual.html#FILEP">filep</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Terminal-Access" href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS">4.4 Terminal Access</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-keyp" href="usermanual.html#KEYP">keyp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-linep" href="usermanual.html#LINEP">linep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cleartext" href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT">cleartext</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setcursor" href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR">setcursor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cursor" href="usermanual.html#CURSOR">cursor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setmargins" href="usermanual.html#SETMARGINS">setmargins</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-settextcolor" href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR">settextcolor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-increasefont" href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT">increasefont</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-settextsize" href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTSIZE">settextsize</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-textsize" href="usermanual.html#TEXTSIZE">textsize</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setfont" href="usermanual.html#SETFONT">setfont</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-font" href="usermanual.html#FONT">font</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Arithmetic" href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC">5 Arithmetic</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Numeric-Operations" href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS">5.1 Numeric Operations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-sum" href="usermanual.html#SUM">sum</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-difference" href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE">difference</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-minus" href="usermanual.html#MINUS">minus</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-product" href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT">product</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-quotient" href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT">quotient</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-remainder" href="usermanual.html#REMAINDER">remainder</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-modulo" href="usermanual.html#MODULO">modulo</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-int" href="usermanual.html#INT">int</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-round" href="usermanual.html#ROUND">round</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sqrt" href="usermanual.html#SQRT">sqrt</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-power" href="usermanual.html#POWER">power</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-exp" href="usermanual.html#EXP">exp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-log10" href="usermanual.html#LOG10">log10</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ln" href="usermanual.html#LN">ln</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sin" href="usermanual.html#SIN">sin</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-radsin" href="usermanual.html#RADSIN">radsin</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cos" href="usermanual.html#COS">cos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-radcos" href="usermanual.html#RADCOS">radcos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-arctan" href="usermanual.html#ARCTAN">arctan</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-radarctan" href="usermanual.html#RADARCTAN">radarctan</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-iseq" href="usermanual.html#ISEQ">iseq</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-rseq" href="usermanual.html#RSEQ">rseq</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Numeric-Predicates" href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES">5.2 Numeric Predicates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-lessp" href="usermanual.html#LESSP">lessp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-greaterp" href="usermanual.html#GREATERP">greaterp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lessequalp" href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP">lessequalp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-greaterequalp" href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP">greaterequalp</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Random-Numbers" href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS">5.3 Random Numbers</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-random" href="usermanual.html#RANDOM">random</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-rerandom" href="usermanual.html#RERANDOM">rerandom</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Print-Formatting" href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING">5.4 Print Formatting</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-form" href="usermanual.html#FORM">form</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Bitwise-Operations" href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS">5.5 Bitwise Operations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-bitand" href="usermanual.html#BITAND">bitand</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-bitor" href="usermanual.html#BITOR">bitor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-bitxor" href="usermanual.html#BITXOR">bitxor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-bitnot" href="usermanual.html#BITNOT">bitnot</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ashift" href="usermanual.html#ASHIFT">ashift</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lshift" href="usermanual.html#LSHIFT">lshift</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Logical-Operations" href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS">6 Logical Operations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-and" href="usermanual.html#AND">and</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-or" href="usermanual.html#OR">or</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-not" href="usermanual.html#NOT">not</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Graphics" href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS">7 Graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Turtle-Motion" href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION">7.1 Turtle Motion</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-forward" href="usermanual.html#FORWARD">forward</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-back" href="usermanual.html#BACK">back</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-left" href="usermanual.html#LEFT">left</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-right" href="usermanual.html#RIGHT">right</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpos" href="usermanual.html#SETPOS">setpos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setxy" href="usermanual.html#SETXY">setxy</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setx" href="usermanual.html#SETX">setx</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sety" href="usermanual.html#SETY">sety</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setheading" href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING">setheading</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-home" href="usermanual.html#HOME">home</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-arc" href="usermanual.html#ARC">arc</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Turtle-Motion-Queries" href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES">7.2 Turtle Motion Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-pos" href="usermanual.html#POS">pos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-xcor" href="usermanual.html#XCOR">xcor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ycor" href="usermanual.html#YCOR">ycor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-heading" href="usermanual.html#HEADING">heading</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-towards" href="usermanual.html#TOWARDS">towards</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-scrunch" href="usermanual.html#SCRUNCH">scrunch</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Turtle-and-Window-Control" href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL">7.3 Turtle and Window Control</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-showturtle" href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE">showturtle</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-hideturtle" href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE">hideturtle</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-clean" href="usermanual.html#CLEAN">clean</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-clearscreen" href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN">clearscreen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-wrap" href="usermanual.html#WRAP">wrap</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-window" href="usermanual.html#WINDOW">window</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fence" href="usermanual.html#FENCE">fence</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fill" href="usermanual.html#FILL">fill</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-filled" href="usermanual.html#FILLED">filled</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-label" href="usermanual.html#LABEL">label</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setlabelheight" href="usermanual.html#SETLABELHEIGHT">setlabelheight</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-textscreen" href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN">textscreen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fullscreen" href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN">fullscreen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-splitscreen" href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN">splitscreen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setscrunch" href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH">setscrunch</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-refresh" href="usermanual.html#REFRESH">refresh</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-norefresh" href="usermanual.html#NOREFRESH">norefresh</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Turtle-and-Window-Queries" href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES">7.4 Turtle and Window Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-shownp" href="usermanual.html#SHOWNP">shownp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-screenmode" href="usermanual.html#SCREENMODE">screenmode</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-turtlemode" href="usermanual.html#TURTLEMODE">turtlemode</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-labelsize" href="usermanual.html#LABELSIZE">labelsize</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Pen-and-Background-Control" href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL">7.5 Pen and Background Control</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-pendown" href="usermanual.html#PENDOWN">pendown</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-penup" href="usermanual.html#PENUP">penup</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-penpaint" href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT">penpaint</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-penerase" href="usermanual.html#PENERASE">penerase</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-penreverse" href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE">penreverse</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpencolor" href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR">setpencolor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpalette" href="usermanual.html#SETPALETTE">setpalette</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpensize" href="usermanual.html#SETPENSIZE">setpensize</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpenpattern" href="usermanual.html#SETPENPATTERN">setpenpattern</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setpen" href="usermanual.html#SETPEN">setpen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setbackground" href="usermanual.html#SETBACKGROUND">setbackground</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Pen-Queries" href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES">7.6 Pen Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-pendownp" href="usermanual.html#PENDOWNP">pendownp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-penmode" href="usermanual.html#PENMODE">penmode</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pencolor" href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR">pencolor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-palette" href="usermanual.html#PALETTE">palette</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pensize" href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE">pensize</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pen" href="usermanual.html#PEN">pen</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-background" href="usermanual.html#BACKGROUND">background</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Saving-and-Loading-Pictures" href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES">7.7 Saving and Loading Pictures</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-savepict" href="usermanual.html#SAVEPICT">savepict</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-loadpict" href="usermanual.html#LOADPICT">loadpict</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-epspict" href="usermanual.html#EPSPICT">epspict</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Mouse-Queries" href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES">7.8 Mouse Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-mousepos" href="usermanual.html#MOUSEPOS">mousepos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-clickpos" href="usermanual.html#CLICKPOS">clickpos</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-buttonp" href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP">buttonp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-button" href="usermanual.html#BUTTON">button</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Workspace-Management" href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT">8 Workspace Management</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Procedure-Definition" href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION">8.1 Procedure Definition</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-to" href="usermanual.html#TO">to</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-define" href="usermanual.html#DEFINE">define</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-text" href="usermanual.html#TEXT">text</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fulltext" href="usermanual.html#FULLTEXT">fulltext</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-copydef" href="usermanual.html#COPYDEF">copydef</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variable-Definition" href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION">8.2 Variable Definition</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-make" href="usermanual.html#MAKE">make</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-name" href="usermanual.html#NAME">name</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-local" href="usermanual.html#LOCAL">local</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-localmake" href="usermanual.html#LOCALMAKE">localmake</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-thing" href="usermanual.html#THING">thing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-global" href="usermanual.html#GLOBAL">global</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Property-Lists" href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS">8.3 Property Lists</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-pprop" href="usermanual.html#PPROP">pprop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-gprop" href="usermanual.html#GPROP">gprop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-remprop" href="usermanual.html#REMPROP">remprop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-plist" href="usermanual.html#PLIST">plist</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Workspace-Predicates" href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES">8.4 Workspace Predicates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-procedurep" href="usermanual.html#PROCEDUREP">procedurep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-primitivep" href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP">primitivep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-definedp" href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP">definedp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-namep" href="usermanual.html#NAMEP">namep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-plistp" href="usermanual.html#PLISTP">plistp</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Workspace-Queries" href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES">8.5 Workspace Queries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-contents" href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">contents</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-buried" href="usermanual.html#BURIED">buried</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-traced" href="usermanual.html#TRACED">traced</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-stepped" href="usermanual.html#STEPPED">stepped</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-procedures" href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">procedures</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-primitives" href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVES">primitives</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-names" href="usermanual.html#NAMES">names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-plists" href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">plists</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-namelist" href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">namelist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pllist" href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">pllist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-arity" href="usermanual.html#ARITY">arity</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-nodes" href="usermanual.html#NODES">nodes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Workspace-Inspection" href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION">8.6 Workspace Inspection</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-po" href="usermanual.html#PO">po</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-poall" href="usermanual.html#POALL">poall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pops" href="usermanual.html#POPS">pops</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pons" href="usermanual.html#PONS">pons</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-popls" href="usermanual.html#POPLS">popls</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pon" href="usermanual.html#PON">pon</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-popl" href="usermanual.html#POPL">popl</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pot" href="usermanual.html#POT">pot</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pots" href="usermanual.html#POTS">pots</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Workspace-Control" href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL">8.7 Workspace Control</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-erase" href="usermanual.html#ERASE">erase</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erall" href="usermanual.html#ERALL">erall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erps" href="usermanual.html#ERPS">erps</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erns" href="usermanual.html#ERNS">erns</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erpls" href="usermanual.html#ERPLS">erpls</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ern" href="usermanual.html#ERN">ern</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erpl" href="usermanual.html#ERPL">erpl</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-bury" href="usermanual.html#BURY">bury</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-buryall" href="usermanual.html#BURYALL">buryall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-buryname" href="usermanual.html#BURYNAME">buryname</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-unbury" href="usermanual.html#UNBURY">unbury</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-unburyall" href="usermanual.html#UNBURYALL">unburyall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-unburyname" href="usermanual.html#UNBURYNAME">unburyname</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-buriedp" href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP">buriedp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-trace" href="usermanual.html#TRACE">trace</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-untrace" href="usermanual.html#UNTRACE">untrace</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tracedp" href="usermanual.html#TRACEDP">tracedp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-step" href="usermanual.html#STEP">step</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-unstep" href="usermanual.html#UNSTEP">unstep</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-steppedp" href="usermanual.html#STEPPEDP">steppedp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edit" href="usermanual.html#EDIT">edit</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-editfile" href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE">editfile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edall" href="usermanual.html#EDALL">edall</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edps" href="usermanual.html#EDPS">edps</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edns" href="usermanual.html#EDNS">edns</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edpls" href="usermanual.html#EDPLS">edpls</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edn" href="usermanual.html#EDN">edn</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-edpl" href="usermanual.html#EDPL">edpl</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-save" href="usermanual.html#SAVE">save</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-savel" href="usermanual.html#SAVEL">savel</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-load" href="usermanual.html#LOAD">load</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cslsload" href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD">cslsload</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-help" href="usermanual.html#HELP">help</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-seteditor" href="usermanual.html#SETEDITOR">seteditor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setlibloc" href="usermanual.html#SETLIBLOC">setlibloc</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-setcslsloc" href="usermanual.html#SETCSLSLOC">setcslsloc</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sethelploc" href="usermanual.html#SETHELPLOC">sethelploc</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-settemploc" href="usermanual.html#SETTEMPLOC">settemploc</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-gc" href="usermanual.html#GC">gc</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002esetsegmentsize" href="usermanual.html#g_t_002eSETSEGMENTSIZE">.setsegmentsize</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Control-Structures" href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES">9 Control Structures</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Control" href="usermanual.html#CONTROL">9.1 Control</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-run" href="usermanual.html#RUN">run</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-runresult" href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT">runresult</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-repeat" href="usermanual.html#REPEAT">repeat</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-forever" href="usermanual.html#FOREVER">forever</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-repcount" href="usermanual.html#REPCOUNT">repcount</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-if" href="usermanual.html#IF">if</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ifelse" href="usermanual.html#IFELSE">ifelse</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-test" href="usermanual.html#TEST">test</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-iftrue" href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE">iftrue</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-iffalse" href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE">iffalse</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-stop" href="usermanual.html#STOP">stop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-output" href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">output</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-catch" href="usermanual.html#CATCH">catch</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-throw" href="usermanual.html#THROW">throw</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-error" href="usermanual.html#ERROR">error</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-pause" href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">pause</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-continue" href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE">continue</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-wait" href="usermanual.html#WAIT">wait</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-bye" href="usermanual.html#BYE">bye</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_002emaybeoutput" href="usermanual.html#dMAYBEOUTPUT">.maybeoutput</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-goto" href="usermanual.html#GOTO">goto</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tag" href="usermanual.html#TAG">tag</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-ignore" href="usermanual.html#IGNORE">ignore</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_0060" href="usermanual.html#back_002dquote">‘</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-for" href="usermanual.html#FOR">for</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-do_002ewhile" href="usermanual.html#DOdWHILE">do.while</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-while" href="usermanual.html#WHILE">while</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-do_002euntil" href="usermanual.html#DOdUNTIL">do.until</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-until" href="usermanual.html#UNTIL">until</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-case" href="usermanual.html#CASE">case</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cond" href="usermanual.html#COND">cond</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Template_002dbased-Iteration" href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION">9.2 Template-based Iteration</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-apply" href="usermanual.html#APPLY">apply</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-invoke" href="usermanual.html#INVOKE">invoke</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-foreach" href="usermanual.html#FOREACH">foreach</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-map" href="usermanual.html#MAP">map</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-map_002ese" href="usermanual.html#MAPdSE">map.se</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-filter" href="usermanual.html#FILTER">filter</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-find" href="usermanual.html#FIND">find</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-reduce" href="usermanual.html#REDUCE">reduce</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-crossmap" href="usermanual.html#CROSSMAP">crossmap</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cascade" href="usermanual.html#CASCADE">cascade</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-cascade_002e2" href="usermanual.html#CASCADEd2">cascade.2</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-transfer" href="usermanual.html#TRANSFER">transfer</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Macros" href="usermanual.html#MACROS">10 Macros</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_002emacro" href="usermanual.html#dMACRO">.macro</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_002edefmacro" href="usermanual.html#dDEFMACRO">.defmacro</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-macrop" href="usermanual.html#MACROP">macrop</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-macroexpand" href="usermanual.html#MACROEXPAND">macroexpand</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Error-Processing" href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING">11 Error Processing</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Error-Codes" href="usermanual.html#ERROR-CODES">11.1 Error Codes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Special-Variables" href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES">12 Special Variables</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-allowgetset" href="usermanual.html#ALLOWGETSET">allowgetset</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-buttonact" href="usermanual.html#BUTTONACT">buttonact</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-caseignoredp" href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP">caseignoredp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-commandline" href="usermanual.html#COMMANDLINE">commandline</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-erract" href="usermanual.html#ERRACT">erract</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-fullprintp" href="usermanual.html#FULLPRINTP">fullprintp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-keyact" href="usermanual.html#KEYACT">keyact</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-loadnoisily" href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY">loadnoisily</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-printdepthlimit" href="usermanual.html#PRINTDEPTHLIMIT">printdepthlimit</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-printwidthlimit" href="usermanual.html#PRINTWIDTHLIMIT">printwidthlimit</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-redefp" href="usermanual.html#REDEFP">redefp</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-startup" href="usermanual.html#STARTUP">startup</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-unburyonedit" href="usermanual.html#UNBURYONEDIT">unburyonedit</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-usealternatenames" href="usermanual.html#USEALTERNATENAMES">usealternatenames</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-logoversion" href="usermanual.html#LOGOVERSION">logoversion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-logoplatform" href="usermanual.html#LOGOPLATFORM">logoplatform</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Internationalization" href="usermanual.html#INTERNATIONALIZATION">13 Internationalization</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-INDEX-1" href="usermanual.html#INDEX">INDEX</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="n" rel="next">INTRODUCTION</a>, Previous: <a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/docs/html/dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/docs/html/dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h1 class="node-heading">Top</h1>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="1">INTRODUCTION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="2">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="3">OBJECTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="4">COMMUNICATION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="5">ARITHMETIC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="6">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="7">GRAPHICS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="8">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="9">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS">MACROS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING">ERROR PROCESSING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INTERNATIONALIZATION">INTERNATIONALIZATION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INDEX">INDEX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="INTRODUCTION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="n" rel="next">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Introduction"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OVERVIEW" accesskey="1">OVERVIEW</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX" accesskey="2">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO" accesskey="3">ENTERING AND LEAVING LOGO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION" accesskey="4">TOKENIZATION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="OVERVIEW"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX" accesskey="n" rel="next">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INTRODUCTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">INTRODUCTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Overview"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.1 Overview</h3>
<a name="index-Copyright"></a>
<a name="index-Computer_005fScience_005fLogo_005fStyle"></a>
<p>Copyright © 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
</p>
<p>This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but <var>WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY</var>; without even the implied warranty of
<var>MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE</var>. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</p>
<p>This is a program that is still being written. Many things are missing,
including adequate documentation. This manual assumes that you already know
how to program in Logo, and merely presents the details of this new
implementation.
</p>
<p>Read <cite>Computer Science Logo Style, Volume 1:
Symbolic Computing</cite> by Brian Harvey (MIT Press, 1997) for a tutorial
on Logo programming with emphasis on symbolic computation.
</p>
<p>Here are the special features of this dialect of Logo:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">
Source file compatible among Unix, DOS, Windows, and Mac platforms.
Random-access arrays.
Variable number of inputs to user-defined procedures.
Mutators for list structure (dangerous).
Pause on error, and other improvements to error handling.
Comments and continuation lines; formatting is preserved when
procedure definitions are saved or edited.
Terrapin-style tokenization (e.g., [2+3] is a list with one member)
but LCSI-style syntax (no special forms except TO). The best of
both worlds.
First-class instruction and expression templates (see APPLY).
Macros.
</pre></div>
<p>Features <strong>not</strong> found in Berkeley Logo include robotics, music,
animation, parallelism, and multimedia. For those, buy a commercial version.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO" accesskey="n" rel="next">ENTERING AND LEAVING LOGO</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OVERVIEW" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OVERVIEW</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">INTRODUCTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Getter_002fSetter-Variable-Syntax"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.2 Getter/Setter Variable Syntax</h3>
<a name="index-getter"></a>
<a name="index-setter"></a>
<p>Logo distinguishes <var>procedures</var> from <var>variables</var>. A procedure
is a set of instructions to carry out some computation; a variable is a
named container that holds a data value such as a number, word, list, or
array.
</p>
<p>In traditional Logo syntax, a non-numeric word typed without punctuation
represents a request to invoke the procedure named by that word. A word
typed with a preceding quotation mark represents the word itself. For
example, in the instruction
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> PRINT FIRST "WORD
</pre></div>
<p>the procedures named <code>FIRST</code> and <code>PRINT</code> are invoked, but the
procedure named <var>WORD</var> is not invoked; the word <var>W-O-R-D</var> is the
input to FIRST.
</p>
<p>What about variables? There are two things one can do with a variable:
give it a value, and find out its value. To give a variable a value,
Logo provides the primitive procedure <code>MAKE</code>, which requires two
inputs: the name of the variable and the new value to be assigned. The
first input, the name of the variable, is just a word, and if (as is
almost always the case) the programmer wants to assign a value to a
specific variable whose name is known in advance, that input is quoted,
just as any known specific word would be:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> MAKE "MY.VAR FIRST "WORD
</pre></div>
<p>gives the variable named <code>MY.VAR</code> the value <code>W</code> (the first letter of
<code>WORD</code>).
</p>
<p>To find the value of a variable, Logo provides the primitive procedure
<code>THING</code>, which takes a variable name as its input, and outputs the value
of the accessible variable with that name. Thus
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> PRINT THING "MY.VAR
</pre></div>
<p>will print <code>W</code> (supposing the <code>MAKE</code> above has been done). Since
finding the value of a specific, known variable name is such a common
operation, Logo also provides an abbreviated notation that combines
<code>THING</code> with quote:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> PRINT :MY.VAR
</pre></div>
<p>The colon (which Logo old-timers pronounce "dots") replaces <code>THING</code>
and <code>"</code> in the earlier version of the instruction.
</p>
<p>Newcomers to Logo often complain about the need for all this punctuation.
In particular, Logo programmers who learned about dots and quotes without
also learning about <code>THING</code> wonder why an instruction such as
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> MAKE "NEW.VAR :OLD.VAR
</pre></div>
<p>uses two different punctuation marks to identify the two variables.
(Having read the paragraphs above, you will understand that actually
both variable names are quoted, but the procedure <code>THING</code> is
invoked to find the value of <code>OLD.VAR</code>, since it’s that value, not
<code>OLD.VAR</code>’s name, that <code>MAKE</code> needs to know. It wouldn’t make
sense to ask for <code>THING</code> of <code>NEW.VAR</code>, since we haven’t given
<code>NEW.VAR</code> a value yet.)
</p>
<p>Although Logo’s punctuation rules make sense once understood, they
do form a barrier to entry for the Logo beginner. Why, then, couldn’t
Logo be designed so that an unpunctuated word would represent a
procedure if there is a procedure by that name, or a variable if
there is a variable by that name? Then we could say
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> PRINT MY.VAR
</pre></div>
<p>and Logo would realize that <code>MY.VAR</code> is the name of a variable, not
of a procedure. The traditional reason not to use this convention
is that Logo allows the same word to name a procedure and a variable
at the same time. This is most often important for words that name
data types, as in the following procedure:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> TO PLURAL :WORD
OUTPUT WORD :WORD "S
END
</pre></div>
<p>Here the name <code>WORD</code> is a natural choice for the input to <code>PLURAL</code>, since
it describes the kind of input that <code>PLURAL</code> expects. Within the procedure,
we use <code>WORD</code> to represent Logo’s primitive procedure that combines two
input words to form a new, longer word; we use <code>:WORD</code> to represent the
variable containing the input, whatever actual word is given when
<code>PLURAL</code> is invoked.
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> ? PRINT PLURAL "COMPUTER
COMPUTERS
</pre></div>
<p>However, if a Logo instruction includes an unquoted word that is <strong>not</strong>
the name of a procedure, Logo could look for a variable of that name instead.
This would allow a "punctuationless" Logo, <strong>provided that users who
want to work without colons for variables choose variable names that are not
also procedure names.</strong>
</p>
<p>What about assigning a value to a variable? Could we do without the
quotation mark on <code>MAKE</code>’s first input? Alas, no. Although the
first input to <code>MAKE</code> is <strong>usually</strong> a constant, known
variable name, sometimes it isn’t, as in this example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> TO INCREMENT :VAR
MAKE :VAR (THING :VAR)+1 ; Note: it's not "VAR here!
END
? MAKE "X 5
? INCREMENT "X
? PRINT :X
6
</pre></div>
<p>The procedure <code>INCREMENT</code> takes a variable name as its input and
changes the value of that variable. In this example there are two
variables; the variable whose name is <code>VAR</code>, and whose value is the
word <code>X</code>; and the variable whose name is <code>X</code> and whose value changes
from 5 to 6. Suppose we changed the behavior of <code>MAKE</code> so that it
took the word after <code>MAKE</code> as the name of the variable to change;
we would be unable to write <code>INCREMENT</code>:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> TO INCREMENT :VAR ; nonworking!
MAKE VAR (THING VAR)+1
END
</pre></div>
<p>This would assign a new value to <code>VAR</code>, not to <code>X</code>.
</p>
<p>What we can do is to allow an <strong>alternative</strong> to <code>MAKE</code>, a
"setter" procedure for a particular variable. The notation will be
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> ? SETFOO 7
? PRINT FOO
7
</pre></div>
<p><code>SETFOO</code> is a "setter procedure" that takes one input (in this case
the input 7) and assigns its value to the variable named <code>FOO</code>.
</p>
<p>Berkeley Logo allows users to choose either the traditional notation, in
which case the same name can be used both for a procedure and for a
variable, or the getter/setter notation, in which variable <code>FOO</code> is
set with <code>SETFOO</code> and examined with <code>FOO</code>, but the same name
can’t be used for procedure and variable.
</p>
<p>Here is how this choice is allowed: Berkeley Logo uses traditional
notation, with procedures distinct from variables. However, if there is
a variable named <code>AllowGetSet</code> whose value is TRUE (which
there is, by default, when Logo starts up), then if a Logo instruction
refers to a <strong>nonexistent</strong> procedure (so that the error message
"I don’t know how to ..." would result), Logo tries the following two
steps:
<a name="index-AllowGetSet"></a>
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display"> 1. If the name is at least four characters long, and the first three
characters are the letters <code>SET</code> (upper or lower case), and if the name
is followed in the instruction by another value, and if the name
without the <code>SET</code> is the name of a variable that already exists, then
Logo will invoke <code>MAKE</code> with its first input being the name without the
<code>SET</code>, and its second input being the following value.
2. If step 1’s conditions are not met, but the name is
the name of an accessible variable, then Logo will invoke
<code>THING</code> with that name as input, to find the variable’s value.
</pre></div>
<p>Step 1 requires that the variable already exist so that misspellings of names
of <code>SETxxx</code> primitives (e.g., <code>SETHEADING</code>) will still be caught, instead of
silently creating a new variable. The command <code>GLOBAL</code> can be used to create
a variable without giving it a value.
</p>
<p>One final point: The <code>TO</code> command in Logo has always been a special
case; the rest of the line starting with <code>TO</code> is not evaluated as
ordinary Logo expressions are. In particular, the colons used to
mark the names of inputs to the procedure do not cause <code>THING</code> to be
invoked. They are merely mnemonic aids, reminding the Logo user
that these words are names of variables. (Arguably, this nonstantard
behavior of <code>TO</code> adds to Logo beginners’ confusion about colons.)
To a programmer using colonless variable references, the colons in
the <code>TO</code> line are unnecessary and meaningless. Berkeley Logo therefore
makes the colons optional:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> TO FOO :IN1 :IN2
</pre></div>
<p>and
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> TO FOO IN1 IN2
</pre></div>
<p>are both allowed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION" accesskey="n" rel="next">TOKENIZATION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">INTRODUCTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Entering-and-Leaving-Logo"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.3 Entering and Leaving Logo</h3>
<a name="index-starting-ucblogo"></a>
<a name="index-leaving-ucblogo"></a>
<p>The process to start Logo depends on your operating system:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>Unix:</dt>
<dd><p>Type the word <tt>logo</tt> to the shell. (The directory in which you’ve
installed Logo must be in your path.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt>DOS:</dt>
<dd><p>Change directories to the one containing Logo (probably
<code>C:\UCBLOGO</code>). Then type <tt>UCBLOGO</tt> for the large memory
version, or <tt>BL</tt> for the 640K version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>Mac:</dt>
<dd><p>Double-click on the <code>LOGO</code> icon within the "UCB Logo" folder.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>Windows:</dt>
<dd><p>Double-click on the <code>UCBWLOGO</code> icon in the <code>UCBLOGO</code> folder.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>To leave Logo, enter the command <code>bye</code>.
</p>
<p>On startup, Logo looks for a file named <samp>startup.lg</samp> in the system Logo
library and, if found, loads it. Then it looks for <samp>startup.lg</samp> in the
user’s home directory, or the current directory, depending on the operating
system, and loads that. These startup files can be used to predefine
procedures, e.g., to provide non-English names for primitive procedures.
</p>
<p>Under Unix, DOS, or Windows, if you include one or more filenames on the
command line when starting Logo, those files will be loaded before the
interpreter starts reading commands from your terminal. If you load a file
that executes some program that includes a <code>bye</code> command, Logo will run
that program and exit. You can therefore write standalone programs in Logo
and run them with shell/batch scripts. To support this technique, Logo does
not print its usual welcoming and parting messages if you give file arguments
to the logo command.
</p>
<p>If a command line argument is just a hyphen, then all command line arguments
after the hyphen are not taken as filenames, but are instead collected in a
list, one word per argument; the buried variable <code>COMMAND.LINE</code> contains
that list of arguments, or the empty list if there are none. On my Linux
system, if the first line of an executable shell script is
<tt>#!/usr/local/bin/logo <span class="nolinebreak">-</span></tt><!-- /@w --> (note the hyphen) then the script can be given
command line arguments and they all end up in <code>:COMMAND.LINE</code> along with
the script’s path. Experiment.
</p>
<p>If you type your interrupt character (see table below) Logo will stop what
it’s doing and return to top-level, as if you did <tt>THROW "TOPLEVEL</tt><!-- /@w -->. If
you type your quit character Logo will pause as if you did <code>PAUSE</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> wxWidgets Unix DOS/Windows Mac Classic
toplevel alt-S usually ctrl-C ctrl-Q command-. (period)
pause alt-P usually ctrl-\ ctrl-W command-, (comma)
</pre></div>
<p>If you have an environment variable called <code>LOGOLIB</code> whose value is the
name of a directory, then Logo will use that directory instead of the default
library. If you invoke a procedure that has not been defined, Logo first
looks for a file in the current directory named <samp><var>proc</var>.lg</samp> where
<var>proc</var> is the procedure name in lower case letters. If such a file
exists, Logo loads that file. If the missing procedure is still undefined, or
if there is no such file, Logo then looks in the library directory for a file
named <samp><var>proc</var></samp> (no <samp>.lg</samp>) and, if it exists, loads it. If
neither file contains a definition for the procedure, then Logo signals an
error. Several procedures that are primitive in most versions of Logo are
included in the default library, so if you use a different library you may
want to include some or all of the default library in it.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TOKENIZATION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ENTERING AND LEAVING LOGO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">INTRODUCTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tokenization"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.4 Tokenization</h3>
<p>Names of procedures, variables, and property lists are case-insensitive. So
are the special words <code>END</code>, <code>TRUE</code>, and <code>FALSE</code>. Case of
letters is preserved in everything you type, however.
</p>
<a name="index-case_002dinsensitive"></a>
<a name="index-delimiters"></a>
<a name="index-runparsing"></a>
<a name="index-line_002dcontinuation"></a>
<a name="index-comments"></a>
<p>Within square brackets, words are delimited only by spaces and square
brackets. <code>[2+3]</code> is a list containing one word. Note, however, that
the Logo primitives that interpret such a list as a Logo instruction or
expression (<code>RUN</code>, <code>IF</code>, etc.) reparse the list as if it had not
been typed inside brackets.
</p>
<p>After a quotation mark outside square brackets, a word is delimited by
a space, a square bracket, or a parenthesis.
</p>
<p>A word not after a quotation mark or inside square brackets is delimited by a
space, a bracket, a parenthesis, or an infix operator <code>+-*/=<></code>. Note
that words following colons are in this category. Note that quote and colon
are not delimiters. Each infix operator character is a word in itself, except
that the two-character sequences <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code>, and <code><></code> (the
latter meaning not-equal) with no intervening space are recognized as a single
word.
</p>
<p>A word consisting of a question mark followed by a number (e.g., <code>?37</code>),
when runparsed (i.e., where a procedure name is expected), is treated
as if it were the sequence
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">( ? 37 )
</pre></div>
<p>making the number an input to the ? procedure. (See the discussion of
templates, below.) This special treatment does not apply to words read
as data, to words with a non-number following the question mark, or if
the question mark is backslashed.
</p>
<p>A line (an instruction line or one read by <code>READLIST</code> or <code>READWORD</code>)
can be continued onto the following line if its last character is a tilde (<code>~</code>).
<code>READWORD</code> preserves the tilde and the newline; <code>READLIST</code> does not.
</p>
<p>Lines read with <code>READRAWLINE</code> are never continued.
</p>
<p>An instruction line or a line read by <code>READLIST</code> (but not by <code>READWORD</code>)
is automatically continued to the next line, as if ended with a tilde,
if there are unmatched brackets, parentheses, braces, or vertical bars
pending. However, it’s an error if the continuation line contains
only the word <code>END</code>; this is to prevent runaway procedure definitions.
Lines explicitly continued with a tilde avoid this restriction.
</p>
<p>If a line being typed interactively on the keyboard is continued, either
with a tilde or automatically, Logo will display a tilde as a prompt
character for the continuation line.
</p>
<p>A semicolon begins a comment in an instruction line. Logo ignores
characters from the semicolon to the end of the line. A tilde as the
last character still indicates a continuation line, but not a continuation
of the comment. For example, typing the instruction
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">print "abc;comment ~
def
</pre></div>
<p>will print the word <code>abcdef</code>. Semicolon has no special meaning in data
lines read by <code>READWORD</code> or <code>READLIST</code>, but such a line can later be reparsed
using <code>RUNPARSE</code> and then comments will be recognized.
</p>
<p>The two-character sequence <code>#!</code> at the beginning of a line also starts a
comment. Unix users can therefore write a file containing Logo commands,
starting with the line
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">#! /usr/local/bin/logo
</pre></div>
<p>(or wherever your Logo executable lives) and the file will be executable
directly from the shell.
</p>
<p>To include an otherwise delimiting character (including semicolon or tilde)
in a word, precede it with backslash (<code>\</code>). If the last character of a line
is a backslash, then the newline character following the backslash will be
part of the last word on the line, and the line continues onto the following
line. To include a backslash in a word, use <code>\\</code>. If the combination
backslash-newline is entered at the terminal, Logo will issue a backslash as
a prompt character for the continuation line. All of this applies to data
lines read with <code>READWORD</code> or <code>READLIST</code> as well as to instruction lines.
</p>
<p>A line read with <code>READRAWLINE</code> has no special quoting mechanism; both
backslash and vertical bar (described below) are just ordinary characters.
</p>
<p>An alternative notation to include otherwise delimiting characters in words
is to enclose a group of characters in vertical bars. All characters between
vertical bars are treated as if they were letters. In data read with <code>READWORD</code>
the vertical bars are preserved in the resulting word. In data read with
<code>READLIST</code> (or resulting from a <code>PARSE</code> or <code>RUNPARSE</code> of a word) the vertical bars
do not appear explicitly; all potentially delimiting characters (including
spaces, brackets, parentheses, and infix operators) appear unmarked, but
tokenized as though they were letters. Within vertical bars, backslash may
still be used; the only characters that must be backslashed in this context
are backslash and vertical bar themselves.
</p>
<p>Characters entered between vertical bars are forever special, even if the
word or list containing them is later reparsed with <code>PARSE</code> or <code>RUNPARSE</code>.
Characters typed after a backslash are treated somewhat differently: When a
quoted word containing a backslashed character is runparsed, the backslashed
character loses its special quality and acts thereafter as if typed normally.
This distinction is important only if you are building a Logo expression out
of parts, to be <code>RUN</code> later, and want to use parentheses. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINT RUN (SE "\( 2 "+ 3 "\))
</pre></div>
<p>will print 5, but
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RUN (SE "MAKE ""|(| 2)
</pre></div>
<p>will create a variable whose name is open-parenthesis. (Each example would
fail if vertical bars and backslashes were interchanged.)
</p>
<p>A normally delimiting character entered within vertical bars is <code>EQUALP</code>
to the same character without the vertical bars, but can be distinguished by
the <code>VBARREDP</code> predicate. (However, <code>VBARREDP</code> returns <code>TRUE</code>
only for characters for which special treatment is necessary: whitespace,
parentheses, brackets, infix operators, backslash, vertical bar, tilde, quote,
question mark, colon, and semicolon.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">OBJECTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INTRODUCTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INTRODUCTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Data-Structure-Primitives"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Data Structure Primitives</h2>
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<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="n" rel="next">SELECTORS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="u" rel="up">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Constructors"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.1 Constructors</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORD" accesskey="1">WORD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LIST" accesskey="2">LIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE" accesskey="3">SENTENCE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FPUT" accesskey="4">FPUT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LPUT" accesskey="5">LPUT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAY" accesskey="6">ARRAY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MDARRAY" accesskey="7">MDARRAY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LISTTOARRAY" accesskey="8">LISTTOARRAY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYTOLIST" accesskey="9">ARRAYTOLIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COMBINE">COMBINE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REVERSE">REVERSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GENSYM">GENSYM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="WORD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LIST" accesskey="n" rel="next">LIST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONSTRUCTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="word"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">word</h4>
<a name="index-word"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WORD word1 word2
(WORD word1 word2 word3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a word formed by concatenating its inputs.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SENTENCE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="list"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">list</h4>
<a name="index-list"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LIST thing1 thing2
(LIST thing1 thing2 thing3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose members are its inputs, which can be any Logo datum
(word, list, or array).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SENTENCE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FPUT" accesskey="n" rel="next">FPUT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sentence"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sentence</h4>
<a name="index-sentence"></a>
<a name="index-se"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SENTENCE thing1 thing2
SE thing1 thing2
(SENTENCE thing1 thing2 thing3 ...)
(SE thing1 thing2 thing3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose members are its inputs, if those inputs are not
lists, or the members of its inputs, if those inputs are lists.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FPUT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LPUT" accesskey="n" rel="next">LPUT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SENTENCE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fput"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fput</h4>
<a name="index-fput"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FPUT thing list
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list equal to its second input with one extra member, the
first input, at the beginning. If the second input is a word,
then the first input must be a one-letter word, and FPUT is
equivalent to WORD.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LPUT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAY" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARRAY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FPUT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FPUT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lput"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">lput</h4>
<a name="index-lput"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LPUT thing list
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list equal to its second input with one extra member, the
first input, at the end. If the second input is a word,
then the first input must be a one-letter word, and LPUT is
equivalent to WORD with its inputs in the other order.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARRAY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MDARRAY" accesskey="n" rel="next">MDARRAY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LPUT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LPUT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="array"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">array</h4>
<a name="index-array"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARRAY size
(ARRAY size origin)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs an array of <var>size</var> members (must be a positive integer), each of
which initially is an empty list. Array members can be selected with
<code>ITEM</code> and changed with <code>SETITEM</code>. The first member of the array is member
number 1 unless an <var>origin</var> input (must be an integer) is given, in
which case the first member of the array has that number as its index.
(Typically 0 is used as the origin if anything.) Arrays are printed by
<code>PRINT</code> and friends, and can be typed in, inside curly braces; indicate an
origin with <tt>{a b c}@0</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ITEM">ITEM</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM">SETITEM</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MDARRAY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LISTTOARRAY" accesskey="n" rel="next">LISTTOARRAY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARRAY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mdarray"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mdarray</h4>
<a name="index-mdarray"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MDARRAY sizelist (library procedure)
(MDARRAY sizelist origin)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a multi-dimensional array. The first input must be a list of
one or more positive integers. The second input, if present, must be a
single integer that applies to every dimension of the array.
</p>
<p>Ex: <tt>(MDARRAY [3 5] 0)</tt><!-- /@w --> outputs a two-dimensional array whose members
range from <tt>[0 0]</tt><!-- /@w --> to <tt>[2 4]</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LISTTOARRAY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYTOLIST" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARRAYTOLIST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MDARRAY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MDARRAY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="listtoarray"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">listtoarray</h4>
<a name="index-listtoarray"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LISTTOARRAY list
(LISTTOARRAY list origin)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs an array of the same size as the input list, whose members are
the members of the input list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARRAYTOLIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COMBINE" accesskey="n" rel="next">COMBINE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LISTTOARRAY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LISTTOARRAY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="arraytolist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">arraytolist</h4>
<a name="index-arraytolist"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARRAYTOLIST array
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose members are the members of the input array. The
first member of the output is the first member of the array, regardless
of the array’s origin.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="COMBINE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REVERSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">REVERSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYTOLIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARRAYTOLIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="combine"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">combine</h4>
<a name="index-combine"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COMBINE thing1 thing2 (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>if <var>thing2</var> is a word, outputs <tt>WORD thing1 thing2</tt><!-- /@w -->. If <var>thing2</var>
is a list, outputs <tt>FPUT thing1 thing2</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#WORD">WORD</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#FPUT">FPUT</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REVERSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GENSYM" accesskey="n" rel="next">GENSYM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COMBINE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COMBINE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="reverse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">reverse</h4>
<a name="index-reverse"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REVERSE list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose members are the members of the input list, in
reverse order.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GENSYM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REVERSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REVERSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="gensym"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">gensym</h4>
<a name="index-gensym"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GENSYM (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a unique word each time it’s invoked. The words are of the form
<code>G1</code>, <code>G2</code>, etc.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SELECTORS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="n" rel="next">MUTATORS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONSTRUCTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="u" rel="up">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Data-Selectors"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.2 Data Selectors</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FIRST" accesskey="1">FIRST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FIRSTS" accesskey="2">FIRSTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LAST" accesskey="3">LAST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST" accesskey="4">BUTFIRST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS" accesskey="5">BUTFIRSTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST" accesskey="6">BUTLAST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ITEM" accesskey="7">ITEM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MDITEM" accesskey="8">MDITEM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PICK" accesskey="9">PICK</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REMOVE">REMOVE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REMDUP">REMDUP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#QUOTED">QUOTED</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="FIRST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FIRSTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">FIRSTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SELECTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="first"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">first</h4>
<a name="index-first"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FIRST thing
</pre></div>
<p>if the input is a word, outputs the first character of the word. If the
input is a list, outputs the first member of the list. If the input is
an array, outputs the origin of the array (that is, the <em>index of</em> the
first member of the array).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FIRSTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LAST" accesskey="n" rel="next">LAST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FIRST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FIRST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="firsts"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">firsts</h4>
<a name="index-firsts"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FIRSTS list
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the <code>FIRST</code> of each member of the input list.
It is an error if any member of the input list is empty. (The input
itself may be empty, in which case the output is also empty.) This
could be written as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to firsts :list
output map "first :list
end
</pre></div>
<p>but is provided as a primitive in order to speed up the iteration tools
<code>MAP</code>, <code>MAP.SE</code>, and <code>FOREACH</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to transpose :matrix
if emptyp first :matrix [op []]
op fput firsts :matrix transpose bfs :matrix
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="LAST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTFIRST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FIRSTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FIRSTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="last"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">last</h4>
<a name="index-last"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LAST wordorlist
</pre></div>
<p>if the input is a word, outputs the last character of the word. If the
input is a list, outputs the last member of the list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BUTFIRST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTFIRSTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LAST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LAST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="butfirst"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">butfirst</h4>
<a name="index-butfirst"></a>
<a name="index-bf"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTFIRST wordorlist
BF wordorlist
</pre></div>
<p>if the input is a word, outputs a word containing all but the first
character of the input. If the input is a list, outputs a list
containing all but the first member of the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BUTFIRSTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTLAST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BUTFIRST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="butfirsts"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">butfirsts</h4>
<a name="index-butfirsts"></a>
<a name="index-bfs"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTFIRSTS list
BFS list
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the <code>BUTFIRST</code> of each member of the input list.
It is an error if any member of the input list is empty or an array.
(The input itself may be empty, in which case the output is also empty.)
This could be written as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to butfirsts :list
output map "butfirst :list
end
</pre></div>
<p>but is provided as a primitive in order to speed up the iteration tools
<code>MAP</code>, <code>MAP.SE</code>, and <code>FOREACH</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BUTLAST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ITEM" accesskey="n" rel="next">ITEM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BUTFIRSTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="butlast"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">butlast</h4>
<a name="index-butlast"></a>
<a name="index-bl"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTLAST wordorlist
BL wordorlist
</pre></div>
<p>if the input is a word, outputs a word containing all but the last
character of the input. If the input is a list, outputs a list
containing all but the last member of the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ITEM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MDITEM" accesskey="n" rel="next">MDITEM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BUTLAST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="item"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">item</h4>
<a name="index-item"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ITEM index thing
</pre></div>
<p>if the <var>thing</var> is a word, outputs the <var>index</var>th character of the word.
If the <var>thing</var> is a list, outputs the <var>index</var>th member of the list. If
the <var>thing</var> is an array, outputs the <var>index</var>th member of the array.
<var>Index</var> starts at 1 for words and lists; the starting index of an array
is specified when the array is created.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MDITEM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PICK" accesskey="n" rel="next">PICK</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ITEM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ITEM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mditem"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mditem</h4>
<a name="index-mditem"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MDITEM indexlist array (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the member of the multidimensional <var>array</var> selected by the list
of numbers <var>indexlist</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PICK"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REMOVE" accesskey="n" rel="next">REMOVE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MDITEM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MDITEM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pick"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pick</h4>
<a name="index-pick"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PICK list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a randomly chosen member of the input list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REMOVE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REMDUP" accesskey="n" rel="next">REMDUP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PICK" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PICK</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="remove"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">remove</h4>
<a name="index-remove"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REMOVE thing list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a copy of <var>list</var> with every member equal to <var>thing</var> removed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REMDUP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#QUOTED" accesskey="n" rel="next">QUOTED</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REMOVE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REMOVE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="remdup"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">remdup</h4>
<a name="index-remdup"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REMDUP list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a copy of <var>list</var> with duplicate members removed. If two or more
members of the input are equal, the rightmost of those members is the
one that remains in the output.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="QUOTED"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REMDUP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REMDUP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="quoted"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">quoted</h4>
<a name="index-quoted"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">QUOTED thing (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs its input, if a list; outputs its input with a quotation mark
prepended, if a word.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MUTATORS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="n" rel="next">PREDICATES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SELECTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SELECTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="u" rel="up">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Data-Mutators"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.3 Data Mutators</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM" accesskey="1">SETITEM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MDSETITEM" accesskey="2">MDSETITEM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dSETFIRST" accesskey="3">dSETFIRST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">SETFIRST
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dSETBF" accesskey="4">dSETBF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">SETBF
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dSETITEM" accesskey="5">dSETITEM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">SETITEM
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PUSH" accesskey="6">PUSH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POP" accesskey="7">POP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#QUEUE" accesskey="8">QUEUE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DEQUEUE" accesskey="9">DEQUEUE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SETITEM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MDSETITEM" accesskey="n" rel="next">MDSETITEM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MUTATORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setitem"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setitem</h4>
<a name="index-setitem"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETITEM index array value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Replaces the <var>index</var>th member of <var>array</var> with the new <var>value</var>.
Ensures that the resulting array is not circular, i.e., <var>value</var> may not
be a list or array that contains <var>array</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MDSETITEM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETFIRST" accesskey="n" rel="next">dSETFIRST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETITEM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mdsetitem"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mdsetitem</h4>
<a name="index-mdsetitem"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MDSETITEM indexlist array value (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Replaces the member of <var>array</var> chosen by <var>indexlist</var> with the
new <var>value</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="dSETFIRST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETBF" accesskey="n" rel="next">dSETBF</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MDSETITEM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MDSETITEM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002esetfirst"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.setfirst</h4>
<a name="index-_002esetfirst"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.SETFIRST list value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Changes the first member of <var>list</var> to be <var>value</var>.
</p>
<p>WARNING: Primitives whose names start with a period are <strong>dangerous</strong>.
Their use by non-experts is not recommended. The use of <code>.SETFIRST</code> can
lead to circular list structures, which will get some Logo primitives
into infinite loops, and to unexpected changes to other data structures that
share storage with the list being modified.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="dSETBF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETITEM" accesskey="n" rel="next">dSETITEM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETFIRST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dSETFIRST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002esetbf"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.setbf</h4>
<a name="index-_002esetbf"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.SETBF list value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Changes the butfirst of <var>list</var> to be <var>value</var>.
</p>
<p>WARNING: Primitives whose names start with a period are <strong>dangerous</strong>.
Their use by non-experts is not recommended. The use of <code>.SETBF</code> can lead
to circular list structures, which will get some Logo primitives into
infinite loops; unexpected changes to other data structures that share
storage with the list being modified; or to Logo crashes and coredumps if the
butfirst of a list is not itself a list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="dSETITEM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PUSH" accesskey="n" rel="next">PUSH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETBF" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dSETBF</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002esetitem"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.setitem</h4>
<a name="index-_002esetitem"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.SETITEM index array value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Changes the <var>index</var>th member of <var>array</var> to be <var>value</var>,
like <code>SETITEM</code>, but without checking for circularity.
</p>
<p>WARNING: Primitives whose names start with a period are <b>dangerous</b>.
Their use by non-experts is not recommended. The use of <code>.SETITEM</code> can
lead to circular arrays, which will get some Logo primitives into
infinite loops.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM">SETITEM</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PUSH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POP" accesskey="n" rel="next">POP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dSETITEM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dSETITEM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="push"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">push</h4>
<a name="index-push"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PUSH stackname thing (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Adds the <var>thing</var> to the stack that is the value of the
variable whose name is <var>stackname</var>. This variable must have a list as
its value; the initial value should be the empty list. New members are
added at the front of the list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#QUEUE" accesskey="n" rel="next">QUEUE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PUSH" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PUSH</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pop</h4>
<a name="index-pop"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POP stackname (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the most recently <code>PUSH</code>ed member of the stack that is the value
of the variable whose name is <var>stackname</var> and removes that member from
the stack.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="QUEUE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DEQUEUE" accesskey="n" rel="next">DEQUEUE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="queue"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">queue</h4>
<a name="index-queue"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">QUEUE queuename thing (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Adds the <var>thing</var> to the queue that is the value of the
variable whose name is <var>queuename</var>. This variable must have a list as
its value; the initial value should be the empty list. New members are
added at the back of the list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DEQUEUE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#QUEUE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">QUEUE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="dequeue"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">dequeue</h4>
<a name="index-dequeue"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DEQUEUE queuename (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the least recently <code>QUEUE</code>d member of the queue that is the value
of the variable whose name is <var>queuename</var> and removes that member from
the queue.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PREDICATES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MUTATORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MUTATORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="u" rel="up">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Predicates"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 Predicates</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORDP" accesskey="1">WORDP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LISTP" accesskey="2">LISTP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP" accesskey="3">ARRAYP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP" accesskey="4">EMPTYP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP" accesskey="5">EQUALP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP" accesskey="6">NOTEQUALP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP" accesskey="7">BEFOREP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dEQ" accesskey="8">dEQ</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">EQ
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP" accesskey="9">MEMBERP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP">SUBSTRINGP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP">NUMBERP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#VBARREDP">VBARREDP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="WORDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LISTP" accesskey="n" rel="next">LISTP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="wordp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">wordp</h4>
<a name="index-wordp"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WORDP thing
WORD? thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is a word, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LISTP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARRAYP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="listp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">listp</h4>
<a name="index-listp"></a>
<a name="index-list_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LISTP thing
LIST? thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is a list, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARRAYP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP" accesskey="n" rel="next">EMPTYP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LISTP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LISTP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="arrayp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">arrayp</h4>
<a name="index-arrayp"></a>
<a name="index-array_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARRAYP thing
ARRAY? thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is an array, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EMPTYP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP" accesskey="n" rel="next">EQUALP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARRAYP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="emptyp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">emptyp</h4>
<a name="index-emptyp"></a>
<a name="index-empty_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EMPTYP thing
EMPTY? thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the empty word or the empty list, <code>FALSE</code>
otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EQUALP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP" accesskey="n" rel="next">NOTEQUALP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EMPTYP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="equalp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">equalp</h4>
<a name="index-equalp"></a>
<a name="index-equal_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003d"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EQUALP thing1 thing2
EQUAL? thing1 thing2
thing1 = thing2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the inputs are equal, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise. Two numbers are
equal if they have the same numeric value. Two non-numeric words are
equal if they contain the same characters in the same order. If there
is a variable named <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code> whose value is <code>TRUE</code>, then an upper case
letter is considered the same as the corresponding lower case letter.
(This is the case by default.) Two lists are equal if their members are
equal. An array is only equal to itself; two separately created arrays
are never equal even if their members are equal. (It is important to be
able to know if two expressions have the same array as their value
because arrays are mutable; if, for example, two variables have the same
array as their values then performing <code>SETITEM</code> on one of them will also
change the other.)
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP">CASEIGNOREDP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM">SETITEM</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NOTEQUALP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP" accesskey="n" rel="next">BEFOREP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EQUALP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="notequalp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">notequalp</h4>
<a name="index-notequalp"></a>
<a name="index-notequal_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003c_003e"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NOTEQUALP thing1 thing2
NOTEQUAL? thing1 thing2
thing1 <> thing2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>FALSE</code> if the inputs are equal, <code>TRUE</code> otherwise. See <code>EQUALP</code>
for the meaning of equality for different data types.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BEFOREP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dEQ" accesskey="n" rel="next">dEQ</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NOTEQUALP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="beforep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">beforep</h4>
<a name="index-beforep"></a>
<a name="index-before_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BEFOREP word1 word2
BEFORE? word1 word2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if <var>word1</var> comes before <var>word2</var> in ASCII collating sequence
(for words of letters, in alphabetical order). Case-sensitivity is
determined by the value of <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code>. Note that if the inputs are
numbers, the result may not be the same as with <code>LESSP</code>; for example,
<tt>BEFOREP 3 12</tt><!-- /@w --> is false because 3 collates after 1.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP">CASEIGNOREDP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#LESSP">LESSP</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="dEQ"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP" accesskey="n" rel="next">MEMBERP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BEFOREP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002eeq"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.eq</h4>
<a name="index-_002eeq"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.EQ thing1 thing2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its two inputs are the same datum, so that applying a
mutator to one will change the other as well. Outputs <code>FALSE</code> otherwise,
even if the inputs are equal in value.
</p>
<p>WARNING: Primitives whose names start with a period are <strong>dangerous</strong>.
Their use by non-experts is not recommended. The use of mutators can
lead to circular data structures, infinite loops, or Logo crashes.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MEMBERP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP" accesskey="n" rel="next">SUBSTRINGP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dEQ" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dEQ</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="memberp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">memberp</h4>
<a name="index-memberp"></a>
<a name="index-member_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MEMBERP thing1 thing2
MEMBER? thing1 thing2
</pre></div>
<p>if <var>thing2</var> is a list or an array, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if <var>thing1</var> is
<code>EQUALP</code> to a member of <var>thing2</var>, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise. If
<var>thing2</var> is a word, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if <var>thing1</var> is a one-character
word <code>EQUALP</code> to a character of <var>thing2</var>, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SUBSTRINGP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP" accesskey="n" rel="next">NUMBERP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MEMBERP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="substringp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">substringp</h4>
<a name="index-substringp"></a>
<a name="index-substring_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SUBSTRINGP thing1 thing2
SUBSTRING? thing1 thing2
</pre></div>
<p>if <var>thing1</var> or <var>thing2</var> is a list or an array, outputs <code>FALSE</code>. If
<var>thing2</var> is a word, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if <var>thing1</var> is <code>EQUALP</code> to a substring of
<var>thing2</var>, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NUMBERP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#VBARREDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">VBARREDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SUBSTRINGP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="numberp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">numberp</h4>
<a name="index-numberp"></a>
<a name="index-number_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NUMBERP thing
NUMBER? thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is a number, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="VBARREDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NUMBERP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="vbarredp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">vbarredp</h4>
<a name="index-vbarredp"></a>
<a name="index-vbarred_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">VBARREDP char
VBARRED? char
BACKSLASHEDP char (library procedure)
BACKSLASHED? char (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input character was originally entered into Logo
within vertical bars (|) to prevent its usual special syntactic meaning,
<code>FALSE</code> otherwise. (Outputs <code>TRUE</code> only if the character is a
backslashed space, tab, newline, or one of <code>()[]+-*/=<>":;\~?|</code> )
</p>
<p>The names <code>BACKSLASHEDP</code> and <code>BACKSLASHED?</code> are included in the
Logo library for backward compatibility with the former names of this
primitive, although it does <em>not</em> output <code>TRUE</code> for characters
originally entered with backslashes.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="u" rel="up">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.5 Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COUNT" accesskey="1">COUNT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ASCII" accesskey="2">ASCII</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RAWASCII" accesskey="3">RAWASCII</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CHAR" accesskey="4">CHAR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBER" accesskey="5">MEMBER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOWERCASE" accesskey="6">LOWERCASE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#UPPERCASE" accesskey="7">UPPERCASE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT" accesskey="8">STANDOUT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PARSE" accesskey="9">PARSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RUNPARSE">RUNPARSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="COUNT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ASCII" accesskey="n" rel="next">ASCII</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="count"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">count</h4>
<a name="index-count"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COUNT thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the number of characters in the input, if the input is a word;
outputs the number of members in the input, if it is a list or an array.
(For an array, this may or may not be the index of the last member,
depending on the array’s origin.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ASCII"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RAWASCII" accesskey="n" rel="next">RAWASCII</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COUNT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COUNT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ascii"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ascii</h4>
<a name="index-ascii"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ASCII char
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the integer (between 0 and 255) that represents the input
character in the ASCII code. Interprets control characters as
representing vbarred punctuation, and returns the character code for
the corresponding punctuation character without vertical bars. (Compare
<code>RAWASCII</code>.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RAWASCII"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CHAR" accesskey="n" rel="next">CHAR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ASCII" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ASCII</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="rawascii"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">rawascii</h4>
<a name="index-rawascii"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RAWASCII char
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the integer (between 0 and 255) that represents the input
character in the ASCII code. Interprets control characters as
representing themselves. To find out the ASCII code of an arbitrary
keystroke, use <tt>RAWASCII RC</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CHAR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBER" accesskey="n" rel="next">MEMBER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RAWASCII" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RAWASCII</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="char"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">char</h4>
<a name="index-char"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CHAR int
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the character represented in the ASCII code by the input, which
must be an integer between 0 and 255.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ASCII">ASCII</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MEMBER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOWERCASE" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOWERCASE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CHAR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CHAR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="member"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">member</h4>
<a name="index-member"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MEMBER thing1 thing2
</pre></div>
<p>if <var>thing2</var> is a word or list and if <code>MEMBERP</code> with these inputs would
output <code>TRUE</code>, outputs the portion of <var>thing2</var> from the first instance of
<var>thing1</var> to the end. If <code>MEMBERP</code> would output <code>FALSE</code>, outputs the empty
word or list according to the type of <var>thing2</var>. It is an error for
<var>thing2</var> to be an array.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP">MEMBERP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOWERCASE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UPPERCASE" accesskey="n" rel="next">UPPERCASE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MEMBER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MEMBER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lowercase"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">lowercase</h4>
<a name="index-lowercase"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOWERCASE word
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a copy of the input word, but with all uppercase letters changed
to the corresponding lowercase letter.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UPPERCASE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT" accesskey="n" rel="next">STANDOUT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOWERCASE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOWERCASE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="uppercase"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">uppercase</h4>
<a name="index-uppercase"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UPPERCASE word
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a copy of the input word, but with all lowercase letters changed
to the corresponding uppercase letter.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STANDOUT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PARSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PARSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UPPERCASE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UPPERCASE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="standout"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">standout</h4>
<a name="index-standout"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STANDOUT thing
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a word that, when printed, will appear like the input but
displayed in standout mode (boldface, reverse video, or whatever your
version does for standout). The word contains machine-specific magic
characters at the beginning and end; in between is the printed form (as
if displayed using <code>TYPE</code>) of the input. The output is always a word,
even if the input is of some other type, but it may include spaces and
other formatting characters. Note: a word output by <code>STANDOUT</code> while Logo
is running on one machine will probably not have the desired effect if
printed on another type of machine.
</p>
<p>In the Macintosh classic version, the way that standout works is incompatible with the
use of characters whose ASCII code is greater than 127. Therefore, you
have a choice to make: The instruction
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">CANINVERSE 0
</pre></div>
<p>disables standout, but enables the display of ASCII codes above 127, and
the instruction
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">CANINVERSE 1
</pre></div>
<p>restores the default situation in which standout is enabled and the
extra graphic characters cannot be printed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PARSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RUNPARSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">RUNPARSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STANDOUT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="parse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">parse</h4>
<a name="index-parse"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PARSE word
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the list that would result if the input word were entered in
response to a <code>READLIST</code> operation. That is, <tt>PARSE READWORD</tt><!-- /@w --> has the same
value as <code>READLIST</code> for the same characters read.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RUNPARSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PARSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PARSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="runparse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">runparse</h4>
<a name="index-runparse"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RUNPARSE wordorlist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the list that would result if the input word or list were
entered as an instruction line; characters such as infix operators and
parentheses are separate members of the output. Note that sublists of a
runparsed list are not themselves runparsed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OBJECTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="n" rel="next">COMMUNICATION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DATA-STRUCTURE-PRIMITIVES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DATA STRUCTURE PRIMITIVES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Objects"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Objects</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="1">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="3">OBJECT SELECTORS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES" accesskey="4">MESSAGES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="5">OBJECT QUERIES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#USUAL" accesskey="6">USUAL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Note: The object implementation in UCBLogo is new and still being
worked on. It also is optional and may not be compiled into the
version you are using. Bug reports and patches are greatly
appreciated.
</p>
<p>An object is a data structure, like a list, except that instead of just
a sequence of elements, an object has <var>named</var> elements, which are
either variables or procedures. (A procedure that belongs to an object
is sometimes called a <var>method</var>.) In the object metaphor, instead of
just having the one computer that does everything, we think of each
object as capable of doing things. One object can ask another object to
do something for it.
</p>
<p>At any moment, there is a <var>current object</var>. That object might have
its own version of procedures that are available globally and documented
in this manual. So workspace operations such as <code>pots</code> or
<code>erase</code> might have different effects depending on the current
object.
</p>
<p>The initial current object is called <code>logo</code>; there is an operation
that outputs that object. Every object has one or more <var>parents</var>,
and ultimately the parent of the parent... of an object has to be
<code>logo</code>. The primitive procedures in this manual belong to the
<code>logo</code> object, as do global variables.
</p>
<p>Turtles are objects. This is valuable in part so that you can customize
the behavior of a turtle. For example, if you’re simulating a
kaleidoscope, you might want half your turtles to swap the meanings of
the <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> commands. But given what’s said above
about there being a current object, and that the initial current object
is <code>logo</code>, which isn’t a turtle, you might think that you can’t run
<code>forward 100</code> without first creating a turtle object and making it
the current object. But a goal of this object system is that things
that were easy in traditional Logo should still be easy. And so, in
addition to the current object, there is also a <var>default turtle</var>; if
a turtle procedure is addressed to an object that isn’t a turtle, there
is a <code>logo</code> procedure for each turtle procedure that does the
equivalent of
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">to forward :distance
ask defaultturtle [forward :distance]
end
</pre></div>
<p>Unlike some other object oriented languages, Berkeley Logo does not
distinguish between classes (kinds of objects, which mostly specify the
procedures (the methods) of objects of that kind) and instances
(individual concrete objects, with state memory in the form of variables
belonging to the instance). Instead we use <var>prototyping</var> OOP, in
which any object (instance) can serve as the model, the prototype (the
class), for other objects.
</p>
<p>Class/instance OOP is the right thing for large teams of programmers who
need a detailed specification (in the form of class definitions) of the
desired program behavior before they start writing code. But
prototyping OOP is the right thing for tinkering, for having a glimmer
of an idea and playing around with it without a rigid specification.
So, you want to have dogs in your program. You start by <var>building a
dog</var>, one you can see on the screen as you invent behaviors such as
<code>roll.over</code> and <code>wag.tail</code>. Then you make a bunch of objects
with that dog as their parent, using that dog as a prototype. But the
prototype dog is still a particular dog, with a particular position,
color, and so on.
</p>
<p>Having said that, sometimes you do want to distinguish a class object,
which will mostly have procedures, with few or no variables, and its
instance objects, which mostly inherit procedures from the class, but
have their own individual variables. To accommodate that style of work,
we distinguish two ways to make a child object from a parent object.
<code>Kindof</code> takes an object as input, and outputs a new object that
inherits from the input object. This is how to make a subclass that is
mostly like the given class, but overrides certain behaviors.
<code>Oneof</code> makes a child object, but <code>ask</code>s the new object to
<code>exist</code> before outputting it. Every object has an <code>exist</code>
procedure, because it inherits one from <code>logo</code> if no intermediate
ancestor specifies one. The details come a little later in this
section, in the <var>Constructors</var> subsection, but this is the general
idea of how class/instance programming can be accommodated in a
prototyping OOP language.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="n" rel="next">OBJECT MUTATORS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Constructors-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Constructors</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#KINDOF" accesskey="1">KINDOF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SOMETHING" accesskey="2">SOMETHING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ONEOF" accesskey="3">ONEOF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="KINDOF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SOMETHING" accesskey="n" rel="next">SOMETHING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="kindof"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">kindof</h4>
<a name="index-kindof"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">KINDOF object
KINDOF objectlist
(KINDOF object1 object2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>creates and outputs an object whose parent is <var>object</var>, or whose
parents are <var>object1</var>, <var>object2</var>, etc., or the elements of
<var>objectlist</var>. There must be at least one input, and if a list, it
may not be empty.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SOMETHING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ONEOF" accesskey="n" rel="next">ONEOF</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#KINDOF" accesskey="p" rel="prev">KINDOF</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="something"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">something</h4>
<a name="index-something"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SOMETHING
</pre></div>
<p>creates and outputs an object whose parent is the <code>Logo</code> object.
<code>make "foo something</code> is equivalent to <code>make "foo kindof
logo</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ONEOF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SOMETHING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SOMETHING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="oneof"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">oneof</h4>
<a name="index-oneof"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ONEOF object
ONEOF objectlist
(ONEOF object input1 input2 ...)
(ONEOF objectlist input1 input2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>creates an object whose parent is <var>object</var> or whose parents are the
elements of <var>objectlist</var>. <code>Ask</code>s the new object to
<code>exist</code>, and then outputs the object. Before the object is <code>Ask</code>ed to
<code>exist</code>, all remaining inputs after the first are collected into a
list, which is made the value of the global variable <code>initlist</code>.
The convention is that <code>initlist</code> contains alternating names and
values, which serve to <var>initialize</var> the newly created object.
</p>
<p>The output of <code>oneof</code> is usually called an <var>instance</var>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EXIST">EXIST</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OBJECT-MUTATORS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="n" rel="next">OBJECT SELECTORS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-CONSTRUCTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT CONSTRUCTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Mutators"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Mutators</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EXIST" accesskey="1">EXIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HAVE" accesskey="2">HAVE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE" accesskey="3">HAVEMAKE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="EXIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HAVE" accesskey="n" rel="next">HAVE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT MUTATORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="exist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">exist</h4>
<a name="index-exist"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">exist
</pre></div>
<p>Initializes a new object. It is run automatically by <code>oneof</code>.
</p>
<p>The default <code>exist</code> procedure creates object-local variables with
the odd-numbered elements of <code>initlist</code> as names, and the
corresponding even-numbered elements as values. Thus
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">make "obj (oneof logo "foo "bar "baz "garply)
</pre></div>
<p>will create a new object and then tell it to <code>exist</code>, which will in
effect tell it to
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">havemake "foo "bar
havemake "baz "garply
</pre></div>
<p>Example: Objects do not usually keep track of their instances. To make
one that does, you can specialize <code>exist</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? make "recordingobject something
? ask :recordingobject [havemake "instances []]
? ask :recordingobject [to exist]
> usual.exist
> make "instances [fput self :instances]
> end
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ONEOF">ONEOF</a>. <a href="usermanual.html#USUAL">USUAL</a>, <a href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE">HAVEMAKE</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HAVE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE" accesskey="n" rel="next">HAVEMAKE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EXIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EXIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="have"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">have</h4>
<a name="index-have"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HAVE name
HAVE namelist
</pre></div>
<p>tells the current object to create an object variable named <var>name</var>,
or object variables whose names are the elements of <var>namelist</var>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE">HAVEMAKE</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HAVEMAKE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#HAVE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HAVE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT MUTATORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="havemake"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">havemake</h4>
<a name="index-havemake"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HAVEMAKE name value
</pre></div>
<p>tells the current object to create an object variable named <var>name</var>,
and give it the value <var>value</var>. Since procedure input values are
computed before the procedure is run, the <var>value</var> expression may
refer to the object’s parent’s variable named <var>name</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">havemake "size :size/2
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#HAVE">HAVE</a>, <a href="usermanual.html#MAKE">MAKE</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OBJECT-SELECTORS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES" accesskey="n" rel="next">MESSAGES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-MUTATORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT MUTATORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="selectors"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.3 selectors</h3>
<p>All selectors apply to the current object. If you want to select from
another object, use <code>ask</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SELF" accesskey="1">SELF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PARENTS" accesskey="2">PARENTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES" accesskey="3">MYNAMES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP" accesskey="4">MYNAMEP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS" accesskey="5">MYPROCS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCP" accesskey="6">MYPROCP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SELF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PARENTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">PARENTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT SELECTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="self"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">self</h4>
<a name="index-self"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SELF
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the current object (not its name!).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PARENTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES" accesskey="n" rel="next">MYNAMES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SELF" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SELF</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="parents"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">parents</h4>
<a name="index-parents"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PARENTS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the parent(s) of the current object. All
objects except for <code>logo</code> have at least one parent. Note that the
elements of the output list are objects, not names of objects.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to grandparents
output remdup (map.se [ask ? [parents]] parents)
end
to ancestors
if emptyp parents [output (list self)] ; can happen only if self=logo
output remdup sentence parents map.se [ask ? [ancestors]] parents
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="MYNAMES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">MYNAMEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PARENTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PARENTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mynames"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mynames</h4>
<a name="index-mynames"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MYNAMES
</pre></div>
<p>output a list of the names of the object variables owned (not inherited)
by the current object.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MYNAMEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS" accesskey="n" rel="next">MYPROCS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MYNAMES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mynamep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mynamep</h4>
<a name="index-mynamep"></a>
<a name="index-myname_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MYNAMEP name
MYNAME? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>true</code> if <var>name</var> is the name of an object variable
owned (not inherited) by the current object, <code>false</code> otherwise.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES">MYNAMES</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MYPROCS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCP" accesskey="n" rel="next">MYPROCP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MYNAMEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="myprocs"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">myprocs</h4>
<a name="index-myprocs"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MYPROCS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of the names of the procedures (methods) owned by (not
inherited by) the current object.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MYPROCP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MYPROCS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT SELECTORS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="myprocp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">myprocp</h4>
<a name="index-myprocp"></a>
<a name="index-myproc_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MYPROCP name
MYPROC? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>true</code> if <var>name</var> is the name of a procedure (a method)
owned (not inherited) by the current object, <code>false</code> otherwise.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS">MYPROCS</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MESSAGES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">OBJECT QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-SELECTORS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT SELECTORS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Messages"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.4 Messages</h3>
<p>The procedures in this section are for changing the current object,
either permanently (unless changed again) or just to send one message.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TALKTO" accesskey="1">TALKTO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ASK" accesskey="2">ASK</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="TALKTO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ASK" accesskey="n" rel="next">ASK</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MESSAGES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="talkto"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">talkto</h4>
<a name="index-talkto"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TALKTO object
</pre></div>
<p>changes the current object to <var>object</var>. (Note that the input is an
object, not the name of an object.) <code>Talkto</code> can be used only at
toplevel or within a <code>pause</code> (when typing into a Logo prompt, not
inside a procedure).
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ASK">ASK</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ASK"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TALKTO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TALKTO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MESSAGES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ask"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ask</h4>
<a name="index-ask"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ASK object runlist
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Temporarily sets the current object to
<var>object</var> while running the instructions or expression in
<var>runlist</var>. If <var>runlist</var> is an expression, then <code>ask</code>
outputs its value. As soon as <var>runlist</var> finishes, the current
object is set back to its previous value.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#TALKTO">TALKTO</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OBJECT-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#USUAL" accesskey="n" rel="next">USUAL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MESSAGES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MESSAGES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Queries-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.5 Queries</h3>
<p>These procedures are particularly useful when debugging.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WHOSENAME" accesskey="1">WHOSENAME</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WHOSEPROC" accesskey="2">WHOSEPROC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="WHOSENAME"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WHOSEPROC" accesskey="n" rel="next">WHOSEPROC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="whosename"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">whosename</h4>
<a name="index-whosename"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WHOSENAME name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the object that owns the currently accessible variable named
<var>name</var>. If there is no such accessible variable, or it’s a
procedure-local variable, an error is signalled.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WHOSEPROC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WHOSENAME" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WHOSENAME</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECT QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="whoseproc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">whoseproc</h4>
<a name="index-whoseproc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WHOSEPROC name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the object that owns the currently accessible procedure named
<var>name</var>. If there is no such procedure, an error is signalled.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="USUAL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECT-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECT QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">OBJECTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="usual"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.6 usual</h3>
<a name="index-usual"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to foo ...
...
USUAL.foo ...
...
end
</pre></div>
<p><code>Usual</code> is not a procedure. It’s a special notation that can be
used only inside a procedure definition; the word <code>usual</code> must be
followed by a period and then the name of the procedure being defined.
(That is, <code>usual.foo</code> can be used only inside the definition of
<code>foo</code>.) It refers to the procedure that would be inherited from a
parent if this (re)definition didn’t exist; it allows a specialized
method to invoke the ordinary version.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">make "bigturtle kindof turtle
ask :bigturtle [to forward :length]
usual.forward 2 * :length
end
</pre></div>
<p>If there is no inherited procedure of the same name, then calling
<code>usual.___</code> does nothing if used as a command, or outputs an empty
list if used as an operation.
</p>
<p>If an object has multiple parents, the behavior of <code>usual</code> may be
confusing. Suppose the current object has two parents, <code>A</code> and
<code>B</code>, in that order. Then <code>usual.foo</code> in the current object’s
own <code>foo</code> method refers to object <code>A</code>’s <code>foo</code>, but
<code>usual.foo</code> within object <code>A</code>’s <code>foo</code> refers to object
<code>B</code>’s <code>foo</code> in this situation, even though <code>A</code>’s parent
isn’t <code>B</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">make "dashedturtle kindof turtle
ask :dashedturtle [to forward :length]
if not pendownp [usual.forward :length stop]
if :length <= 5 [usual.forward :length stop]
usual.forward 5
penup
usual.forward (ifelse :length <= 10 [:length-5] [5])
pendown
if :length > 10 [forward :length-10] ; Note no USUAL here.
end
ask :dashedturtle [forward 25]
- - -âº
make "bigdashed oneof (list :bigturtle :dashedturtle)
make "dashedbig oneof (list :dashedturtle :bigturtle)
ask :bigdashed [forward 25]
- - - - - âº
ask :dashedbig [forward 25]
-- -- --âº
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="COMMUNICATION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARITHMETIC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OBJECTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OBJECTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Communication"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 Communication</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="1">TRANSMITTERS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="2">RECEIVERS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="3">FILE ACCESS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="4">TERMINAL ACCESS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="TRANSMITTERS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="n" rel="next">RECEIVERS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COMMUNICATION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">COMMUNICATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Transmitters"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.1 Transmitters</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT" accesskey="1">PRINT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TYPE" accesskey="2">TYPE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SHOW" accesskey="3">SHOW</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Note: If there is a variable named <code>PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</code> with a nonnegative
integer value, then complex list and array structures will be printed
only to the allowed depth. That is, members of members of... of members
will be allowed only so far. The members omitted because
they are just past the depth limit are indicated by an ellipsis for each
one, so a too-deep list of two members will print as <tt>[... ...]</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>If there is a variable named <code>PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</code> with a nonnegative integer
value, then only the first so many members of any array or
list will be printed. A single ellipsis replaces all missing data
within the structure. The width limit also applies to the number of
characters printed in a word, except that a <code>PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</code> between 0 and 9
will be treated as if it were 10 when applied to words. This limit
applies not only to the top-level printed datum but to any substructures
within it.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINTDEPTHLIMIT">PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PRINTWIDTHLIMIT">PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</a>
</p>
<p>If there is a variable named <code>FULLPRINTP</code> whose value is <code>TRUE</code>, then
words that were created using backslash or vertical bar (to include
characters that would otherwise not be treated as part of a word) are
printed with the backslashes or vertical bars shown, so that the printed
result could be re-read by Logo to produce the same value. If
<code>FULLPRINTP</code> is <code>TRUE</code> then the empty word (however it was created) prints
as <code>||</code>. (Otherwise it prints as nothing at all.)
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#FULLPRINTP">FULLPRINTP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRINT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TYPE" accesskey="n" rel="next">TYPE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TRANSMITTERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TRANSMITTERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="print"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">print</h4>
<a name="index-print"></a>
<a name="index-pr"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINT thing
PR thing
(PRINT thing1 thing2 ...)
(PR thing1 thing2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the input or inputs to the current write stream
(initially the screen). All the inputs are printed on a single line,
separated by spaces, ending with a newline. If an input is a list,
square brackets are not printed around it, but brackets are printed
around sublists. Braces are always printed around arrays.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TYPE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SHOW" accesskey="n" rel="next">SHOW</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRINT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TRANSMITTERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="type"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">type</h4>
<a name="index-type"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TYPE thing
(TYPE thing1 thing2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the input or inputs like <code>PRINT</code>, except that no newline
character is printed at the end and multiple inputs are not separated by
spaces. Note: printing to the screen is ordinarily <em>line buffered</em>;
that is, the characters you print using <code>TYPE</code> will not actually appear on
the screen until either a newline character is printed (for example, by
<code>PRINT</code> or <code>SHOW</code>) or Logo tries to read from the keyboard (either at the
request of your program or after an instruction prompt). This buffering
makes the program much faster than it would be if each character
appeared immediately, and in most cases the effect is not disconcerting.
To accommodate programs that do a lot of positioned text display using
<code>TYPE</code>, Logo will force printing whenever <code>SETCURSOR</code> is invoked. This
solves most buffering problems. Still, on occasion you may find it
necessary to force the buffered characters to be printed explicitly;
this can be done using the <code>WAIT</code> command. <tt>WAIT 0</tt><!-- /@w --> will force printing
without actually waiting.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR">SETCURSOR</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#WAIT">WAIT</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SHOW"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TYPE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TYPE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TRANSMITTERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="show"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">show</h4>
<a name="index-show"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SHOW thing
(SHOW thing1 thing2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the input or inputs like <code>PRINT</code>, except that if an input
is a list it is printed inside square brackets.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RECEIVERS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="n" rel="next">FILE ACCESS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSMITTERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TRANSMITTERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">COMMUNICATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Receivers"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.2 Receivers</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST" accesskey="1">READLIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READWORD" accesskey="2">READWORD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READRAWLINE" accesskey="3">READRAWLINE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READCHAR" accesskey="4">READCHAR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READCHARS" accesskey="5">READCHARS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SHELL" accesskey="6">SHELL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="READLIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READWORD" accesskey="n" rel="next">READWORD</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RECEIVERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readlist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readlist</h4>
<a name="index-readlist"></a>
<a name="index-rl"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READLIST
RL
</pre></div>
<p>reads a line from the read stream (initially the keyboard) and outputs
that line as a list. The line is separated into members as though it
were typed in square brackets in an instruction. If the read stream is
a file, and the end of file is reached, <code>READLIST</code> outputs the empty word
(not the empty list). <code>READLIST</code> processes backslash, vertical bar, and
tilde characters in the read stream; the output list will not contain
these characters but they will have had their usual effect. <code>READLIST</code>
does not, however, treat semicolon as a comment character.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READWORD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READRAWLINE" accesskey="n" rel="next">READRAWLINE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READLIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readword"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readword</h4>
<a name="index-readword"></a>
<a name="index-rw"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READWORD
RW
</pre></div>
<p>reads a line from the read stream and outputs that line as a word. The
output is a single word even if the line contains spaces, brackets, etc.
If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is reached, <code>READWORD</code>
outputs the empty list (not the empty word). <code>READWORD</code> processes
backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters in the read stream. In
the case of a tilde used for line continuation, the output word <em>does</em>
include the tilde and the newline characters, so that the user program
can tell exactly what the user entered. Vertical bars in the line are
also preserved in the output. Backslash characters are not preserved in
the output.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READRAWLINE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READCHAR" accesskey="n" rel="next">READCHAR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READWORD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READWORD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readrawline"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readrawline</h4>
<a name="index-readrawline"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READRAWLINE
</pre></div>
<p>reads a line from the read stream and outputs that line as a word. The
output is a single word even if the line contains spaces, brackets, etc.
If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is reached, <code>READRAWLINE</code>
outputs the empty list (not the empty word). <code>READRAWLINE</code> outputs the
exact string of characters as they appear in the line, with no special
meaning for backslash, vertical bar, tilde, or any other formatting
characters.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READWORD">READWORD</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READCHAR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READCHARS" accesskey="n" rel="next">READCHARS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READRAWLINE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READRAWLINE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readchar"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readchar</h4>
<a name="index-readchar"></a>
<a name="index-rc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READCHAR
RC
</pre></div>
<p>reads a single character from the read stream and outputs that character
as a word. If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is
reached, <code>READCHAR</code> outputs the empty list (not the empty word). If the
read stream is the keyboard, echoing is turned off when <code>READCHAR</code> is
invoked, and remains off until <code>READLIST</code> or <code>READWORD</code> is invoked or a Logo
prompt is printed. Backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters have
no special meaning in this context.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READCHARS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SHELL" accesskey="n" rel="next">SHELL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READCHAR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READCHAR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readchars"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readchars</h4>
<a name="index-readchars"></a>
<a name="index-rcs"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READCHARS num
RCS num
</pre></div>
<p>reads <var>num</var> characters from the read stream and outputs those characters
as a word. If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is
reached, <code>READCHARS</code> outputs the empty list (not the empty word). If the
read stream is the keyboard, echoing is turned off when <code>READCHARS</code> is
invoked, and remains off until <code>READLIST</code> or <code>READWORD</code> is invoked or a Logo
prompt is printed. Backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters have
no special meaning in this context.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#READWORD">READWORD</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SHELL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READCHARS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READCHARS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RECEIVERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="shell"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">shell</h4>
<a name="index-shell"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SHELL command
(SHELL command wordflag)
</pre></div>
<p>Under Unix, outputs the result of running <var>command</var> as a shell command.
(The command is sent to ‘<samp>/bin/sh</samp>’, not ‘<samp>csh</samp>’ or other alternatives.)
If the command is a literal list in the instruction line, and if you want a
backslash character sent to the shell, you must use <code>\\</code> to get the
backslash through Logo’s reader intact. The output is a list containing
one member for each line generated by the shell command. Ordinarily
each such line is represented by a list in the output, as though the
line were read using <code>READLIST</code>. If a second input is given, regardless
of the value of the input, each line is represented by a word in the
output as though it were read with <code>READWORD</code>. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to dayofweek
output first first shell [date]
end
</pre></div>
<p>This is <code>first first</code> to extract the first word of the first (and only)
line of the shell output.
</p>
<p>Under MacOS X, <code>SHELL</code> works as under Unix. <code>SHELL</code> is not
available under Mac Classic.
</p>
<p>Under DOS, <code>SHELL</code> is a command, not an operation; it sends its input to a
DOS command processor but does not collect the result of the command.
</p>
<p>Under Windows, the wxWidgets version of Logo behaves as under Unix (except
that DOS-style commands are understood; use <code>dir</code> rather than <code>ls</code>).
The non-wxWidgets version behaves like the DOS version.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FILE-ACCESS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="n" rel="next">TERMINAL ACCESS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RECEIVERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RECEIVERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">COMMUNICATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="File-Access"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.3 File Access</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPREFIX" accesskey="1">SETPREFIX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PREFIX" accesskey="2">PREFIX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD" accesskey="3">OPENREAD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE" accesskey="4">OPENWRITE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND" accesskey="5">OPENAPPEND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE" accesskey="6">OPENUPDATE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSE" accesskey="7">CLOSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ALLOPEN" accesskey="8">ALLOPEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSEALL" accesskey="9">CLOSEALL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE">ERASEFILE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DRIBBLE">DRIBBLE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NODRIBBLE">NODRIBBLE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETREAD">SETREAD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITE">SETWRITE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READER">READER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WRITER">WRITER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS">SETREADPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS">SETWRITEPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#READPOS">READPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WRITEPOS">WRITEPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EOFP">EOFP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FILEP">FILEP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SETPREFIX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PREFIX" accesskey="n" rel="next">PREFIX</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FILE ACCESS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setprefix"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setprefix</h4>
<a name="index-setprefix"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPREFIX string
</pre></div>
<p>command. Sets a prefix that will be used as the implicit beginning of
filenames in <code>OPENREAD</code>, <code>OPENWRITE</code>, <code>OPENAPPEND</code>,
<code>OPENUPDATE</code>, <code>LOAD</code>, and <code>SAVE</code> commands. Logo will put the
appropriate separator character (slash for Unix, backslash for DOS/Windows,
colon for MacOS Classic) between the prefix and the filename entered by the
user. The input to <code>SETPREFIX</code> must be a word, unless it is the empty list, to
indicate that there should be no prefix.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD">OPENREAD</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE">OPENWRITE</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND">OPENAPPEND</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE">OPENUPDATE</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PREFIX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD" accesskey="n" rel="next">OPENREAD</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPREFIX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPREFIX</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="prefix"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">prefix</h4>
<a name="index-prefix"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PREFIX
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the current file prefix, or [] if there is no prefix.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETPREFIX">SETPREFIX</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OPENREAD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE" accesskey="n" rel="next">OPENWRITE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PREFIX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PREFIX</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="openread"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">openread</h4>
<a name="index-openread"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OPENREAD filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Opens the named file for reading. The read position is
initially at the beginning of the file.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OPENWRITE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND" accesskey="n" rel="next">OPENAPPEND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OPENREAD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="openwrite"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">openwrite</h4>
<a name="index-openwrite"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OPENWRITE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Opens the named file for writing. If the file already
existed, the old version is deleted and a new, empty file created.
</p>
<p><code>OPENWRITE</code>, but not the other <code>OPEN</code> variants, will accept as input
a two-element list, in which the first element must be a variable
name, and the second must be a positive integer. A character
buffer of the specified size will be created. When a <code>SETWRITE</code> is
done with this same list (in the sense of .EQ, not a copy, so
you must do something like
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? make "buf [foo 100]
? openwrite :buf
? setwrite :buf
[...]
? close :buf
</pre></div>
<p>and not just
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? openwrite [foo 100]
? setwrite [foo 100]
</pre></div>
<p>and so on), the printed characters are stored in the buffer;
when a <code>CLOSE</code> is done with the same list as input, the characters
from the buffer (treated as one long word, even if spaces and
newlines are included) become the value of the specified variable.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OPENAPPEND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE" accesskey="n" rel="next">OPENUPDATE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OPENWRITE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="openappend"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">openappend</h4>
<a name="index-openappend"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OPENAPPEND filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Opens the named file for writing. If the file already exists,
the write position is initially set to the end of the old file, so that
newly written data will be appended to it.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OPENUPDATE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLOSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OPENAPPEND</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="openupdate"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">openupdate</h4>
<a name="index-openupdate"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OPENUPDATE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Opens the named file for reading and writing. The read and
write position is initially set to the end of the old file, if any.
Note: each open file has only one position, for both reading and
writing. If a file opened for update is both <code>READER</code> and <code>WRITER</code> at the
same time, then <code>SETREADPOS</code> will also affect <code>WRITEPOS</code> and vice versa.
Also, if you alternate reading and writing the same file, you must
<code>SETREADPOS</code> between a write and a read, and <code>SETWRITEPOS</code> between a read
and a write.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READER">READER</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#WRITER">WRITER</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS">SETREADPOS</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS">SETWRITEPOS</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLOSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ALLOPEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">ALLOPEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OPENUPDATE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="close"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">close</h4>
<a name="index-close"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLOSE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Closes the named file. If the file was currently the
reader or writer, then the reader or writer is changed to the
keyboard or screen, as if <tt>SETREAD []</tt><!-- /@w --> or <tt>SETWRITE []</tt><!-- /@w --> had been done.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ALLOPEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSEALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLOSEALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLOSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="allopen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">allopen</h4>
<a name="index-allopen"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ALLOPEN
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose members are the names of all files currently open.
This list does not include the dribble file, if any.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLOSEALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERASEFILE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ALLOPEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ALLOPEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="closeall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">closeall</h4>
<a name="index-closeall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLOSEALL (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Closes all open files. Abbreviates <tt>FOREACH ALLOPEN [CLOSE ?]</tt><!-- /@w -->
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#FOREACH">FOREACH</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#CLOSE">CLOSE</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERASEFILE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DRIBBLE" accesskey="n" rel="next">DRIBBLE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLOSEALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLOSEALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erasefile"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erasefile</h4>
<a name="index-erasefile"></a>
<a name="index-erf"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERASEFILE filename
ERF filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases (deletes, removes) the named file, which should not
currently be open.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DRIBBLE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NODRIBBLE" accesskey="n" rel="next">NODRIBBLE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERASEFILE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="dribble"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">dribble</h4>
<a name="index-dribble"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DRIBBLE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Creates a new file whose name is the input, like <code>OPENWRITE</code>,
and begins recording in that file everything that is read from the
keyboard or written to the terminal. That is, this writing is in
addition to the writing to <code>WRITER</code>. The intent is to create a transcript
of a Logo session, including things like prompt characters and
interactions.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE">OPENWRITE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#WRITER">WRITER</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NODRIBBLE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETREAD" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETREAD</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DRIBBLE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DRIBBLE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="nodribble"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">nodribble</h4>
<a name="index-nodribble"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NODRIBBLE
</pre></div>
<p>command. Stops copying information into the dribble file, and closes
the file.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETREAD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETWRITE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NODRIBBLE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NODRIBBLE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setread"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setread</h4>
<a name="index-setread"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETREAD filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Makes the named file the read stream, used for <code>READLIST</code>, etc.
The file must already be open with <code>OPENREAD</code> or <code>OPENUPDATE</code>. If the input
is the empty list, then the read stream becomes the keyboard, as usual.
Changing the read stream does not close the file that was previously the
read stream, so it is possible to alternate between files.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD">OPENREAD</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE">OPENUPDATE</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETWRITE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READER" accesskey="n" rel="next">READER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETREAD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETREAD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setwrite"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setwrite</h4>
<a name="index-setwrite"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETWRITE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Makes the named file the write stream, used for <code>PRINT</code>,
etc. The file must already be open with <code>OPENWRITE</code>, <code>OPENAPPEND</code>, or
<code>OPENUPDATE</code>. If the input is the empty list, then the write stream
becomes the screen, as usual. Changing the write stream does
not close the file that was previously the write stream, so it is
possible to alternate between files.
</p>
<p>If the input is a list, then its first element must be a variable
name, and its second and last element must be a positive integer; a
buffer of that many characters will be allocated, and will become the
writestream. If the same list (same in the <code>.EQ</code> sense, not a copy)
has been used as input to <code>OPENWRITE</code>, then the already-allocated
buffer will be used, and the writer can be changed to and from this
buffer, with all the characters accumulated as in a file. When the
same list is used as input to <code>CLOSE</code>, the contents of the buffer
(as an unparsed word, which may contain newline characters) will
become the value of the named variable. For compatibility with
earlier versions, if the list has not been opened when the <code>SETWRITE</code>
is done, it will be opened implicitly, but the first <code>SETWRITE</code> after
this one will implicitly close it, setting the variable and freeing
the allocated buffer.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE">OPENWRITE</a> ;
<a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND">OPENAPPEND</a> ;
<a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE">OPENUPDATE</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WRITER" accesskey="n" rel="next">WRITER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETWRITE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="reader"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">reader</h4>
<a name="index-reader"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READER
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the name of the current read stream file, or the empty list if
the read stream is the terminal.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WRITER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETREADPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="writer"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">writer</h4>
<a name="index-writer"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WRITER
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the name of the current write stream file, or the empty list if
the write stream is the screen.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETREADPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETWRITEPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WRITER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WRITER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setreadpos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setreadpos</h4>
<a name="index-setreadpos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETREADPOS charpos
</pre></div>
<p>command. Sets the file pointer of the read stream file so that the next
<code>READLIST</code>, etc., will begin reading at the <var>charpos</var>th character in the
file, counting from 0. (That is, <tt>SETREADPOS 0</tt><!-- /@w --> will start reading from
the beginning of the file.) Meaningless if the read stream is the
keyboard.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETWRITEPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#READPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">READPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETREADPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setwritepos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setwritepos</h4>
<a name="index-setwritepos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETWRITEPOS charpos
</pre></div>
<p>command. Sets the file pointer of the write stream file so that the
next <code>PRINT</code>, etc., will begin writing at the <var>charpos</var>th character in the
file, counting from 0. (That is, <tt>SETWRITEPOS 0</tt><!-- /@w --> will start writing from
the beginning of the file.) Meaningless if the write stream is the
screen.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="READPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WRITEPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">WRITEPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETWRITEPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="readpos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">readpos</h4>
<a name="index-readpos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">READPOS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the file position of the current read stream file.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WRITEPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EOFP" accesskey="n" rel="next">EOFP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#READPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">READPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="writepos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">writepos</h4>
<a name="index-writepos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WRITEPOS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the file position of the current write stream file.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EOFP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FILEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">FILEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WRITEPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WRITEPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="eofp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">eofp</h4>
<a name="index-eofp"></a>
<a name="index-eof_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EOFP
EOF?
</pre></div>
<p>predicate, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if there are no more characters to be read in
the read stream file, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FILEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EOFP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EOFP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">FILE ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="filep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">filep</h4>
<a name="index-filep"></a>
<a name="index-file_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FILEP filename
FILE? filename (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>predicate, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if a file of the specified name exists and can
be read, <code>FALSE</code> otherwise.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TERMINAL-ACCESS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FILE-ACCESS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FILE ACCESS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">COMMUNICATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-Access"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.4 Terminal Access</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#KEYP" accesskey="1">KEYP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LINEP" accesskey="2">LINEP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT" accesskey="3">CLEARTEXT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR" accesskey="4">SETCURSOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CURSOR" accesskey="5">CURSOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETMARGINS" accesskey="6">SETMARGINS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR" accesskey="7">SETTEXTCOLOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT" accesskey="8">INCREASEFONT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTSIZE" accesskey="9">SETTEXTSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSIZE">TEXTSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETFONT">SETFONT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FONT">FONT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="KEYP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LINEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">LINEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TERMINAL ACCESS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="keyp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">keyp</h4>
<a name="index-keyp"></a>
<a name="index-key_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">KEYP
KEY?
</pre></div>
<p>predicate, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if there are characters waiting to be read from
the read stream. If the read stream is a file, this is equivalent to
<tt>NOT EOFP</tt><!-- /@w -->. If the read stream is the terminal, then echoing is turned
off and the terminal is set to <code>cbreak</code> (character at a time instead of
line at a time) mode. It remains in this mode until some line-mode
reading is requested (e.g., <code>READLIST</code>). The Unix operating system
forgets about any pending characters when it switches modes, so the
first <code>KEYP</code> invocation will always output <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EOFP">EOFP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a>
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LINEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLEARTEXT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#KEYP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">KEYP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="linep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">linep</h4>
<a name="index-linep"></a>
<a name="index-line_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LINEP
LINE?
</pre></div>
<p>predicate, outputs <code>TRUE</code> if there is a line waiting to be read from
the read stream. If the read stream is a file, this is equivalent to
<tt>NOT EOFP</tt><!-- /@w -->. If the read stream is the terminal, then typed characters
will be displayed and may be edited until <tt class="key">RET</tt> is pressed.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EOFP">EOFP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLEARTEXT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETCURSOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LINEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LINEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cleartext"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cleartext</h4>
<a name="index-cleartext"></a>
<a name="index-ct"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLEARTEXT
CT
</pre></div>
<p>command. Clears the text window.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETCURSOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CURSOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">CURSOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLEARTEXT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setcursor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setcursor</h4>
<a name="index-setcursor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETCURSOR vector
</pre></div>
<p>command. The input is a list of two numbers, the x and y coordinates of
a text window position (origin in the upper left corner, positive direction
is southeast). The text cursor is moved to the requested position.
This command also forces the immediate printing of any buffered
characters.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CURSOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETMARGINS" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETMARGINS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETCURSOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cursor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cursor</h4>
<a name="index-cursor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CURSOR
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the current x and y coordinates of the text
cursor. Logo may get confused about the current cursor position if,
e.g., you type in a long line that wraps around or your program prints
escape codes that affect the screen strangely.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETMARGINS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETTEXTCOLOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CURSOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CURSOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setmargins"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setmargins</h4>
<a name="index-setmargins"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETMARGINS vector
</pre></div>
<p>command. The input must be a list of two numbers, as for <code>SETCURSOR</code>.
The effect is to clear the screen and then arrange for all further
printing to be shifted down and to the right according to the indicated
margins. Specifically, every time a newline character is printed
(explicitly or implicitly) Logo will type <var>x_margin</var> spaces, and on every
invocation of <code>SETCURSOR</code> the margins will be added to the input x and y
coordinates. (<code>CURSOR</code> will report the cursor position relative to the
margins, so that this shift will be invisible to Logo programs.) The
purpose of this command is to accommodate the display of terminal
screens in lecture halls with inadequate TV monitors that miss the top
and left edges of the screen.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR">SETCURSOR</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETTEXTCOLOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT" accesskey="n" rel="next">INCREASEFONT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETMARGINS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETMARGINS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="settextcolor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">settextcolor</h4>
<a name="index-settextcolor"></a>
<a name="index-settc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETTEXTCOLOR foreground background
SETTC foreground background
</pre></div>
<p>command (wxWidgets only). The inputs are color numbers, or RGB color lists,
as for turtle graphics. The foreground and background colors for the
textscreen/splitscreen text window are changed to the given values. The
change affects text already printed as well as future text printing; there is
only one text color for the entire window.
</p>
<p>Command (non-wxWidgets Windows and DOS extended only). The inputs are color
numbers, as for turtle graphics. Future printing to the text window will use
the specified colors for foreground (the characters printed) and background
(the space under those characters). Using <code>STANDOUT</code> will revert to the default
text window colors. In the DOS extended (<samp>ucblogo.exe</samp>) version, colors in
textscreen mode are limited to numbers 0-7, and the coloring applies only to
text printed by the program, not to the echoing of text typed by the user.
Neither limitation applies to the text portion of splitscreen mode, which is
actually drawn as graphics internally.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT">STANDOUT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="INCREASEFONT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETTEXTSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETTEXTCOLOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="increasefont"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">increasefont</h4>
<a name="index-increasefont"></a>
<a name="index-decreasefont"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">INCREASEFONT
DECREASEFONT
</pre></div>
<p>command (wxWidgets only). Increase or decrease the size of the font
used in the text and edit windows to the next larger or smaller
available size.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETTEXTSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">TEXTSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INCREASEFONT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="settextsize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">settextsize</h4>
<a name="index-settextsize"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETTEXTSIZE height
</pre></div>
<p>command (wxWidgets only). Set the "point size" of the font used in
the text and edit windows to the given integer input. The desired
size may not be available, in which case the nearest available size
will be used. Note: There is only a slight correlation between these
integers and pixel sizes. Our rough estimate is that the number of
pixels of height is about 1.5 times the point size, but it varies for
different fonts. See <code>SETLABELHEIGHT</code> for a different approach used for
the graphics window.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TEXTSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETFONT" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETFONT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTSIZE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETTEXTSIZE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="textsize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">textsize</h4>
<a name="index-textsize"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TEXTSIZE
</pre></div>
<p>(wxWidgets only) outputs the "point size" of the font used in the text
and edit windows. See <code>SETTEXTSIZE</code> for a discussion of font sizing.
See <code>LABELSIZE</code> for a different approach used for the graphics window.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETFONT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FONT" accesskey="n" rel="next">FONT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSIZE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TEXTSIZE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setfont"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setfont</h4>
<a name="index-setfont"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETFONT fontname
</pre></div>
<p>command (wxWidgets only). Set the font family used in all windows
to the one named by the input. Try <samp>Courier</samp> or <samp>Monospace</samp> as likely
possibilities. Not all computers have the same fonts installed. It’s
a good idea to stick with monospace fonts (ones in which all
characters have the same width).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FONT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETFONT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETFONT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TERMINAL-ACCESS" accesskey="u" rel="up">TERMINAL ACCESS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="font"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">font</h4>
<a name="index-font"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FONT
</pre></div>
<p>(wxWidgets only) outputs the name of the font family used in all
windows.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARITHMETIC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMUNICATION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COMMUNICATION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Arithmetic"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Arithmetic</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="1">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="2">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="3">RANDOM NUMBERS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING" accesskey="4">PRINT FORMATTING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="5">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="NUMERIC-OPERATIONS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="n" rel="next">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARITHMETIC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARITHMETIC</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Numeric-Operations"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.1 Numeric Operations</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SUM" accesskey="1">SUM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE" accesskey="2">DIFFERENCE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MINUS" accesskey="3">MINUS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT" accesskey="4">PRODUCT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT" accesskey="5">QUOTIENT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REMAINDER" accesskey="6">REMAINDER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MODULO" accesskey="7">MODULO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INT" accesskey="8">INT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ROUND" accesskey="9">ROUND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SQRT">SQRT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POWER">POWER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EXP">EXP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOG10">LOG10</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LN">LN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SIN">SIN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RADSIN">RADSIN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COS">COS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RADCOS">RADCOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARCTAN">ARCTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RADARCTAN">RADARCTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ISEQ">ISEQ</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RSEQ">RSEQ</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SUM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE" accesskey="n" rel="next">DIFFERENCE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sum"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sum</h4>
<a name="index-sum"></a>
<a name="index-_002b"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SUM num1 num2
(SUM num1 num2 num3 ...)
num1 + num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the sum of its inputs.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DIFFERENCE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MINUS" accesskey="n" rel="next">MINUS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SUM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SUM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="difference"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">difference</h4>
<a name="index-difference"></a>
<a name="index-_002d"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DIFFERENCE num1 num2
num1 - num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the difference of its inputs. Minus sign means infix difference
in ambiguous contexts (when preceded by a complete expression), unless
it is preceded by a space and followed by a nonspace. (See also <code>MINUS</code>.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MINUS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRODUCT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DIFFERENCE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="minus"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">minus</h4>
<a name="index-minus"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MINUS num
- num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the negative of its input. Minus sign means unary minus if
the previous token is an infix operator or open parenthesis, or it is
preceded by a space and followed by a nonspace. There is a difference
in binding strength between the two forms:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MINUS 3 + 4 means -(3+4)
- 3 + 4 means (-3)+4
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="PRODUCT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT" accesskey="n" rel="next">QUOTIENT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MINUS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MINUS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="product"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">product</h4>
<a name="index-product"></a>
<a name="index-_002a"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRODUCT num1 num2
(PRODUCT num1 num2 num3 ...)
num1 * num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the product of its inputs.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="QUOTIENT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REMAINDER" accesskey="n" rel="next">REMAINDER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRODUCT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="quotient"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">quotient</h4>
<a name="index-quotient"></a>
<a name="index-_002f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">QUOTIENT num1 num2
(QUOTIENT num)
num1 / num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the quotient of its inputs. The quotient of two integers is an
integer if and only if the dividend is a multiple of the divisor. (In
other words, <tt>QUOTIENT 5 2</tt><!-- /@w --> is 2.5, not 2, but <tt>QUOTIENT 4 2</tt><!-- /@w -->
is 2, not 2.0 — it does the right thing.) With a single input,
<code>QUOTIENT</code> outputs the reciprocal of the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REMAINDER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MODULO" accesskey="n" rel="next">MODULO</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">QUOTIENT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="remainder"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">remainder</h4>
<a name="index-remainder"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REMAINDER num1 num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the remainder on dividing <var>num1</var> by <var>num2</var>; both must be
integers and the result is an integer with the same sign as <var>num1</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MODULO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INT" accesskey="n" rel="next">INT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REMAINDER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REMAINDER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="modulo"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">modulo</h4>
<a name="index-modulo"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MODULO num1 num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the remainder on dividing <var>num1</var> by <var>num2</var>; both must be
integers and the result is an integer with the same sign as <var>num2</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="INT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ROUND" accesskey="n" rel="next">ROUND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MODULO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MODULO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="int"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">int</h4>
<a name="index-int"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">INT num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs its input with fractional part removed, i.e., an integer
with the same sign as the input, whose absolute value is the
largest integer less than or equal to the absolute value of
the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ROUND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SQRT" accesskey="n" rel="next">SQRT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="round"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">round</h4>
<a name="index-round"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ROUND num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the nearest integer to the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SQRT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POWER" accesskey="n" rel="next">POWER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ROUND" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ROUND</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sqrt"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sqrt</h4>
<a name="index-sqrt"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SQRT num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the square root of the input, which must be nonnegative.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POWER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EXP" accesskey="n" rel="next">EXP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SQRT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SQRT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="power"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">power</h4>
<a name="index-power"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POWER num1 num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <var>num1</var> to the <var>num2</var> power. If <var>num1</var> is negative, then
<var>num2</var> must be an integer.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EXP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOG10" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOG10</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POWER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POWER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="exp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">exp</h4>
<a name="index-exp"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EXP num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <i>e</i> (2.718281828+) to the input power.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOG10"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LN" accesskey="n" rel="next">LN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EXP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EXP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="log10"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">log10</h4>
<a name="index-log10"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOG10 num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the common logarithm of the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SIN" accesskey="n" rel="next">SIN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOG10" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOG10</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ln"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ln</h4>
<a name="index-ln"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LN num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the natural logarithm of the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SIN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RADSIN" accesskey="n" rel="next">RADSIN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sin"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sin</h4>
<a name="index-sin"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SIN degrees
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the sine of its input, which is taken in degrees.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RADSIN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COS" accesskey="n" rel="next">COS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SIN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SIN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="radsin"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">radsin</h4>
<a name="index-radsin"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RADSIN radians
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the sine of its input, which is taken in radians.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="COS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RADCOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">RADCOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RADSIN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RADSIN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cos</h4>
<a name="index-cos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COS degrees
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the cosine of its input, which is taken in degrees.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RADCOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARCTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARCTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="radcos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">radcos</h4>
<a name="index-radcos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RADCOS radians
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the cosine of its input, which is taken in radians.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARCTAN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RADARCTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">RADARCTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RADCOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RADCOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="arctan"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">arctan</h4>
<a name="index-arctan"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARCTAN num
(ARCTAN x y)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the arctangent, in degrees, of its input. With two inputs,
outputs the arctangent of y/x, if x is nonzero, or 90 or –90 depending
on the sign of y, if x is zero.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RADARCTAN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ISEQ" accesskey="n" rel="next">ISEQ</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARCTAN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARCTAN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="radarctan"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">radarctan</h4>
<a name="index-radarctan"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RADARCTAN num
(RADARCTAN x y)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the arctangent, in radians, of its input. With two inputs,
outputs the arctangent of y/x, if x is nonzero, or pi/2 or –pi/2
depending on the sign of y, if x is zero.
</p>
<p>The expression <tt>2*(RADARCTAN 0 1)</tt><!-- /@w --> can be used to get the value of pi.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ISEQ"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RSEQ" accesskey="n" rel="next">RSEQ</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RADARCTAN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RADARCTAN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="iseq"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">iseq</h4>
<a name="index-iseq"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ISEQ from to (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of the integers from <var>from</var> to <var>to</var>, inclusive.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show iseq 3 7
[3 4 5 6 7]
? show iseq 7 3
[7 6 5 4 3]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="RSEQ"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ISEQ" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ISEQ</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="rseq"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">rseq</h4>
<a name="index-rseq"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RSEQ from to count (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of <var>count</var> equally spaced rational numbers between
<var>from</var> and <var>to</var>, inclusive.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show rseq 3 5 9
[3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5]
? show rseq 3 5 5
[3 3.5 4 4.5 5]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="NUMERIC-PREDICATES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="n" rel="next">RANDOM NUMBERS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-OPERATIONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NUMERIC OPERATIONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARITHMETIC</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Numeric-Predicates"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.2 Numeric Predicates</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LESSP" accesskey="1">LESSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP" accesskey="2">GREATERP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP" accesskey="3">LESSEQUALP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP" accesskey="4">GREATEREQUALP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr></table>
<hr>
<a name="LESSP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP" accesskey="n" rel="next">GREATERP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lessp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">lessp</h4>
<a name="index-lessp"></a>
<a name="index-less_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003c"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LESSP num1 num2
LESS? num1 num2
num1 < num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its first input is strictly less than its second.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GREATERP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP" accesskey="n" rel="next">LESSEQUALP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LESSP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LESSP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="greaterp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">greaterp</h4>
<a name="index-greaterp"></a>
<a name="index-greater_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003e"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GREATERP num1 num2
GREATER? num1 num2
num1 > num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its first input is strictly greater than its second.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LESSEQUALP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP" accesskey="n" rel="next">GREATEREQUALP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GREATERP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lessequalp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">lessequalp</h4>
<a name="index-lessequalp"></a>
<a name="index-lessequal_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003c_003d"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LESSEQUALP num1 num2
LESSEQUAL? num1 num2
num1 <= num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its first input is less than or equal to its second.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GREATEREQUALP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LESSEQUALP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="greaterequalp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">greaterequalp</h4>
<a name="index-greaterequalp"></a>
<a name="index-greaterequal_003f"></a>
<a name="index-_003e_003d"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GREATEREQUALP num1 num2
GREATEREQUAL? num1 num2
num1 >= num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its first input is greater than or equal to its second.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RANDOM-NUMBERS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRINT FORMATTING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NUMERIC-PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NUMERIC PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARITHMETIC</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Random-Numbers"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.3 Random Numbers</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM" accesskey="1">RANDOM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RERANDOM" accesskey="2">RERANDOM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="RANDOM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RERANDOM" accesskey="n" rel="next">RERANDOM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RANDOM NUMBERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RANDOM NUMBERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="random"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">random</h4>
<a name="index-random"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RANDOM num
(RANDOM start end)
</pre></div>
<p>with one input, outputs a random nonnegative integer less than its
input, which must be a positive integer.
</p>
<p>With two inputs, <code>RANDOM</code> outputs a random integer greater than or
equal to the first input, and less than or equal to the second
input. Both inputs must be integers, and the first must be less
than the second. <tt>(RANDOM 0 9)</tt><!-- /@w --> is equivalent to <tt>RANDOM 10</tt><!-- /@w -->;
<tt>(RANDOM 3 8)</tt><!-- /@w --> is equivalent to <tt>(RANDOM 6)+3</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RERANDOM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RANDOM</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="u" rel="up">RANDOM NUMBERS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="rerandom"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">rerandom</h4>
<a name="index-rerandom"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RERANDOM
(RERANDOM seed)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Makes the results of <code>RANDOM</code> reproducible. Ordinarily the
sequence of random numbers is different each time Logo is used. If you need
the same sequence of pseudo-random numbers repeatedly, e.g. to debug a
program, say <code>RERANDOM</code> before the first invocation of <code>RANDOM</code>. If
you need more than one repeatable sequence, you can give <code>RERANDOM</code> an integer
input; each possible input selects a unique sequence of numbers.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRINT-FORMATTING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="n" rel="next">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM-NUMBERS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RANDOM NUMBERS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARITHMETIC</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Print-Formatting"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.4 Print Formatting</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FORM" accesskey="1">FORM</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="FORM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRINT FORMATTING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING" accesskey="u" rel="up">PRINT FORMATTING</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="form"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">form</h4>
<a name="index-form"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FORM num width precision
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a word containing a printable representation of <var>num</var>, possibly
preceded by spaces (and therefore not a number for purposes of
performing arithmetic operations), with at least <var>width</var> characters,
including exactly <var>precision</var> digits after the decimal point. (If
<var>precision</var> is 0 then there will be no decimal point in the output.)
</p>
<p>As a debugging feature, (<tt>FORM num <span class="nolinebreak">-1</span> format</tt><!-- /@w -->) will print the floating
point <var>num</var> according to the C printf <var>format</var>, to allow
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to hex :num
op form :num -1 "|%08X %08X|
end
</pre></div>
<p>to allow finding out the exact result of floating point operations. The
precise format needed may be machine-dependent.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BITWISE-OPERATIONS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT-FORMATTING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRINT FORMATTING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARITHMETIC</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Bitwise-Operations"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.5 Bitwise Operations</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BITAND" accesskey="1">BITAND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BITOR" accesskey="2">BITOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BITXOR" accesskey="3">BITXOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BITNOT" accesskey="4">BITNOT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ASHIFT" accesskey="5">ASHIFT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LSHIFT" accesskey="6">LSHIFT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="BITAND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BITOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">BITOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bitand"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bitand</h4>
<a name="index-bitand"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BITAND num1 num2
(BITAND num1 num2 num3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the bitwise <var>and</var> of its inputs, which must be integers.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#AND">AND</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BITOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BITXOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">BITXOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BITAND" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BITAND</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bitor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bitor</h4>
<a name="index-bitor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BITOR num1 num2
(BITOR num1 num2 num3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the bitwise <var>or</var> of its inputs, which must be integers.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#OR">OR</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BITXOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BITNOT" accesskey="n" rel="next">BITNOT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BITOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BITOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bitxor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bitxor</h4>
<a name="index-bitxor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BITXOR num1 num2
(BITXOR num1 num2 num3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the bitwise <var>exclusive or</var> of its inputs, which must be integers.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BITNOT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ASHIFT" accesskey="n" rel="next">ASHIFT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BITXOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BITXOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bitnot"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bitnot</h4>
<a name="index-bitnot"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BITNOT num
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the bitwise <var>not</var> of its input, which must be an integer.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#NOT">NOT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ASHIFT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LSHIFT" accesskey="n" rel="next">LSHIFT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BITNOT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BITNOT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ashift"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ashift</h4>
<a name="index-ashift"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ASHIFT num1 num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <var>num1</var> arithmetic-shifted to the left by <var>num2</var> bits. If
<var>num2</var> is negative, the shift is to the right with sign extension. The
inputs must be integers.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LSHIFT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ASHIFT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ASHIFT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#BITWISE-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">BITWISE OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lshift"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">lshift</h4>
<a name="index-lshift"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LSHIFT num1 num2
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <var>num1</var> logical-shifted to the left by <var>num2</var> bits. If
<var>num2</var> is negative, the shift is to the right with zero fill. The inputs
must be integers.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOGICAL-OPERATIONS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="n" rel="next">GRAPHICS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITHMETIC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARITHMETIC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Logical-Operations"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">6 Logical Operations</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#AND" accesskey="1">AND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OR" accesskey="2">OR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NOT" accesskey="3">NOT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="AND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OR" accesskey="n" rel="next">OR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="and"></a>
<h3 class="unnumberedsec">and</h3>
<a name="index-and"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">AND tf1 tf2
(AND tf1 tf2 tf3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if all inputs are <code>TRUE</code>, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>. All inputs
must be <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>. (Comparison is case-insensitive regardless
of the value of <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code>. That is, <code>true</code> or <code>True</code> or <code>TRUE</code>
are all the same.) An input can be a list, in which case it is
taken as an expression to run; that expression must produce a <code>TRUE</code>
or <code>FALSE</code> value. List expressions are evaluated from left to right;
as soon as a <code>FALSE</code> value is found, the remaining inputs are not
examined. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MAKE "RESULT AND [NOT (:X = 0)] [(1 / :X) > .5]
</pre></div>
<p>to avoid the division by zero if the first part is false.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OR" accesskey="1">OR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NOT" accesskey="2">NOT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="OR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NOT" accesskey="n" rel="next">NOT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#AND" accesskey="p" rel="prev">AND</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="or"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">or</h4>
<a name="index-or"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OR tf1 tf2
(OR tf1 tf2 tf3 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if any input is <code>TRUE</code>, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>. All inputs
must be <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>. (Comparison is case-insensitive regardless
of the value of <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code>. That is, <code>true</code> or <code>True</code> or <code>TRUE</code>
are all the same.) An input can be a list, in which case it is
taken as an expression to run; that expression must produce a <code>TRUE</code>
or <code>FALSE</code> value. List expressions are evaluated from left to right;
as soon as a <code>TRUE</code> value is found, the remaining inputs are not
examined. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IF OR :X=0 [some.long.computation] [...]
</pre></div>
<p>to avoid the long computation if the first condition is met.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NOT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="u" rel="up">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="not"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">not</h4>
<a name="index-not"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NOT tf
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is <code>FALSE</code>, and vice versa. The input can be
a list, in which case it is taken as an expression to run; that
expression must produce a <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code> value.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GRAPHICS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="n" rel="next">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGICAL-OPERATIONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOGICAL OPERATIONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Graphics"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 Graphics</h2>
<p>Berkeley Logo provides traditional Logo turtle graphics with one turtle.
Multiple turtles, dynamic turtles, and collision detection are not supported.
This is the most hardware-dependent part of Logo; some features may exist
on some machines but not others. Nevertheless, the goal has been to make
Logo programs as portable as possible, rather than to take fullest advantage
of the capabilities of each machine. In particular, Logo attempts to scale
the screen so that turtle coordinates [–100 –100] and [100 100] fit on the
graphics window, and so that the aspect ratio is 1:1.
</p>
<p>The center of the graphics window (which may or may not be the entire
screen, depending on the machine used) is turtle location [0 0]. Positive
X is to the right; positive Y is up. Headings (angles) are measured in
degrees clockwise from the positive Y axis. (This differs from the common
mathematical convention of measuring angles counterclockwise from the
positive X axis.) The turtle is represented as an isoceles triangle; the
actual turtle position is at the midpoint of the base (the short side).
However, the turtle is drawn one step behind its actual position, so that
the display of the base of the turtle’s triangle does not obscure a line
drawn perpendicular to it (as would happen after drawing a square).
</p>
<p>Colors are, of course, hardware-dependent. However, Logo provides partial
hardware independence by interpreting color numbers 0 through 7 uniformly
on all computers:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">0 black 1 blue 2 green 3 cyan
4 red 5 magenta 6 yellow 7 white
</pre></div>
<p>Where possible, Logo provides additional user-settable colors; how many
are available depends on the hardware and operating system environment.
If at least 16 colors are available, Logo tries to provide uniform
initial settings for the colors 8-15:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> 8 brown 9 tan 10 forest 11 aqua
12 salmon 13 purple 14 orange 15 grey
</pre></div>
<p>Logo begins with a black background and white pen.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="1">TURTLE MOTION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="2">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="8">MOUSE QUERIES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="TURTLE-MOTION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GRAPHICS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Turtle-Motion"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.1 Turtle Motion</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FORWARD" accesskey="1">FORWARD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BACK" accesskey="2">BACK</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LEFT" accesskey="3">LEFT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RIGHT" accesskey="4">RIGHT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPOS" accesskey="5">SETPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETXY" accesskey="6">SETXY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETX" accesskey="7">SETX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETY" accesskey="8">SETY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING" accesskey="9">SETHEADING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HOME">HOME</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARC">ARC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="FORWARD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BACK" accesskey="n" rel="next">BACK</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE MOTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="forward"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">forward</h4>
<a name="index-forward"></a>
<a name="index-fd"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FORWARD dist
FD dist
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle forward, in the direction that it’s facing, by the
specified distance (measured in turtle steps).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BACK"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LEFT" accesskey="n" rel="next">LEFT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FORWARD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FORWARD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="back"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">back</h4>
<a name="index-back"></a>
<a name="index-bk"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BACK dist
BK dist
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle backward, i.e., exactly opposite to the direction that
it’s facing, by the specified distance. (The heading of the turtle does
not change.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LEFT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RIGHT" accesskey="n" rel="next">RIGHT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BACK" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BACK</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="left"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">left</h4>
<a name="index-left"></a>
<a name="index-lt"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LEFT degrees
LT degrees
</pre></div>
<p>turns the turtle counterclockwise by the specified angle, measured in
degrees (1/360 of a circle).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RIGHT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LEFT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LEFT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="right"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">right</h4>
<a name="index-right"></a>
<a name="index-rt"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RIGHT degrees
RT degrees
</pre></div>
<p>turns the turtle clockwise by the specified angle, measured in degrees
(1/360 of a circle).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETXY" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETXY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RIGHT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RIGHT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpos</h4>
<a name="index-setpos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPOS pos
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle to an absolute position in the graphics window. The input is
a list of two numbers, the X and Y coordinates.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETXY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETX" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETX</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setxy"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setxy</h4>
<a name="index-setxy"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETXY xcor ycor
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle to an absolute position in the graphics window. The two
inputs are numbers, the X and Y coordinates.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETY" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETXY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETXY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setx"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setx</h4>
<a name="index-setx"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETX xcor
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle horizontally from its old position to a new absolute
horizontal coordinate. The input is the new X coordinate.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETHEADING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETX</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sety"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sety</h4>
<a name="index-sety"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETY ycor
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle vertically from its old position to a new absolute
vertical coordinate. The input is the new Y coordinate.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETHEADING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HOME" accesskey="n" rel="next">HOME</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setheading"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setheading</h4>
<a name="index-setheading"></a>
<a name="index-seth"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETHEADING degrees
SETH degrees
</pre></div>
<p>turns the turtle to a new absolute heading. The input is a number,
the heading in degrees clockwise from the positive Y axis.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HOME"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARC" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETHEADING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="home"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">home</h4>
<a name="index-home"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HOME
</pre></div>
<p>moves the turtle to the center of the screen. Equivalent to
<tt>SETPOS [0 0] SETHEADING 0.</tt><!-- /@w -->
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETPOS">SETPOS</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING">SETHEADING</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#HOME" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HOME</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="arc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">arc</h4>
<a name="index-arc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARC angle radius
</pre></div>
<p>draws an arc of a circle, with the turtle at the center, with the
specified radius, starting at the turtle’s heading and extending
clockwise through the specified angle. The turtle does not move.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="n" rel="next">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE MOTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Turtle-Motion-Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.2 Turtle Motion Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POS" accesskey="1">POS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#XCOR" accesskey="2">XCOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#YCOR" accesskey="3">YCOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HEADING" accesskey="4">HEADING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TOWARDS" accesskey="5">TOWARDS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SCRUNCH" accesskey="6">SCRUNCH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="POS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#XCOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">XCOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pos</h4>
<a name="index-pos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the turtle’s current position, as a list of two numbers, the X
and Y coordinates.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="XCOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#YCOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">YCOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="xcor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">xcor</h4>
<a name="index-xcor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">XCOR (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a number, the turtle’s X coordinate.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="YCOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HEADING" accesskey="n" rel="next">HEADING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#XCOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">XCOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ycor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ycor</h4>
<a name="index-ycor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">YCOR (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a number, the turtle’s Y coordinate.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HEADING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TOWARDS" accesskey="n" rel="next">TOWARDS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#YCOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">YCOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="heading"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">heading</h4>
<a name="index-heading"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HEADING
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a number, the turtle’s heading in degrees.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TOWARDS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SCRUNCH" accesskey="n" rel="next">SCRUNCH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#HEADING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HEADING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="towards"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">towards</h4>
<a name="index-towards"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TOWARDS pos
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a number, the heading at which the turtle should be facing so
that it would point from its current position to the position given as
the input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SCRUNCH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TOWARDS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TOWARDS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="scrunch"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">scrunch</h4>
<a name="index-scrunch"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SCRUNCH
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing two numbers, the X and Y scrunch factors, as used by
<code>SETSCRUNCH</code>. (But note that <code>SETSCRUNCH</code> takes two numbers as inputs, not one
list of numbers.)
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH">SETSCRUNCH</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-MOTION-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE MOTION QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Turtle-and-Window-Control"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.3 Turtle and Window Control</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE" accesskey="1">SHOWTURTLE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE" accesskey="2">HIDETURTLE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLEAN" accesskey="3">CLEAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN" accesskey="4">CLEARSCREEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WRAP" accesskey="5">WRAP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WINDOW" accesskey="6">WINDOW</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FENCE" accesskey="7">FENCE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FILL" accesskey="8">FILL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FILLED" accesskey="9">FILLED</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LABEL">LABEL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETLABELHEIGHT">SETLABELHEIGHT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN">TEXTSCREEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN">FULLSCREEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN">SPLITSCREEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH">SETSCRUNCH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REFRESH">REFRESH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NOREFRESH">NOREFRESH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SHOWTURTLE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE" accesskey="n" rel="next">HIDETURTLE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="showturtle"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">showturtle</h4>
<a name="index-showturtle"></a>
<a name="index-st"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SHOWTURTLE
ST
</pre></div>
<p>makes the turtle visible.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HIDETURTLE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLEAN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SHOWTURTLE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="hideturtle"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">hideturtle</h4>
<a name="index-hideturtle"></a>
<a name="index-ht"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HIDETURTLE
HT
</pre></div>
<p>makes the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in
the middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up
the drawing substantially.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLEAN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLEARSCREEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HIDETURTLE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="clean"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">clean</h4>
<a name="index-clean"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLEAN
</pre></div>
<p>erases all lines that the turtle has drawn on the graphics window. The
turtle’s state (position, heading, pen mode, etc.) is not changed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLEARSCREEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WRAP" accesskey="n" rel="next">WRAP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEAN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLEAN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="clearscreen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">clearscreen</h4>
<a name="index-clearscreen"></a>
<a name="index-cs"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLEARSCREEN
CS
</pre></div>
<p>erases the graphics window and sends the turtle to its initial position
and heading. Like <code>HOME</code> and <code>CLEAN</code> together.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#HOME">HOME</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WRAP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WINDOW" accesskey="n" rel="next">WINDOW</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLEARSCREEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="wrap"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">wrap</h4>
<a name="index-wrap"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WRAP
</pre></div>
<p>tells the turtle to enter wrap mode: From now on, if the turtle is
asked to move past the boundary of the graphics window, it will "wrap
around" and reappear at the opposite edge of the window. The top edge
wraps to the bottom edge, while the left edge wraps to the right edge.
(So the window is topologically equivalent to a torus.) This is the
turtle’s initial mode. Compare <code>WINDOW</code> and <code>FENCE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#FENCE">FENCE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WINDOW"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FENCE" accesskey="n" rel="next">FENCE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WRAP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WRAP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="window"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">window</h4>
<a name="index-window"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WINDOW
</pre></div>
<p>tells the turtle to enter window mode: From now on, if the turtle is
asked to move past the boundary of the graphics window, it will move
offscreen. The visible graphics window is considered as just part of an
infinite graphics plane; the turtle can be anywhere on the plane. (If
you lose the turtle, <code>HOME</code> will bring it back to the center of the
window.) Compare <code>WRAP</code> and <code>FENCE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FENCE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FILL" accesskey="n" rel="next">FILL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WINDOW" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WINDOW</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fence"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fence</h4>
<a name="index-fence"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FENCE
</pre></div>
<p>tells the turtle to enter fence mode: From now on, if the turtle is
asked to move past the boundary of the graphics window, it will move as
far as it can and then stop at the edge with an "out of bounds" error
message. Compare <code>WRAP</code> and <code>WINDOW</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#WRAP">WRAP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FILL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FILLED" accesskey="n" rel="next">FILLED</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FENCE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FENCE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fill"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fill</h4>
<a name="index-fill"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FILL
</pre></div>
<p>fills in a region of the graphics window containing the turtle and
bounded by lines that have been drawn earlier. This is not portable; it
doesn’t work for all machines, and may not work exactly the same way on
different machines.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FILLED"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LABEL" accesskey="n" rel="next">LABEL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FILL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FILL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="filled"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">filled</h4>
<a name="index-filled"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FILLED color instructions
</pre></div>
<p>runs the instructions, remembering all points visited by turtle
motion commands, starting <em>and ending</em> with the turtle’s initial
position. Then draws (ignoring penmode) the resulting polygon,
in the current pen color, filling the polygon with the given color,
which can be a color number or an RGB list. The instruction list
cannot include another FILLED invocation. (wxWidgets only)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LABEL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETLABELHEIGHT" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETLABELHEIGHT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FILLED" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FILLED</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="label"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">label</h4>
<a name="index-label"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LABEL text
</pre></div>
<p>takes a word or list as input, and prints the input on the graphics
window, starting at the turtle’s position.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETLABELHEIGHT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">TEXTSCREEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LABEL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LABEL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setlabelheight"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setlabelheight</h4>
<a name="index-setlabelheight"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETLABELHEIGHT height
</pre></div>
<p>command (wxWidgets only). Takes a positive integer argument and tries
to set the font size so that the character height (including
descenders) is that many turtle steps. This will be different from
the number of screen pixels if <code>SETSCRUNCH</code> has been used. Also, note
that <code>SETSCRUNCH</code> changes the font size to try to preserve this height
in turtle steps. Note that the query operation corresponding to this
command is <code>LABELSIZE</code>, not <code>LABELHEIGHT</code>, because it tells you the width
as well as the height of characters in the current font.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TEXTSCREEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">FULLSCREEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETLABELHEIGHT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETLABELHEIGHT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="textscreen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">textscreen</h4>
<a name="index-textscreen"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TEXTSCREEN
TS
</pre></div>
<p>rearranges the size and position of windows to maximize the space
available in the text window (the window used for interaction with
Logo). The details differ among machines. Compare <code>SPLITSCREEN</code> and
<code>FULLSCREEN</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN">SPLITSCREEN</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FULLSCREEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">SPLITSCREEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TEXTSCREEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fullscreen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fullscreen</h4>
<a name="index-fullscreen"></a>
<a name="index-fs"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FULLSCREEN
FS
</pre></div>
<p>rearranges the size and position of windows to maximize the space
available in the graphics window. The details differ among machines.
Compare <code>SPLITSCREEN</code> and <code>TEXTSCREEN</code>.
</p>
<p>Since there must be a text window to allow printing (including the printing of
the Logo prompt), Logo automatically switches from fullscreen to splitscreen
whenever anything is printed.
</p>
<p>In the DOS version, switching from fullscreen to splitscreen loses the part of
the picture that’s hidden by the text window. [This design decision follows
from the scarcity of memory, so that the extra memory to remember an invisible
part of a drawing seems too expensive.]
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SPLITSCREEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETSCRUNCH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FULLSCREEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="splitscreen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">splitscreen</h4>
<a name="index-splitscreen"></a>
<a name="index-ss"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SPLITSCREEN
SS
</pre></div>
<p>rearranges the size and position of windows to allow some room for text
interaction while also keeping most of the graphics window visible. The
details differ among machines. Compare <code>TEXTSCREEN</code> and <code>FULLSCREEN</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN">TEXTSCREEN</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETSCRUNCH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REFRESH" accesskey="n" rel="next">REFRESH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SPLITSCREEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setscrunch"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setscrunch</h4>
<a name="index-setscrunch"></a>
<a name="index-scrunch_002edat"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETSCRUNCH xscale yscale
</pre></div>
<p>adjusts the aspect ratio and scaling of the graphics display. After
this command is used, all further turtle motion will be adjusted by
multiplying the horizontal and vertical extent of the motion by the two
numbers given as inputs. For example, after the instruction
<tt>SETSCRUNCH 2 1</tt><!-- /@w --> motion at a heading of 45 degrees will move twice
as far horizontally as vertically. If your squares don’t come out
square, try this. (Alternatively, you can deliberately misadjust the
aspect ratio to draw an ellipse.)
</p>
<p>For all modern computers, both scale factors are initially 1.
For DOS machines, the scale factors are initially set according to what
the hardware claims the aspect ratio is, but the hardware sometimes
lies. For DOS, the values set by <code>SETSCRUNCH</code> are remembered in a file (called
<samp>scrunch.dat</samp>) and are automatically put into effect when a Logo session
begins.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REFRESH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NOREFRESH" accesskey="n" rel="next">NOREFRESH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETSCRUNCH</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="refresh"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">refresh</h4>
<a name="index-refresh"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REFRESH
</pre></div>
<p>(command) tells Logo to remember the turtle’s motions so that they
can be used for high-resolution printing (wxWidgets) or to refresh
the graphics window if it is moved, resized, or overlayed
(non-wxWidgets). This is the default.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NOREFRESH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REFRESH" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REFRESH</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="norefresh"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">norefresh</h4>
<a name="index-norefresh"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NOREFRESH
</pre></div>
<p>(command) tells Logo not to remember the turtle’s motions, which may
be useful to save time and memory if your program is interactive or
animated, rather than drawing a static picture you’ll want to print
later (wxWidgets). In non-wxWidgets versions, using NOREFRESH may
prevent Logo from restoring the graphics image after the window is
moved, resized, or overlayed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="n" rel="next">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE AND WINDOW CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Turtle-and-Window-Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.4 Turtle and Window Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SHOWNP" accesskey="1">SHOWNP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SCREENMODE" accesskey="2">SCREENMODE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLEMODE" accesskey="3">TURTLEMODE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LABELSIZE" accesskey="4">LABELSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SHOWNP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SCREENMODE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SCREENMODE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="shownp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">shownp</h4>
<a name="index-shownp"></a>
<a name="index-shown_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SHOWNP
SHOWN?
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the turtle is shown (visible), <code>FALSE</code> if the turtle is
hidden. See <code>SHOWTURTLE</code> and <code>HIDETURTLE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE">SHOWTURTLE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE">HIDETURTLE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SCREENMODE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLEMODE" accesskey="n" rel="next">TURTLEMODE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SHOWNP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SHOWNP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="screenmode"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">screenmode</h4>
<a name="index-screenmode"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SCREENMODE
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the word <code>TEXTSCREEN</code>, <code>SPLITSCREEN</code>, or <code>FULLSCREEN</code> depending
on the current screen mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TURTLEMODE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LABELSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">LABELSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SCREENMODE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SCREENMODE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="turtlemode"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">turtlemode</h4>
<a name="index-turtlemode"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TURTLEMODE
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the word <code>WRAP</code>, <code>FENCE</code>, or <code>WINDOW</code> depending on the current
turtle mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LABELSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLEMODE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLEMODE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="labelsize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">labelsize</h4>
<a name="index-labelsize"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LABELSIZE
</pre></div>
<p>(wxWidgets only) outputs a list of two positive integers, the width
and height of characters displayed by <code>LABEL</code> measured in turtle steps
(which will be different from screen pixels if <code>SETSCRUNCH</code> has been
used). There is no <code>SETLABELSIZE</code> because the width and height of a
font are not separately controllable, so the inverse of this operation
is <code>SETLABELHEIGHT</code>, which takes just one number for the desired height.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">PEN QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TURTLE-AND-WINDOW-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TURTLE AND WINDOW QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Pen-and-Background-Control"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.5 Pen and Background Control</h3>
<p>The turtle carries a pen that can draw pictures. At any time the pen
can be UP (in which case moving the turtle does not change what’s on the
graphics screen) or DOWN (in which case the turtle leaves a trace).
If the pen is down, it can operate in one of three modes: PAINT (so that it
draws lines when the turtle moves), ERASE (so that it erases any lines
that might have been drawn on or through that path earlier), or REVERSE
(so that it inverts the status of each point along the turtle’s path).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWN" accesskey="1">PENDOWN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENUP" accesskey="2">PENUP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT" accesskey="3">PENPAINT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENERASE" accesskey="4">PENERASE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE" accesskey="5">PENREVERSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR" accesskey="6">SETPENCOLOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPALETTE" accesskey="7">SETPALETTE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENSIZE" accesskey="8">SETPENSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENPATTERN" accesskey="9">SETPENPATTERN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETPEN">SETPEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETBACKGROUND">SETBACKGROUND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PENDOWN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENUP" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENUP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pendown"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pendown</h4>
<a name="index-pendown"></a>
<a name="index-pd"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENDOWN
PD
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position to <code>DOWN</code>, without changing its mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENUP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENPAINT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENDOWN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="penup"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">penup</h4>
<a name="index-penup"></a>
<a name="index-pu"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENUP
PU
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position to <code>UP</code>, without changing its mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENPAINT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENERASE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENERASE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENUP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENUP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="penpaint"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">penpaint</h4>
<a name="index-penpaint"></a>
<a name="index-ppt"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENPAINT
PPT
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position to <code>DOWN</code> and mode to <code>PAINT</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENERASE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENREVERSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENPAINT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="penerase"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">penerase</h4>
<a name="index-penerase"></a>
<a name="index-pe"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENERASE
PE
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position to <code>DOWN</code> and mode to <code>ERASE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENREVERSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPENCOLOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENERASE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENERASE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="penreverse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">penreverse</h4>
<a name="index-penreverse"></a>
<a name="index-px"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENREVERSE
PX
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position to <code>DOWN</code> and mode to <code>REVERSE</code>. (This may interact
in system-dependent ways with use of color.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPENCOLOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPALETTE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPALETTE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENREVERSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpencolor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpencolor</h4>
<a name="index-setpencolor"></a>
<a name="index-setpc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPENCOLOR colornumber.or.rgblist
SETPC colornumber.or.rgblist
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen color to the given number, which must be a nonnegative
integer. There are initial assignments for the first 16 colors:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> 0 black 1 blue 2 green 3 cyan
4 red 5 magenta 6 yellow 7 white
8 brown 9 tan 10 forest 11 aqua
12 salmon 13 purple 14 orange 15 grey
</pre></div>
<p>but other colors can be assigned to numbers by the <code>PALETTE</code> command.
Alternatively, sets the pen color to the given RGB values (a list of
three nonnegative numbers less than 100 specifying the percent saturation
of red, green, and blue in the desired color).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPALETTE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPENSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPENCOLOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpalette"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpalette</h4>
<a name="index-setpalette"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPALETTE colornumber rgblist
</pre></div>
<p>sets the actual color corresponding to a given number, if allowed by the
hardware and operating system. Colornumber must be an integer greater than or
equal to 8. (Logo tries to keep the first 8 colors constant.) The second
input is a list of three nonnegative numbers less than 100 specifying the
percent saturation of red, green, and blue in the desired color.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPENSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENPATTERN" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPENPATTERN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPALETTE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPALETTE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpensize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpensize</h4>
<a name="index-setpensize"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPENSIZE size
</pre></div>
<p>sets the thickness of the pen. The input is either a single positive
integer or a list of two positive integers (for horizontal and
vertical thickness). Some versions pay no attention to the second
number, but always have a square pen.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPENPATTERN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETPEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENSIZE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPENSIZE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpenpattern"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpenpattern</h4>
<a name="index-setpenpattern"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPENPATTERN pattern
</pre></div>
<p>sets hardware-dependent pen characteristics. This command is not
guaranteed compatible between implementations on different machines.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETPEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETBACKGROUND" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETBACKGROUND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENPATTERN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPENPATTERN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setpen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setpen</h4>
<a name="index-setpen"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETPEN list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>sets the pen’s position, mode, thickness, and hardware-dependent
characteristics according to the information in the input list, which should
be taken from an earlier invocation of <code>PEN</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PEN">PEN</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETBACKGROUND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETPEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETPEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setbackground"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setbackground</h4>
<a name="index-setbackground"></a>
<a name="index-setbg"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETBACKGROUND colornumber.or.rgblist
SETBG colornumber.or.rgblist
</pre></div>
<p>set the screen background color by slot number or RGB values.
See <code>SETPENCOLOR</code> for details.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR">SETPENCOLOR</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PEN-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="n" rel="next">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-AND-BACKGROUND-CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PEN AND BACKGROUND CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Pen-Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.6 Pen Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWNP" accesskey="1">PENDOWNP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENMODE" accesskey="2">PENMODE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR" accesskey="3">PENCOLOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PALETTE" accesskey="4">PALETTE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE" accesskey="5">PENSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PEN" accesskey="6">PEN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BACKGROUND" accesskey="7">BACKGROUND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PENDOWNP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENMODE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENMODE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PEN QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pendownp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pendownp</h4>
<a name="index-pendownp"></a>
<a name="index-pendown_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENDOWNP
PENDOWN?
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the pen is down, <code>FALSE</code> if it’s up.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENMODE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENCOLOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWNP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENDOWNP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="penmode"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">penmode</h4>
<a name="index-penmode"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENMODE
</pre></div>
<p>outputs one of the words <code>PAINT</code>, <code>ERASE</code>, or <code>REVERSE</code> according to the
current pen mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENCOLOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PALETTE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PALETTE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENMODE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENMODE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pencolor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pencolor</h4>
<a name="index-pencolor"></a>
<a name="index-pc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENCOLOR
PC
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a color number, a nonnegative integer that is associated with
a particular color, or a list of RGB values if such a list was used as
the most recent input to <code>SETPENCOLOR</code>. There are initial assignments
for the first 16 colors:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> 0 black 1 blue 2 green 3 cyan
4 red 5 magenta 6 yellow 7 white
8 brown 9 tan 10 forest 11 aqua
12 salmon 13 purple 14 orange 15 grey
</pre></div>
<p>but other colors can be assigned to numbers by the <code>PALETTE</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PALETTE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PENSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENCOLOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="palette"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">palette</h4>
<a name="index-palette"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PALETTE colornumber
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of three nonnegative numbers less than 100 specifying the
percent saturation of red, green, and blue in the color associated with the
given number.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PENSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN" accesskey="n" rel="next">PEN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PALETTE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PALETTE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pensize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pensize</h4>
<a name="index-pensize"></a>
<a name="index-penpattern"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENSIZE
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of two positive integers, specifying the horizontal
and vertical thickness of the turtle pen. (In some implementations,
including wxWidgets, the two numbers are always equal.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PENPATTERN
</pre></div>
<p>outputs system-specific pen information.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PEN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BACKGROUND" accesskey="n" rel="next">BACKGROUND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PENSIZE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pen"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pen</h4>
<a name="index-pen"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PEN (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the pen’s position, mode, thickness, and
hardware-specific characteristics, for use by <code>SETPEN</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SETPEN">SETPEN</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BACKGROUND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PEN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">PEN QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="background"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">background</h4>
<a name="index-background"></a>
<a name="index-bg"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BACKGROUND
BG
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the graphics background color, either as a slot number or
as an RGB list, whichever way it was set. (See <code>PENCOLOR</code>.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">MOUSE QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PEN-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PEN QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Saving-and-Loading-Pictures"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.7 Saving and Loading Pictures</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEPICT" accesskey="1">SAVEPICT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOADPICT" accesskey="2">LOADPICT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EPSPICT" accesskey="3">EPSPICT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="SAVEPICT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOADPICT" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOADPICT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="savepict"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">savepict</h4>
<a name="index-savepict"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SAVEPICT filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Writes a file with the specified name containing the state of
the graphics window, including any nonstandard color palette settings,
in Logo’s internal format. This picture can be restored to the screen
using <code>LOADPICT</code>. The format is not portable between platforms, nor is it
readable by other programs. <a href="usermanual.html#EPSPICT">EPSPICT</a> to export Logo graphics for
other programs.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOADPICT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EPSPICT" accesskey="n" rel="next">EPSPICT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEPICT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SAVEPICT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="loadpict"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">loadpict</h4>
<a name="index-loadpict"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOADPICT filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Reads the specified file, which must have been written by a
<code>SAVEPICT</code> command, and restores the graphics window and color palette
settings to the values stored in the file. Any drawing previously on
the screen is cleared.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEPICT">SAVEPICT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EPSPICT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOADPICT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOADPICT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="epspict"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">epspict</h4>
<a name="index-epspict"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EPSPICT filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Writes a file with the specified name, containing an
Encapsulated Postscript (EPS) representation of the state of the
graphics window. This file can be imported into other programs that
understand EPS format. Restrictions: the drawing cannot use <code>FILL</code>,
<code>PENERASE</code>, or <code>PENREVERSE</code>; any such instructions will be ignored in the
translation to Postscript form.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MOUSE-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVING-AND-LOADING-PICTURES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SAVING AND LOADING PICTURES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="u" rel="up">GRAPHICS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Mouse-Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.8 Mouse Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSEPOS" accesskey="1">MOUSEPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CLICKPOS" accesskey="2">CLICKPOS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP" accesskey="3">BUTTONP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTON" accesskey="4">BUTTON</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="MOUSEPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CLICKPOS" accesskey="n" rel="next">CLICKPOS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MOUSE QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MOUSE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mousepos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">mousepos</h4>
<a name="index-mousepos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MOUSEPOS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the coordinates of the mouse, provided that it’s within the
graphics window, in turtle coordinates. If the mouse is outside the
graphics window, then the last position within the window is returned.
Exception: If a mouse button is pressed within the graphics window
and held while the mouse is dragged outside the window, the mouse’s
position is returned as if the window were big enough to include it.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CLICKPOS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTTONP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSEPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MOUSEPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MOUSE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="clickpos"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">clickpos</h4>
<a name="index-clickpos"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CLICKPOS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the coordinates that the mouse was at when a mouse button
was most recently pushed, provided that that position was within the
graphics window, in turtle coordinates. (wxWidgets only)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BUTTONP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTON" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTTON</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CLICKPOS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CLICKPOS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MOUSE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buttonp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buttonp</h4>
<a name="index-buttonp"></a>
<a name="index-button_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTTONP
BUTTON?
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if a mouse button is down and the mouse is over the
graphics window. Once the button is down, <code>BUTTONP</code> remains true until
the button is released, even if the mouse is dragged out of the
graphics window.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BUTTON"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BUTTONP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MOUSE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">MOUSE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="button"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">button</h4>
<a name="index-button"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTTON
</pre></div>
<p>outputs 0 if no mouse button has been pushed inside the Logo window
since the last call to <code>BUTTON</code>. Otherwise, it outputs an integer
between 1 and 3 indicating which button was most recently pressed.
Ordinarily 1 means left, 2 means right, and 3 means center, but
operating systems may reconfigure these.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="n" rel="next">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GRAPHICS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GRAPHICS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Workspace-Management"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Workspace Management</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="1">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="2">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="3">PROPERTY LISTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="4">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="5">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="6">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="7">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PROCEDURE-DEFINITION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="n" rel="next">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Procedure-Definition"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 Procedure Definition</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TO" accesskey="1">TO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINE" accesskey="2">DEFINE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TEXT" accesskey="3">TEXT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FULLTEXT" accesskey="4">FULLTEXT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COPYDEF" accesskey="5">COPYDEF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="TO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINE" accesskey="n" rel="next">DEFINE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="to"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">to</h4>
<a name="index-to"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TO procname :input1 :input2 ... (special form)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prepares Logo to accept a procedure definition. The procedure
will be named <var>procname</var> and there must not already be a procedure by
that name. The inputs will be called <var>input1</var> etc. Any number of
inputs are allowed, including none. Names of procedures and inputs are
case-insensitive.
</p>
<p>Unlike every other Logo procedure, TO takes as its inputs the actual
words typed in the instruction line, as if they were all quoted, rather
than the results of evaluating expressions to provide the inputs.
(That’s what <em>special form</em> means.)
</p>
<p>This version of Logo allows variable numbers of inputs to a procedure.
After the procedure name come four kinds of things, <em>in this order</em>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> 1. 0 or more REQUIRED inputs :FOO :FROBOZZ
2. 0 or more OPTIONAL inputs [:BAZ 87] [:THINGO 5+9]
3. 0 or 1 REST input [:GARPLY]
4. 0 or 1 DEFAULT number 5
</pre></div>
<p>Every procedure has a <var>minimum</var>, <var>default</var>, and <var>maximum</var> number of inputs.
(The latter can be infinite.)
</p>
<p>The <var>minimum</var> number of inputs is the number of required inputs, which
must come first. A required input is indicated by the
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">:inputname
</pre></div>
<p>notation.
</p>
<p>After all the required inputs can be zero or more optional inputs,
each of which is represented by the following notation:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[:inputname default.value.expression]
</pre></div>
<p>When the procedure is invoked, if actual inputs are not supplied for
these optional inputs, the <var>default value expression</var>s are evaluated to
set values for the corresponding input names. The inputs are processed
from left to right, so a default value expression can be based on
earlier inputs. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to proc :inlist [:startvalue first :inlist]
</pre></div>
<p>If the procedure is invoked by saying
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">proc [a b c]
</pre></div>
<p>then the variable <code>inlist</code> will have the value <tt>[A B C]</tt><!-- /@w --> and the
variable <code>startvalue</code> will have the value <tt>A</tt>. If the procedure is invoked
by saying
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(proc [a b c] "x)
</pre></div>
<p>then <code>inlist</code> will have the value <tt>[A B C]</tt><!-- /@w --> and <code>startvalue</code>
will have the value <tt>X</tt>.
</p>
<p>After all the required and optional input can come a single <em>rest</em>
input, represented by the following notation:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[:inputname]
</pre></div>
<p>This is a rest input rather than an optional input because there is no
default value expression. There can be at most one rest input. When
the procedure is invoked, the value of this <var>inputname</var> will be a list
containing all of the actual inputs provided that were not used for
required or optional inputs. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to proc :in1 [:in2 "foo] [:in3 "baz] [:in4]
</pre></div>
<p>If this procedure is invoked by saying
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">proc "x
</pre></div>
<p>then <code>in1</code> has the value <tt>X</tt>, <code>in2</code> has the value <tt>FOO</tt>,
<code>in3</code> has the value <tt>BAZ</tt>, and <code>in4</code> has the value <tt>[]</tt> (the
empty list). If it’s invoked by saying
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(proc "a "b "c "d "e)
</pre></div>
<p>then <code>in1</code> has the value <tt>A</tt>, <code>in2</code> has the value <tt>B</tt>,
<code>in3</code> has the value <tt>C</tt>, and <code>in4</code> has the value <tt>[D E]</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>The <em>maximum</em> number of inputs for a procedure is infinite if a rest input
is given; otherwise, it is the number of required inputs plus the number
of optional inputs.
</p>
<p>The <em>default</em> number of inputs for a procedure, which is the number of
inputs that it will accept if its invocation is not enclosed in
parentheses, is ordinarily equal to the minimum number. If you want a
different default number you can indicate that by putting the desired
default number as the last thing on the <code>TO</code> line. example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to proc :in1 [:in2 "foo] [:in3] 3
</pre></div>
<p>This procedure has a minimum of one input, a default of three inputs,
and an infinite maximum.
</p>
<p>Logo responds to the <code>TO</code> command by entering procedure definition mode.
The prompt character changes from <code>?</code> to <code>></code> and whatever instructions you type become part of the definition until you type a line containing
only the word <code>END</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DEFINE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXT" accesskey="n" rel="next">TEXT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="define"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">define</h4>
<a name="index-define"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DEFINE procname text
</pre></div>
<p>command. Defines a procedure with name <var>procname</var> and text <var>text</var>. If
there is already a procedure with the same name, the new definition
replaces the old one. The <var>text</var> input must be a list whose members are
lists. The first member is a list of inputs; it looks like a <code>TO</code> line
but without the word <code>TO</code>, without the procedure name, and without the
colons before input names. In other words, the members of this first
sublist are words for the names of required inputs and lists for the
names of optional or rest inputs. The remaining sublists of the <var>text</var>
input make up the body of the procedure, with one sublist for each
instruction line of the body. (There is no <code>END</code> line in the text input.)
It is an error to redefine a primitive procedure unless the variable
<code>REDEFP</code> has the value <code>TRUE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP">REDEFP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TEXT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLTEXT" accesskey="n" rel="next">FULLTEXT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DEFINE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="text"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">text</h4>
<a name="index-text"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TEXT procname
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the text of the procedure named <var>procname</var> in the form expected
by <code>DEFINE</code>: a list of lists, the first of which describes the inputs to
the procedure and the rest of which are the lines of its body. The text
does not reflect formatting information used when the procedure was
defined, such as continuation lines and extra spaces.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FULLTEXT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COPYDEF" accesskey="n" rel="next">COPYDEF</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TEXT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TEXT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fulltext"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fulltext</h4>
<a name="index-fulltext"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FULLTEXT procname
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a representation of the procedure <var>procname</var> in which formatting
information is preserved. If the procedure was defined with <code>TO</code>, <code>EDIT</code>,
or <code>LOAD</code>, then the output is a list of words. Each word represents one
entire line of the definition in the form output by <code>READWORD</code>, including
extra spaces and continuation lines. The last member of the output
represents the <code>END</code> line. If the procedure was defined with <code>DEFINE</code>, then
the output is a list of lists. If these lists are printed, one per
line, the result will look like a definition using <code>TO</code>. Note: the output
from <code>FULLTEXT</code> is not suitable for use as input to <code>DEFINE</code>!
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#TEXT">TEXT</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="COPYDEF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLTEXT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FULLTEXT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="copydef"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">copydef</h4>
<a name="index-copydef"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COPYDEF newname oldname
</pre></div>
<p>command. Makes <var>newname</var> a procedure identical to <var>oldname</var>. The
latter may be a primitive. If <var>newname</var> was already defined, its
previous definition is lost. If <var>newname</var> was already a primitive, the
redefinition is not permitted unless the variable <code>REDEFP</code> has the value
<code>TRUE</code>.
</p>
<p>Note: dialects of Logo differ as to the order of inputs to <code>COPYDEF</code>.
This dialect uses "<code>MAKE</code> order," not "<code>NAME</code> order."
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP">REDEFP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#POT">POT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="VARIABLE-DEFINITION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">PROPERTY LISTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURE-DEFINITION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROCEDURE DEFINITION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Variable-Definition"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 Variable Definition</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MAKE" accesskey="1">MAKE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NAME" accesskey="2">NAME</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL" accesskey="3">LOCAL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOCALMAKE" accesskey="4">LOCALMAKE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#THING" accesskey="5">THING</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GLOBAL" accesskey="6">GLOBAL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="MAKE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NAME" accesskey="n" rel="next">NAME</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="make"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">make</h4>
<a name="index-make"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MAKE varname value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Assigns the value <var>value</var> to the variable named <var>varname</var>,
which must be a word. Variable names are case-insensitive. If a
variable with the same name already exists, the value of that variable
is changed. If not, a new global variable is created.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NAME"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOCAL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MAKE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MAKE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="name"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">name</h4>
<a name="index-name"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NAME value varname (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Same as <code>MAKE</code> but with the inputs in reverse order.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOCAL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOCALMAKE" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOCALMAKE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NAME" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NAME</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="local"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">local</h4>
<a name="index-local"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOCAL varname
LOCAL varnamelist
(LOCAL varname1 varname2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Accepts as inputs one or more words, or a list of words. A
variable is created for each of these words, with that word as its name.
The variables are local to the currently running procedure. Logo
variables follow dynamic scope rules; a variable that is local to a
procedure is available to any subprocedure invoked by that procedure.
The variables created by <code>LOCAL</code> have no initial value; they must be
assigned a value (e.g., with <code>MAKE</code>) before the procedure attempts to read
their value.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#MAKE">MAKE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOCALMAKE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#THING" accesskey="n" rel="next">THING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOCAL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="localmake"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">localmake</h4>
<a name="index-localmake"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOCALMAKE varname value (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Makes the named variable local, like <code>LOCAL</code>, and assigns it the
given value, like <code>MAKE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL">LOCAL</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#MAKE">MAKE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="THING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GLOBAL" accesskey="n" rel="next">GLOBAL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOCALMAKE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOCALMAKE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="thing"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">thing</h4>
<a name="index-thing"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">THING varname
:quoted.varname
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the value of the variable whose name is the input. If there is
more than one such variable, the innermost local variable of that name
is chosen. The colon notation is an abbreviation not for <code>THING</code> but for
the combination
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">thing "
</pre></div>
<p>so that <tt>:FOO</tt><!-- /@w --> means <tt>THING "FOO</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GLOBAL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#THING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">THING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="u" rel="up">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="global"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">global</h4>
<a name="index-global"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GLOBAL varname
GLOBAL varnamelist
(GLOBAL varname1 varname2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Accepts as inputs one or more words, or a list of
words. A global variable is created for each of these words, with
that word as its name. The only reason this is necessary is that
you might want to use the "setter" notation <code>SETXYZ</code> for a variable
<code>XYZ</code> that does not already have a value; <tt>GLOBAL "XYZ</tt><!-- /@w --> makes that legal.
Note: If there is currently a local variable of the same name, this
command does *not* make Logo use the global value instead of the
local one.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PROPERTY-LISTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="n" rel="next">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#VARIABLE-DEFINITION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">VARIABLE DEFINITION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Property-Lists"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 Property Lists</h3>
<p>Note: Names of property lists are always case-insensitive. Names of
individual properties are case-sensitive or case-insensitive depending
on the value of <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code>, which is <code>TRUE</code> by default.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP">CASEIGNOREDP</a> .
</p>
<p>In principle, every possible name is the name of a property list, which is
initially empty. So Logo never gives a "no such property list" error, as it
would for undefined procedure or variable names. But the primitive procedures
that deal with "all" property lists (<code>CONTENTS</code>, <code>PLISTS</code>, etc.)
list only nonempty ones. To "erase" a property list <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> means to make
it empty, removing all properties from it.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PPROP" accesskey="1">PPROP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GPROP" accesskey="2">GPROP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REMPROP" accesskey="3">REMPROP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PLIST" accesskey="4">PLIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PPROP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GPROP" accesskey="n" rel="next">GPROP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROPERTY LISTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROPERTY LISTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pprop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pprop</h4>
<a name="index-pprop"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PPROP plistname propname value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Adds a property to the <var>plistname</var> property list with name
<var>propname</var> and value <var>value</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GPROP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REMPROP" accesskey="n" rel="next">REMPROP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PPROP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PPROP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROPERTY LISTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="gprop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">gprop</h4>
<a name="index-gprop"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GPROP plistname propname
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the value of the <var>propname</var> property in the <var>plistname</var> property
list, or the empty list if there is no such property.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REMPROP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PLIST" accesskey="n" rel="next">PLIST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GPROP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GPROP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROPERTY LISTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="remprop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">remprop</h4>
<a name="index-remprop"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REMPROP plistname propname
</pre></div>
<p>command. Removes the property named <var>propname</var> from the property list
named <var>plistname</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PLIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REMPROP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REMPROP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="u" rel="up">PROPERTY LISTS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="plist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">plist</h4>
<a name="index-plist"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PLIST plistname
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list whose odd-numbered members are the names, and whose
even-numbered members are the values, of the properties in the property
list named <var>plistname</var>. The output is a copy of the actual property
list; changing properties later will not magically change a list output
earlier by <code>PLIST</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WORKSPACE-PREDICATES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="n" rel="next">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROPERTY-LISTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROPERTY LISTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Workspace-Predicates"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.4 Workspace Predicates</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDUREP" accesskey="1">PROCEDUREP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP" accesskey="2">PRIMITIVEP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP" accesskey="3">DEFINEDP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NAMEP" accesskey="4">NAMEP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PLISTP" accesskey="5">PLISTP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PROCEDUREP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRIMITIVEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="procedurep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">procedurep</h4>
<a name="index-procedurep"></a>
<a name="index-procedure_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PROCEDUREP name
PROCEDURE? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the name of a procedure.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRIMITIVEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">DEFINEDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDUREP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROCEDUREP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="primitivep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">primitivep</h4>
<a name="index-primitivep"></a>
<a name="index-primitive_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRIMITIVEP name
PRIMITIVE? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the name of a primitive procedure (one
built into Logo). Note that some of the procedures described in this
document are library procedures, not primitives.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DEFINEDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">NAMEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRIMITIVEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="definedp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">definedp</h4>
<a name="index-definedp"></a>
<a name="index-defined_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DEFINEDP name
DEFINED? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the name of a user-defined procedure,
including a library procedure.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NAMEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PLISTP" accesskey="n" rel="next">PLISTP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DEFINEDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="namep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">namep</h4>
<a name="index-namep"></a>
<a name="index-name_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NAMEP name
NAME? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the name of a variable.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PLISTP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NAMEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="plistp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">plistp</h4>
<a name="index-plistp"></a>
<a name="index-plist_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PLISTP name
PLIST? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the input is the name of a <em>nonempty</em> property list.
(In principle every word is the name of a property list; if you haven’t
put any properties in it, <code>PLIST</code> of that name outputs an empty list,
rather than giving an error message.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WORKSPACE-QUERIES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="n" rel="next">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-PREDICATES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE PREDICATES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Workspace-Queries"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.5 Workspace Queries</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS" accesskey="1">CONTENTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BURIED" accesskey="2">BURIED</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TRACED" accesskey="3">TRACED</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#STEPPED" accesskey="4">STEPPED</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES" accesskey="5">PROCEDURES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVES" accesskey="6">PRIMITIVES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NAMES" accesskey="7">NAMES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS" accesskey="8">PLISTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST" accesskey="9">NAMELIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">PLLIST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ARITY">ARITY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#NODES">NODES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Note: All procedures whose input is indicated as <var>contentslist</var> will
accept a single word (taken as a procedure name), a list of words (taken
as names of procedures), or a list of three lists as described under the
<code>CONTENTS</code> command above.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CONTENTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BURIED" accesskey="n" rel="next">BURIED</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="contents"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">contents</h4>
<a name="index-contents"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CONTENTS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a "contents list," i.e., a list of three lists containing names
of defined procedures, variables, and property lists respectively. This
list includes all unburied named items in the workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BURIED"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACED" accesskey="n" rel="next">TRACED</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTENTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buried"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buried</h4>
<a name="index-buried"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BURIED
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list including all buried named items in the
workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TRACED"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STEPPED" accesskey="n" rel="next">STEPPED</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BURIED" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BURIED</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="traced"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">traced</h4>
<a name="index-traced"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TRACED
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list including all traced named items in the
workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STEPPED"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES" accesskey="n" rel="next">PROCEDURES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACED" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TRACED</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="stepped"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">stepped</h4>
<a name="index-stepped"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STEPPED
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list including all stepped named items in the
workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PROCEDURES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVES" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRIMITIVES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STEPPED" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STEPPED</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="procedures"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">procedures</h4>
<a name="index-procedures"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PROCEDURES
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of the names of all unburied user-defined procedures in
the workspace. Note that this is a list of names, not a contents list.
(However, procedures that require a contents list as input will accept
this list.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRIMITIVES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMES" accesskey="n" rel="next">NAMES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROCEDURES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="primitives"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">primitives</h4>
<a name="index-primitives"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRIMITIVES
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of the names of all primitive procedures
in the workspace. Note that this is a list of names, not a
contents list. (However, procedures that require a contents list
as input will accept this list.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NAMES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">PLISTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRIMITIVES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="names"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">names</h4>
<a name="index-names"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NAMES
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list consisting of an empty list (indicating no
procedure names) followed by a list of all unburied variable names in
the workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PLISTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST" accesskey="n" rel="next">NAMELIST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NAMES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="plists"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">plists</h4>
<a name="index-plists"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PLISTS
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list consisting of two empty lists (indicating no
procedures or variables) followed by a list of all unburied nonempty property
lists in the workspace.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NAMELIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST" accesskey="n" rel="next">PLLIST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PLISTS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="namelist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">namelist</h4>
<a name="index-namelist"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NAMELIST varname (library procedure)
NAMELIST varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list consisting of an empty list followed by a list
of the name or names given as input. This is useful in conjunction with
workspace control procedures that require a contents list as input.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PLLIST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITY" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARITY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">NAMELIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pllist"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pllist</h4>
<a name="index-pllist"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PLLIST plname (library procedure)
PLLIST plnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a contents list consisting of two empty lists followed by a list
of the name or names given as input. This is useful in conjunction with
workspace control procedures that require a contents list as input.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ARITY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#NODES" accesskey="n" rel="next">NODES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PLLIST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="arity"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">arity</h4>
<a name="index-arity"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ARITY procedurename
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of three numbers: the minimum, default, and maximum
number of inputs for the procedure whose name is the input. It is an
error if there is no such procedure. A maximum of -1 means that the
number of inputs is unlimited.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="NODES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ARITY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ARITY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="nodes"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">nodes</h4>
<a name="index-nodes"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">NODES
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list of two numbers. The first represents the number of nodes
of memory currently in use. The second shows the maximum number of
nodes that have been in use at any time since the last invocation of
<code>NODES</code>. (A node is a small block of computer memory as used by Logo.
Each number uses one node. Each non-numeric word uses one node, plus
some non-node memory for the characters in the word. Each array takes
one node, plus some non-node memory, as well as the memory required by
its elements. Each list requires one node per element, as well as the
memory within the elements.) If you want to track the memory use of an
algorithm, it is best if you invoke <code>GC</code> at the beginning of each
iteration, since otherwise the maximum will include storage that is
unused but not yet collected.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WORKSPACE-INSPECTION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="n" rel="next">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-QUERIES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE QUERIES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Workspace-Inspection"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.6 Workspace Inspection</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PO" accesskey="1">PO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POALL" accesskey="2">POALL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POPS" accesskey="3">POPS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PONS" accesskey="4">PONS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POPLS" accesskey="5">POPLS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PON" accesskey="6">PON</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POPL" accesskey="7">POPL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POT" accesskey="8">POT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#POTS" accesskey="9">POTS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="PO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">POALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="po"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">po</h4>
<a name="index-printout"></a>
<a name="index-po"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINTOUT contentslist
PO contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints to the write stream the definitions of all procedures,
variables, and property lists named in the input contents list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POPS" accesskey="n" rel="next">POPS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="poall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">poall</h4>
<a name="index-poall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POALL (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints all unburied definitions in the workspace. Abbreviates
<tt>PO CONTENTS</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POPS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PONS" accesskey="n" rel="next">PONS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pops"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pops</h4>
<a name="index-pops"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POPS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the definitions of all unburied procedures in the
workspace. Abbreviates <tt>PO PROCEDURES</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PONS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POPLS" accesskey="n" rel="next">POPLS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POPS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POPS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pons"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pons</h4>
<a name="index-pons"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PONS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the definitions of all unburied variables in the
workspace. Abbreviates <tt>PO NAMES</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMES">NAMES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POPLS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PON" accesskey="n" rel="next">PON</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PONS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PONS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="popls"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">popls</h4>
<a name="index-popls"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POPLS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the contents of all unburied nonempty property lists in the
workspace. Abbreviates <tt>PO PLISTS</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">PLISTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PON"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POPL" accesskey="n" rel="next">POPL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POPLS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POPLS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pon"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pon</h4>
<a name="index-pon"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PON varname (library procedure)
PON varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the definitions of the named variable(s).
<br>
Abbreviates <tt>PO NAMELIST varname(list)</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POPL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POT" accesskey="n" rel="next">POT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PON" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PON</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="popl"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">popl</h4>
<a name="index-popl"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POPL plname (library procedure)
POPL plnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the definitions of the named property list(s).
<br>
Abbreviates <tt>PO PLLIST plname(list)</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">PLLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#POTS" accesskey="n" rel="next">POTS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POPL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POPL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pot"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pot</h4>
<a name="index-pot"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POT contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the title lines of the named procedures and the
definitions of the named variables and property lists. For property
lists, the entire list is shown on one line instead of as a series of
<code>PPROP</code> instructions as in <code>PO</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PPROP">PPROP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="POTS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#POT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">POT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pots"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pots</h4>
<a name="index-pots"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">POTS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints the title lines of all unburied procedures in the
workspace. Abbreviates <tt>POT PROCEDURES</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WORKSPACE-CONTROL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-INSPECTION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE INSPECTION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Workspace-Control"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.7 Workspace Control</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP">BURIEDP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TRACE">TRACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#UNTRACE">UNTRACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TRACEDP">TRACEDP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE">EDITFILE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDALL">EDALL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDPS">EDPS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDNS">EDNS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDPLS">EDPLS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDN">EDN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#EDPL">EDPL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEL">SAVEL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD">CSLSLOAD</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#HELP">HELP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETEDITOR">SETEDITOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETLIBLOC">SETLIBLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETHELPLOC">SETHELPLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETCSLSLOC">SETCSLSLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEMPLOC">SETTEMPLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GC">GC</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#g_t_002eSETSEGMENTSIZE">.SETSEGMENTSIZE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="ERASE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erase"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erase</h4>
<a name="index-erase"></a>
<a name="index-er"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERASE contentslist
ER contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases from the workspace the procedures, variables, and
property lists named in the input. Primitive procedures may not be
erased unless the variable <code>REDEFP</code> has the value <code>TRUE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP">REDEFP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPS" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERPS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERASE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erall</h4>
<a name="index-erall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERALL
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases all unburied procedures, variables, and property lists
from the workspace. Abbreviates <tt>ERASE CONTENTS</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERPS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERNS" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERNS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erps"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erps</h4>
<a name="index-erps"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERPS
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases all unburied procedures from the workspace.
<br>
Abbreviates <tt>ERASE PROCEDURES</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERNS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPLS" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERPLS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERPS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erns"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erns</h4>
<a name="index-erns"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERNS
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases all unburied variables from the workspace. Abbreviates
<tt>ERASE NAMES</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMES">NAMES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERPLS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERN" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERNS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERNS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erpls"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erpls</h4>
<a name="index-erpls"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERPLS
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases all unburied property lists from the workspace.
<br>
Abbreviates <tt>ERASE PLISTS</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">PLISTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPL" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERPL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPLS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERPLS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ern"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ern</h4>
<a name="index-ern"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERN varname (library procedure)
ERN varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases from the workspace the variable(s) named in the input.
Abbreviates <tt>ERASE NAMELIST <var>varname(list)</var></tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERPL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BURY" accesskey="n" rel="next">BURY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erpl"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erpl</h4>
<a name="index-erpl"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERPL plname (library procedure)
ERPL plnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Erases from the workspace the property list(s) named in the
input. Abbreviates <tt>ERASE PLLIST <var>plname(list)</var></tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">PLLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BURY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BURYALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">BURYALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERPL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERPL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bury"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bury</h4>
<a name="index-bury"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BURY contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Buries the procedures, variables, and property lists named in
the input. A buried item is not included in the lists output by
<code>CONTENTS</code>, <code>PROCEDURES</code>, <code>VARIABLES</code>, and <code>PLISTS</code>, but is included in the list
output by <code>BURIED</code>. By implication, buried things are not printed by
<code>POALL</code> or saved by <code>SAVE</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PONS">PONS</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">PLISTS</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#POALL">POALL</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BURYALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BURYNAME" accesskey="n" rel="next">BURYNAME</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BURY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BURY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buryall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buryall</h4>
<a name="index-buryall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BURYALL (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>BURY CONTENTS</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BURYNAME"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURY" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNBURY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BURYALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BURYALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buryname"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buryname</h4>
<a name="index-buryname"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BURYNAME varname (library procedure)
BURYNAME varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>BURY NAMELIST <code>varname(list)</code></tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#BURY">BURY</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNBURY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNBURYALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BURYNAME" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BURYNAME</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unbury"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">unbury</h4>
<a name="index-unbury"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNBURY contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Unburies the procedures, variables, and property lists named
in the input. That is, the named items will be returned to view in
<code>CONTENTS</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNBURYALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYNAME" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNBURYNAME</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNBURY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unburyall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">unburyall</h4>
<a name="index-unburyall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNBURYALL (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>UNBURY BURIED</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#BURIED">BURIED</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNBURYNAME"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">BURIEDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNBURYALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unburyname"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">unburyname</h4>
<a name="index-unburyname"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNBURYNAME varname (library procedure)
UNBURYNAME varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>UNBURY NAMELIST <var>varname(list)</var></tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURY">UNBURY</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BURIEDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACE" accesskey="n" rel="next">TRACE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYNAME" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNBURYNAME</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buriedp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buriedp</h4>
<a name="index-buriedp"></a>
<a name="index-buried_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BURIEDP contentslist
BURIED? contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the first procedure, variable, or property list named in
the contents list is buried, <code>FALSE</code> if not. Only the first thing in the
list is tested; the most common use will be with a word as input, naming
a procedure, but a contents list is allowed so that you can <code>BURIEDP [[]
[<var>variable</var>]]</code> or <code>BURIEDP [[] [] [<var>proplist</var>]]</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TRACE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNTRACE" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNTRACE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BURIEDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="trace"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">trace</h4>
<a name="index-trace"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TRACE contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Marks the named items for tracing. A message is printed
whenever a traced procedure is invoked, giving the actual input values,
and whenever a traced procedure <code>STOP</code>s or <code>OUTPUT</code>s. A message is printed
whenever a new value is assigned to a traced variable using <code>MAKE</code>. A
message is printed whenever a new property is given to a traced property
list using <code>PPROP</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#MAKE">MAKE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PPROP">PPROP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNTRACE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACEDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">TRACEDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TRACE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="untrace"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">untrace</h4>
<a name="index-untrace"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNTRACE contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Turns off tracing for the named items.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TRACEDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">STEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNTRACE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNTRACE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tracedp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">tracedp</h4>
<a name="index-tracedp"></a>
<a name="index-traced_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TRACEDP contentslist
TRACED? contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the first procedure, variable, or property list named in
the contents list is traced, <code>FALSE</code> if not. Only the first thing in the
list is tested; the most common use will be with a word as input, naming
a procedure, but a contents list is allowed so that you can <code>TRACEDP [[]
[<var>variable</var>]]</code> or <code>TRACEDP [[] [] [<var>proplist</var>]]</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNSTEP" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNSTEP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TRACEDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TRACEDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="step"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">step</h4>
<a name="index-step"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STEP contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Marks the named items for stepping. Whenever a stepped
procedure is invoked, each instruction line in the procedure body is
printed before being executed, and Logo waits for the user to type a
newline at the terminal. A message is printed whenever a stepped
variable name is <em>shadowed</em> because a local variable of the same name is
created either as a procedure input or by the <code>LOCAL</code> command.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL">LOCAL</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNSTEP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STEPPEDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">STEPPEDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unstep"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">unstep</h4>
<a name="index-unstep"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNSTEP contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Turns off stepping for the named items.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STEPPEDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDIT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNSTEP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNSTEP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="steppedp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">steppedp</h4>
<a name="index-steppedp"></a>
<a name="index-stepped_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STEPPEDP contentslist
STEPPED? contentslist
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if the first procedure, variable, or property list named in
the contents list is stepped, <code>FALSE</code> if not. Only the first thing in the
list is tested; the most common use will be with a word as input, naming
a procedure, but a contents list is allowed so that you can <code>STEPPEDP [[]
[<var>variable</var>]]</code> or <code>STEPPEDP [[] [] [<var>proplist</var>]]</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDIT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDITFILE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STEPPEDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STEPPEDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edit"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edit</h4>
<a name="index-editor"></a>
<a name="index-temp"></a>
<a name="index-edit"></a>
<a name="index-ed"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDIT contentslist
ED contentslist
(EDIT)
(ED)
</pre></div>
<p>command. If invoked with an input, <code>EDIT</code> writes the definitions of the
named items into a temporary file and edits that file, using an editor that
depends on the platform you’re using. In wxWidgets, and in the MacOS Classic
version, there is an editor built into Logo. In the non-wxWidgets versions
for Unix, MacOS X, Windows, and DOS, Logo uses your favorite editor as
determined by the <code>EDITOR</code> environment variable. If you don’t have an
<code>EDITOR</code> variable, edits the definitions using <code>jove</code>. If invoked
without an input, <code>EDIT</code> edits the same file left over from a previous
<code>EDIT</code> or <code>EDITFILE</code> instruction. When you leave the editor, Logo
reads the revised definitions and modifies the workspace accordingly. It is
not an error if the input includes names for which there is no previous
definition.
</p>
<p>If there is a variable <code>LOADNOISILY</code> whose value is <code>TRUE</code>, then,
after leaving the editor, <code>TO</code> commands in the temporary file print
‘<samp><var>procname</var> defined</samp>’ (where <var>procname</var> is the name of the
procedure being defined); if <code>LOADNOISILY</code> is <code>FALSE</code> or undefined,
<code>TO</code> commands in the file are carried out silently.
</p>
<p>If there is an environment variable called <code>TEMP</code>, then Logo uses its
value as the directory in which to write the temporary file used for
editing.
</p>
<p>Exceptionally, the <code>EDIT</code> command can be used without its default input
and without parentheses provided that nothing follows it on the
instruction line.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY">LOADNOISILY</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE">EDITFILE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDITFILE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDALL" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDALL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDIT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="editfile"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">editfile</h4>
<a name="index-editfile"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDITFILE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Starts the Logo editor, like <code>EDIT</code>, but instead of editing a
temporary file it edits the file specified by the input. When you leave the
editor, Logo reads the revised file, as for <code>EDIT</code>. <code>EDITFILE</code> also
remembers the filename, so that a subsequent <code>EDIT</code> command with no input will
re-edit the same file.
</p>
<p><code>EDITFILE</code> is intended as an alternative to <code>LOAD</code> and <code>SAVE</code>.
You can maintain a workspace file yourself, controlling the order in which
definitions appear, maintaining comments in the file, and so on.
</p>
<p>In the wxWidgets version, <code>EDITFILE</code> asks whether or not you want to
load the file into Logo when you finish editing. This allows you to use
<code>EDITFILE</code> to edit data files without leaving Logo.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDALL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPS" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDPS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDITFILE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edall"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edall</h4>
<a name="index-edall"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDALL (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT CONTENTS</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDPS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDNS" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDNS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDALL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDALL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edps"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edps</h4>
<a name="index-edps"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDPS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT PROCEDURES</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDNS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPLS" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDPLS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDPS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edns"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edns</h4>
<a name="index-edns"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDNS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT NAMES</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMES">NAMES</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDPLS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDN" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDN</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDNS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDNS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edpls"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edpls</h4>
<a name="index-edpls"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDPLS (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT PLISTS</tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">PLISTS</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPL" accesskey="n" rel="next">EDPL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPLS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDPLS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edn"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edn</h4>
<a name="index-edn"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDN varname (library procedure)
EDN varnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT NAMELIST <var>varname(list)</var></tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="EDPL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVE" accesskey="n" rel="next">SAVE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="edpl"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">edpl</h4>
<a name="index-edpl"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">EDPL plname (library procedure)
EDPL plnamelist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Abbreviates <tt>EDIT PLLIST <var>plname(list)</var></tt>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">PLLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SAVE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEL" accesskey="n" rel="next">SAVEL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#EDPL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">EDPL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="save"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">save</h4>
<a name="index-save"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SAVE filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Saves the definitions of all unburied procedures, variables,
and nonempty property lists in the named file. Equivalent to
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to save :filename
local "oldwriter
make "oldwriter writer
openwrite :filename
setwrite :filename
poall
setwrite :oldwriter
close :filename
end
</pre></div>
<p>Exceptionally, <code>SAVE</code> can be used with no input and without parentheses
if it is the last thing on the command line. In this case, the
filename from the most recent <code>LOAD</code> or <code>SAVE</code> command will be used. (It
is an error if there has been no previous <code>LOAD</code> or <code>SAVE</code>.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SAVEL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOAD</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SAVE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="savel"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">savel</h4>
<a name="index-savel"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SAVEL contentslist filename (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Saves the definitions of the procedures, variables, and
property lists specified by <var>contentslist</var> to the file named <var>filename</var>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOAD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD" accesskey="n" rel="next">CSLSLOAD</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SAVEL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SAVEL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="load"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">load</h4>
<a name="index-load"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOAD filename
</pre></div>
<p>command. Reads instructions from the named file and executes them. The file
can include procedure definitions with <code>TO</code>, and these are accepted even
if a procedure by the same name already exists. If the file assigns a list
value to a variable named <code>STARTUP</code>, then that list is run as an
instructionlist after the file is loaded. If there is a variable
<code>LOADNOISILY</code> whose value is <code>TRUE</code>, then <code>TO</code> commands in the
file print ‘<samp><var>procname</var> defined</samp>’ (where <var>procname</var> is the name of
the procedure being defined); if <code>LOADNOISILY</code> is <code>FALSE</code> or
undefined, <code>TO</code> commands in the file are carried out silently.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#STARTUP">STARTUP</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY">LOADNOISILY</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CSLSLOAD"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#HELP" accesskey="n" rel="next">HELP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOAD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cslsload"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cslsload</h4>
<a name="index-cslsload"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CSLSLOAD name
</pre></div>
<p>command. Loads the named file, like <code>LOAD</code>, but from the directory
containing the Computer Science Logo Style programs instead of the
current user’s directory.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="HELP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETEDITOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETEDITOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CSLSLOAD</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="help"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">help</h4>
<a name="index-logohelp"></a>
<a name="index-help"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">HELP name
(HELP)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Prints information from the reference manual about the
primitive procedure named by the input. With no input, lists all the
primitives about which help is available. If there is an environment
variable <code>LOGOHELP</code>, then its value is taken as the directory in which to
look for help files, instead of the default help directory.
</p>
<p>If <code>HELP</code> is called with the name of a defined procedure for which there
is no help file, it will print the title line of the procedure
followed by lines from the procedure body that start with semicolon,
stopping when a non-semicolon line is seen.
</p>
<p>Exceptionally, the <code>HELP</code> command can be used without its default input
and without parentheses provided that nothing follows it on the
instruction line.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETEDITOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETLIBLOC" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETLIBLOC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#HELP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">HELP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="seteditor"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">seteditor</h4>
<a name="index-seteditor"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETEDITOR path
</pre></div>
<p>command. Tells Logo to use the specified program as its editor
instead of the default editor. The format of a path depends on your
operating system.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETLIBLOC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETCSLSLOC" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETCSLSLOC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETEDITOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETEDITOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setlibloc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setlibloc</h4>
<a name="index-setlibloc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETLIBLOC path
</pre></div>
<p>command. Tells Logo to use the specified directory as its library
instead of the default. (Note that many Logo "primitive" procedures
are actually found in the library, so they may become unavailable if
your new library does not include them!) The format of a path depends
on your operating system.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETCSLSLOC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETHELPLOC" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETHELPLOC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETLIBLOC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETLIBLOC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="setcslsloc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">setcslsloc</h4>
<a name="index-setcslsloc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETCSLSLOC path
</pre></div>
<p>command. Tells Logo to use the specified directory for the <code>CSLSLOAD</code>
command, instead of the default directory. The format of a path
depends on your operating system.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD">CSLSLOAD</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETHELPLOC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEMPLOC" accesskey="n" rel="next">SETTEMPLOC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETCSLSLOC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETCSLSLOC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="sethelploc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">sethelploc</h4>
<a name="index-sethelploc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETHELPLOC path
</pre></div>
<p>command. Tells Logo to look in the specified directory for the information
provided by the HELP command, instead of the default directory.
The format of a path depends on your operating system.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="SETTEMPLOC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GC" accesskey="n" rel="next">GC</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETHELPLOC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETHELPLOC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="settemploc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">settemploc</h4>
<a name="index-settemploc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">SETTEMPLOC path
</pre></div>
<p>command. Tells Logo to write editor temporary files in the specified
directory rather than in the default directory. You must have write
permission for this directory. The format of a path depends on your
operating system.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GC"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#g_t_002eSETSEGMENTSIZE" accesskey="n" rel="next">.SETSEGMENTSIZE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SETTEMPLOC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SETTEMPLOC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="gc"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">gc</h4>
<a name="index-gc"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GC
(GC anything)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Runs the garbage collector, reclaiming unused nodes. Logo
does this when necessary anyway, but you may want to use this command to
control exactly when Logo does it. In particular, the numbers output by
the <code>NODES</code> operation will not be very meaningful unless garbage has been
collected. Another reason to use <code>GC</code> is that a garbage collection takes
a noticeable fraction of a second, and you may want to schedule
collections for times before or after some time-critical animation. If
invoked with an argument (of any value), <code>GC</code> runs a full garbage
collection, including <acronym>GCTWA</acronym> (Garbage Collect Truly Worthless Atoms,
which means that it removes from Logo’s memory words that used to be
procedure or variable names but aren’t any more); without an argument,
<code>GC</code> does a generational garbage collection, which means that only
recently created nodes are examined. (The latter is usually good
enough.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_002eSETSEGMENTSIZE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GC</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">WORKSPACE CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002esetsegmentsize"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.setsegmentsize</h4>
<a name="index-_002esetsegmentsize"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.SETSEGMENTSIZE num
</pre></div>
<p>command. Sets the number of nodes that Logo allocates from the
operating system at once to <var>num</var>, which must be a positive integer.
The name is dotted because bad things will happen if you use a
number that’s too small or too large for your computer. The
initial value is 16,000 for most systems, but is smaller for
68000-based Macs. Making it larger will speed up computations
(by reducing the number of garbage collections) at the cost of
allocating more memory than necessary.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CONTROL-STRUCTURES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="n" rel="next">MACROS</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WORKSPACE-MANAGEMENT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WORKSPACE MANAGEMENT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Control-Structures"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 Control Structures</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="1">CONTROL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="2">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="CONTROL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="n" rel="next">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Control"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.1 Control</h3>
<p>Note: in the following descriptions, an <em>instructionlist</em> can be a list or
a word. In the latter case, the word is parsed into list form before it is
run. Thus, <tt>RUN READWORD</tt><!-- /@w --> or <tt>RUN READLIST</tt><!-- /@w --> will work. The
former is slightly preferable because it allows for a continued line (with <code>~</code>)
that includes a comment (with <code>;</code>) on the first line.
</p>
<p>A <var>tf</var> input must be the word <code>TRUE</code>, the word <code>FALSE</code>, or a list. If it’s a
list, then it must be a Logo expression, which will be evaluated to produce
a value that must be <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>. The comparisons with <code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code>
are always case-insensitive.
</p>
<p>A runlist can consist of either a single expression (that produces a value)
or zero or more instructions (that do something, rather than output a value),
depending on the context:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINT IFELSE :X<0 ["NEGATIVE] ["POSITIVE] ; one value in each case
REPEAT 4 [PRINT "A PRINT "B] ; two instructions
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RUN" accesskey="1">RUN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT" accesskey="2">RUNRESULT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REPEAT" accesskey="3">REPEAT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FOREVER" accesskey="4">FOREVER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REPCOUNT" accesskey="5">REPCOUNT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#IF" accesskey="6">IF</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#IFELSE" accesskey="7">IFELSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TEST" accesskey="8">TEST</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE" accesskey="9">IFTRUE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE">IFFALSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CATCH">CATCH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#THROW">THROW</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR">ERROR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">PAUSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE">CONTINUE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WAIT">WAIT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#BYE">BYE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dMAYBEOUTPUT">dMAYBEOUTPUT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">MAYBEOUTPUT
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#GOTO">GOTO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TAG">TAG</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#IGNORE">IGNORE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#back_002dquote">back-quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FOR">FOR</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DOdWHILE">DOdWHILE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DO.WHILE
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#WHILE">WHILE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#DOdUNTIL">DOdUNTIL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">DO.UNTIL
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#UNTIL">UNTIL</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CASE">CASE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#COND">COND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="RUN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT" accesskey="n" rel="next">RUNRESULT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="run"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">run</h4>
<a name="index-run"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RUN instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Runs the Logo instructions in the input list;
outputs if the list contains an expression that outputs.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#READWORD">READWORD</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="RUNRESULT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REPEAT" accesskey="n" rel="next">REPEAT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RUN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RUN</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="runresult"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">runresult</h4>
<a name="index-runresult"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">RUNRESULT instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>runs the instructions in the input; outputs an empty list if those
instructions produce no output, or a list whose only member is the
output from running the input instructionlist. Useful for inventing
command-or-operation control structures:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">local "result
make "result runresult [something]
if emptyp :result [stop]
output first :result
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="REPEAT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FOREVER" accesskey="n" rel="next">FOREVER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">RUNRESULT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="repeat"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">repeat</h4>
<a name="index-repeat"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REPEAT num instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Runs the <var>instructionlist</var> repeatedly, <var>num</var> times.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FOREVER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REPCOUNT" accesskey="n" rel="next">REPCOUNT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REPEAT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REPEAT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="forever"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">forever</h4>
<a name="index-forever"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FOREVER instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Runs the "instructionlist" repeatedly, until something inside
the instructionlist (such as <code>STOP</code> or <code>THROW</code>) makes it stop.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#THROW">THROW</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REPCOUNT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#IF" accesskey="n" rel="next">IF</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FOREVER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FOREVER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="repcount"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">repcount</h4>
<a name="index-repcount"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REPCOUNT
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the repetition count of the innermost current <code>REPEAT</code> or
<code>FOREVER</code>, starting from 1. If no <code>REPEAT</code> or <code>FOREVER</code>
is active, outputs –1.
</p>
<p>The abbreviation <code>#</code> can be used for <code>REPCOUNT</code> unless the
<code>REPEAT</code> is inside the template input to a higher order procedure
such as <code>FOREACH</code>, in which case <code>#</code> has a different meaning.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="IF"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#IFELSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">IFELSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REPCOUNT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REPCOUNT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="if"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">if</h4>
<a name="index-if"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IF tf instructionlist
(IF tf instructionlist1 instructionlist2)
</pre></div>
<p>command. If the first input has the value <code>TRUE</code>, then <code>IF</code> runs the second
input. If the first input has the value <code>FALSE</code>, then <code>IF</code> does nothing.
(If given a third input, IF acts like <code>IFELSE</code>, as described below.) It
is an error if the first input is not either <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<p>For compatibility with earlier versions of Logo, if an <code>IF</code> instruction is
not enclosed in parentheses, but the first thing on the instruction line
after the second input expression is a literal list (i.e., a list in
square brackets), the <code>IF</code> is treated as if it were <code>IFELSE</code>, but a warning
message is given. If this aberrant <code>IF</code> appears in a procedure body, the
warning is given only the first time the procedure is invoked in each
Logo session.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="IFELSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TEST" accesskey="n" rel="next">TEST</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#IF" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IF</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ifelse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ifelse</h4>
<a name="index-ifelse"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IFELSE tf instructionlist1 instructionlist2
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. If the first input has the value <code>TRUE</code>, then
<code>IFELSE</code> runs the second input. If the first input has the value <code>FALSE</code>,
then <code>IFELSE</code> runs the third input. <code>IFELSE</code> outputs a value if the
<var>instructionlist</var> contains an expression that outputs a value.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TEST"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE" accesskey="n" rel="next">IFTRUE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#IFELSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IFELSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="test"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">test</h4>
<a name="index-test"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TEST tf
</pre></div>
<p>command. Remembers its input, which must be <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>, for
use by later <code>IFTRUE</code> or <code>IFFALSE</code> instructions. The effect of
<code>TEST</code> is local to the procedure in which it is used; any corresponding
<code>IFTRUE</code> or <code>IFFALSE</code> must be in the same procedure or a subprocedure.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE">IFFALSE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="IFTRUE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">IFFALSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TEST" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TEST</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="iftrue"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">iftrue</h4>
<a name="index-iftrue"></a>
<a name="index-ift"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IFTRUE instructionlist
IFT instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Runs its input if the most recent <code>TEST</code> instruction had a <code>TRUE</code>
input. The <code>TEST</code> must have been in the same procedure or a
superprocedure.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="IFFALSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STOP" accesskey="n" rel="next">STOP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IFTRUE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="iffalse"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">iffalse</h4>
<a name="index-iffalse"></a>
<a name="index-iff"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IFFALSE instructionlist
IFF instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command. Runs its input if the most recent <code>TEST</code> instruction had a <code>FALSE</code>
input. The <code>TEST</code> must have been in the same procedure or a
superprocedure.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#TEST">TEST</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STOP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT" accesskey="n" rel="next">OUTPUT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IFFALSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="stop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">stop</h4>
<a name="index-stop"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STOP
</pre></div>
<p>command. Ends the running of the procedure in which it appears.
Control is returned to the context in which that procedure was invoked.
The stopped procedure does not output a value.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="OUTPUT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CATCH" accesskey="n" rel="next">CATCH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STOP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STOP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="output"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">output</h4>
<a name="index-output"></a>
<a name="index-op"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">OUTPUT value
OP value
</pre></div>
<p>command. Ends the running of the procedure in which it appears. That
procedure outputs the value <var>value</var> to the context in which it was
invoked. Don’t be confused: <code>OUTPUT</code> itself is a command, but the
procedure that invokes <code>OUTPUT</code> is an operation.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CATCH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#THROW" accesskey="n" rel="next">THROW</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">OUTPUT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="catch"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">catch</h4>
<a name="index-catch"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CATCH tag instructionlist
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Runs its second input. Outputs if that
<var>instructionlist</var> outputs. If, while running the instructionlist, a
<code>THROW</code> instruction is executed with a tag equal to the first input
(case-insensitive comparison), then the running of the <var>instructionlist</var> is
terminated immediately. In this case the <code>CATCH</code> outputs if a value input is
given to <code>THROW</code>. The <var>tag</var> must be a word.
</p>
<p>If the tag is the word <code>ERROR</code>, then any error condition that arises
during the running of the instructionlist has the effect of <tt>THROW "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w -->
instead of printing an error message and returning to toplevel. The
<code>CATCH</code> does not output if an error is caught. Also, during the running
of the instructionlist, the variable <code>ERRACT</code> is temporarily unbound. (If
there is an error while <code>ERRACT</code> has a value, that value is taken as an
instructionlist to be run after printing the error message. Typically
the value of <code>ERRACT</code>, if any, is the list <code>[PAUSE]</code>.)
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR">ERROR</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT">ERRACT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">PAUSE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="THROW"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERROR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CATCH" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CATCH</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="throw"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">throw</h4>
<a name="index-throw"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">THROW tag
(THROW tag value)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Must be used within the scope of a <code>CATCH</code> with an equal tag.
Ends the running of the instructionlist of the <code>CATCH</code>. If <code>THROW</code> is used
with only one input, the corresponding <code>CATCH</code> does not output a value.
If <code>THROW</code> is used with two inputs, the second provides an output for the
<code>CATCH</code>.
</p>
<p><tt>THROW "TOPLEVEL</tt><!-- /@w --> can be used to terminate all running procedures and
interactive pauses, and return to the toplevel instruction prompt. Typing the
system interrupt character (<tt class="key">alt-S</tt> for wxWidgets; otherwise normally
<tt class="key">control-C</tt> for Unix, <tt class="key">control-Q</tt> for DOS, or <tt class="key">command-period</tt> for
Mac) has the same effect.
</p>
<p><tt>THROW "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w --> can be used to generate an error condition. If the error
is not caught, it prints a message (<code>THROW "ERROR</code><!-- /@w -->) with the usual
indication of where the error (in this case the <code>THROW</code>) occurred. If a
second input is used along with a tag of <code>ERROR</code>, that second input is
used as the text of the error message instead of the standard message.
Also, in this case, the location indicated for the error will be, not
the location of the <code>THROW</code>, but the location where the procedure
containing the <code>THROW</code> was invoked. This allows user-defined procedures
to generate error messages as if they were primitives. Note: in this
case the corresponding <tt>CATCH "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w -->, if any, does not output, since the
second input to <code>THROW</code> is not considered a return value.
</p>
<p><tt>THROW "SYSTEM</tt><!-- /@w --> immediately leaves Logo, returning to the operating
system, without printing the usual parting message and without deleting
any editor temporary file written by EDIT.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERROR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">PAUSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#THROW" accesskey="p" rel="prev">THROW</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="error"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">error</h4>
<a name="index-error"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERROR
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list describing the error just caught, if any. If there was not an
error caught since the last use of <code>ERROR</code>, the empty list will be
output. The error list contains four members: an integer code corresponding
to the type of error, the text of the error message (as a single word
including spaces), the name of the procedure in which the error occurred, and
the instruction line on which the error occurred.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PAUSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE" accesskey="n" rel="next">CONTINUE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERROR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="pause"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">pause</h4>
<a name="index-pause"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PAUSE
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Enters an interactive pause. The user is
prompted for instructions, as at toplevel, but with a prompt that
includes the name of the procedure in which <code>PAUSE</code> was invoked. Local
variables of that procedure are available during the pause. <code>PAUSE</code>
outputs if the pause is ended by a <code>CONTINUE</code> with an input.
</p>
<p>If the variable <code>ERRACT</code> exists, and an error condition occurs, the
contents of that variable are run as an instructionlist. Typically
<code>ERRACT</code> is given the value <code>[PAUSE]</code> so that an interactive pause will be
entered in the event of an error. This allows the user to check values
of local variables at the time of the error.
</p>
<p>Typing the system quit character (<tt class="key">alt-S</tt> for wxWidgets; otherwise
normally <tt class="key">control-\</tt> for Unix, <tt class="key">control-W</tt> for DOS, or
<tt class="key">command-comma</tt> for Mac) will also enter a pause.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT">ERRACT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CONTINUE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WAIT" accesskey="n" rel="next">WAIT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PAUSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="continue"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">continue</h4>
<a name="index-continue"></a>
<a name="index-co"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CONTINUE value
CO value
(CONTINUE)
(CO)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Ends the current interactive pause, returning to the context
of the <code>PAUSE</code> invocation that began it. If <code>CONTINUE</code> is given an input,
that value is used as the output from the <code>PAUSE</code>. If not, the <code>PAUSE</code> does
not output.
</p>
<p>Exceptionally, the <code>CONTINUE</code> command can be used without its default
input and without parentheses provided that nothing follows it on the
instruction line.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WAIT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BYE" accesskey="n" rel="next">BYE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTINUE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="wait"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">wait</h4>
<a name="index-wait"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WAIT time
</pre></div>
<p>command. Delays further execution for <var>time</var> 60ths of a second. Also
causes any buffered characters destined for the terminal to be printed
immediately. <tt>WAIT 0</tt><!-- /@w --> can be used to achieve this buffer flushing without actually waiting.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="BYE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dMAYBEOUTPUT" accesskey="n" rel="next">dMAYBEOUTPUT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WAIT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WAIT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="bye"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">bye</h4>
<a name="index-bye"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BYE
</pre></div>
<p>command. Exits from Logo; returns to the operating system.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="dMAYBEOUTPUT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#GOTO" accesskey="n" rel="next">GOTO</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BYE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BYE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002emaybeoutput"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.maybeoutput</h4>
<a name="index-_002emaybeoutput"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.MAYBEOUTPUT value (special form)
</pre></div>
<p>works like <code>OUTPUT</code> except that the expression that provides the input
value might not, in fact, output a value, in which case the effect is
like <code>STOP</code>. This is intended for use in control structure definitions,
for cases in which you don’t know whether or not some expression
produces a value. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to invoke :function [:inputs] 2
.maybeoutput apply :function :inputs
end
? (invoke "print "a "b "c)
a b c
? print (invoke "word "a "b "c)
abc
</pre></div>
<p>This is an alternative to <code>RUNRESULT</code>. It’s fast and easy to use, at the
cost of being an exception to Logo’s evaluation rules. (Ordinarily, it
should be an error if the expression that’s supposed to provide an input
to something doesn’t have a value.)
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT">RUNRESULT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="GOTO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TAG" accesskey="n" rel="next">TAG</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dMAYBEOUTPUT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dMAYBEOUTPUT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="goto"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">goto</h4>
<a name="index-goto"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GOTO word
</pre></div>
<p>command. Looks for a <code>TAG</code> command with the same input in the same
procedure, and continues running the procedure from the location of that
<code>TAG</code>. It is meaningless to use <code>GOTO</code> outside of a procedure.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TAG"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#IGNORE" accesskey="n" rel="next">IGNORE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#GOTO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GOTO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tag"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">tag</h4>
<a name="index-tag"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TAG quoted.word
</pre></div>
<p>command. Does nothing. The input must be a literal word following a
quotation mark (<code>"</code>), not the result of a computation. Tags are used by
the <code>GOTO</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="IGNORE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#back_002dquote" accesskey="n" rel="next">back-quote</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TAG" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TAG</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ignore"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">ignore</h4>
<a name="index-ignore"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IGNORE value (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Does nothing. Used when an expression is evaluated for a side
effect and its actual value is unimportant.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="back_002dquote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FOR" accesskey="n" rel="next">FOR</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#IGNORE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IGNORE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_0060"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">‘</h4>
<a name="index-_0060"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">` list (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list equal to its input but with certain substitutions. If a
member of the input list is the word ‘<samp>,</samp>’ (comma) then the following
member should be an instructionlist that produces an output when run.
That output value replaces the comma and the instructionlist. If a
member of the input list is the word ‘<samp>,@</samp>’ (comma atsign) then the
following member should be an instructionlist that outputs a list when
run. The members of that list replace the ‘<samp>,@</samp>’ and the instructionlist.
Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">show `[foo baz ,[bf [a b c]] garply ,@[bf [a b c]]]
</pre></div>
<p>will print
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[foo baz [b c] garply b c]
</pre></div>
<p>A word starting with ‘<samp>,</samp>’ or ‘<samp>,@</samp>’ is treated as if the rest of the
word were a one-word list, e.g., ‘<samp>,:foo</samp>’ is equivalent to ‘<samp>,[:Foo]</samp>’.
</p>
<p>A word starting with ‘<samp>",</samp>’ (quote comma) or ‘<samp>:,</samp>’ (colon comma)
becomes a word starting with ‘<samp>"</samp>’ or ‘<samp>:</samp>’ but with the result of
running the substitution (or its first word, if the result is a list)
replacing what comes after the comma.
</p>
<p>Backquotes can be nested. Substitution is done only for commas at
the same depth as the backquote in which they are found:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show `[a `[b ,[1+2] ,[foo ,[1+3] d] e] f]
[a ` [b , [1+2] , [foo 4 d] e] f]
?make "name1 "x
?make "name2 "y
? show `[a `[b ,:,:name1 ,",:name2 d] e]
[a ` [b , [:x] , ["y] d] e]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="FOR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DOdWHILE" accesskey="n" rel="next">DOdWHILE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#back_002dquote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">back-quote</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="for"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">for</h4>
<a name="index-for"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FOR forcontrol instructionlist (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. The first input must be a list containing three or four
members: (1) a word, which will be used as the name of a local variable;
(2) a word or list that will be evaluated as by <code>RUN</code> to determine a
number, the starting value of the variable; (3) a word or list that will
be evaluated to determine a number, the limit value of the variable; (4)
an optional word or list that will be evaluated to determine the step
size. If the fourth member is missing, the step size will be 1 or –1
depending on whether the limit value is greater than or less than the
starting value, respectively.
</p>
<p>The second input is an instructionlist. The effect of <code>FOR</code> is to run
that instructionlist repeatedly, assigning a new value to the control
variable (the one named by the first member of the <var>forcontrol</var> list) each
time. First the starting value is assigned to the control variable.
Then the value is compared to the limit value. <code>FOR</code> is complete when the
sign of <code>(current - limit)</code> is the same as the sign of the step size. (If
no explicit step size is provided, the instructionlist is always run at
least once. An explicit step size can lead to a zero-trip <code>FOR</code>, e.g.,
<tt>FOR [I 1 0 1] ...</tt>)<!-- /@w -->. Otherwise, the instructionlist is run, then the step is added to the current value of the control variable and FOR returns to
the comparison step.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? for [i 2 7 1.5] [print :i]
2
3.5
5
6.5
?
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#RUN">RUN</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DOdWHILE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#WHILE" accesskey="n" rel="next">WHILE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FOR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FOR</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="do_002ewhile"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">do.while</h4>
<a name="index-do_002ewhile"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DO.WHILE instructionlist tfexpression (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Repeatedly evaluates the <var>instructionlist</var> as long as the
evaluated
remains <code>TRUE</code>. Evaluates the first input first,
so the <var>instructionlist</var> is always run at least once. The
<var>tfexpression</var> must be an expressionlist whose value when evaluated is
<code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="WHILE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#DOdUNTIL" accesskey="n" rel="next">DOdUNTIL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DOdWHILE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DOdWHILE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="while"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">while</h4>
<a name="index-while"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">WHILE tfexpression instructionlist (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Repeatedly evaluates the <var>instructionlist</var> as long as the
evaluated
remains <code>TRUE</code>. Evaluates the first input first,
so the <var>instructionlist</var> may never be run at all. The <var>tfexpression</var>
must be an expressionlist whose value when evaluated is <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="DOdUNTIL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNTIL" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNTIL</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#WHILE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WHILE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="do_002euntil"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">do.until</h4>
<a name="index-do_002euntil"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">DO.UNTIL instructionlist tfexpression (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Repeatedly evaluates the <var>instructionlist</var> as long as the
evaluated
remains <code>FALSE</code>. Evaluates the first input
first, so the <var>instructionlist</var> is always run at least once. The
<var>tfexpression</var> must be an expressionlist whose value when evaluated is
<code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNTIL"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CASE" accesskey="n" rel="next">CASE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#DOdUNTIL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DOdUNTIL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="until"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">until</h4>
<a name="index-until"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNTIL tfexpression instructionlist (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Repeatedly evaluates the <var>instructionlist</var> as long as the
evaluated
remains <code>FALSE</code>. Evaluates the first input
first, so the <var>instructionlist</var> may never be run at all. The
<var>tfexpression</var> must be an expressionlist whose value when evaluated is
<code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CASE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COND" accesskey="n" rel="next">COND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNTIL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNTIL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="case"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">case</h4>
<a name="index-case"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CASE value clauses (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. The second input is a list of lists (clauses);
each clause is a list whose first element is either a list of values
or the word <code>ELSE</code> and whose butfirst is a Logo expression or
instruction. <code>CASE</code> examines the clauses in order. If a clause begins
with the word <code>ELSE</code> (upper or lower case), then the butfirst of that
clause is evaluated and <code>CASE</code> outputs its value, if any. If the first
input to CASE is a member of the first element of a clause, then the
butfirst of that clause is evaluated and <code>CASE</code> outputs its value, if
any. If neither of these conditions is met, then <code>CASE</code> goes on to the
next clause. If no clause is satisfied, <code>CASE</code> does nothing.
Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to vowelp :letter
output case :letter [ [[a e i o u] "true] [else "false] ]
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="COND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CASE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CASE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cond"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cond</h4>
<a name="index-cond"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COND clauses (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. The input is a list of lists (clauses); each
clause is a list whose first element is either an expression whose
value is <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>, or the word <code>ELSE</code>, and whose butfirst is a Logo
expression or instruction. <code>COND</code> examines the clauses in order. If a
clause begins with the word <code>ELSE</code> (upper or lower case), then the
butfirst of that clause is evaluated and <code>CASE</code> outputs its value, if
any. Otherwise, the first element of the clause is evaluated; the
resulting value must be <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code>. If it’s <code>TRUE</code>, then the
butfirst of that clause is evaluated and <code>COND</code> outputs its value, if
any. If the value is <code>FALSE</code>, then <code>COND</code> goes on to the next clause. If
no clause is satisfied, <code>COND</code> does nothing. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to evens :numbers ; select even numbers from a list
op cond [ [[emptyp :numbers] []]
[[evenp first :numbers] ; assuming EVENP is defined
fput first :numbers evens butfirst :numbers]
[else evens butfirst :numbers] ]
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTROL</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="u" rel="up">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Template_002dbased-Iteration"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.2 Template-based Iteration</h3>
<a name="index-template"></a>
<p>The procedures in this section are iteration tools based on the idea of a
<em>template.</em> This is a generalization of an instruction list or an
expression list in which <em>slots</em> are provided for the tool to insert varying
data. Four different forms of template can be used.
</p>
<p>The most commonly used form for a template is ‘<samp>explicit-slot</samp>’ form, or
‘<samp>question mark</samp>’ form. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show map [? * ?] [2 3 4 5]
[4 9 16 25]
?
</pre></div>
<p>In this example, the <code>MAP</code> tool evaluated the template <code>[? * ?]</code><!-- /@w -->
repeatedly, with each of the members of the data list <code>[2 3 4 5]</code><!-- /@w -->
substituted in turn for the question marks. The same value was used for every
question mark in a given evaluation. Some tools allow for more than one datum
to be substituted in parallel; in these cases the slots are indicated by
<code>?1</code> for the first datum, <code>?2</code> for the second, and so on:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show (map [(word ?1 ?2 ?1)] [a b c] [d e f])
[ada beb cfc]
?
</pre></div>
<p>If the template wishes to compute the datum number, the form <code>(? 1)</code><!-- /@w --> is
equivalent to <code>?1</code>, so <code>(? ?1)</code><!-- /@w --> means the datum whose number is given in
datum number 1. Some tools allow additional slot designations, as shown
in the individual descriptions.
</p>
<p>The second form of template is the ‘<samp>named-procedure</samp>’ form. If the
template is a word rather than a list, it is taken as the name of a procedure.
That procedure must accept a number of inputs equal to the number of parallel
data slots provided by the tool; the procedure is applied to all of the
available data in order. That is, if data <code>?1</code> through <code>?3</code> are
available, the template <code>"PROC</code> is equivalent to <tt>[PROC ?1 ?2 ?3]</tt><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show (map "word [a b c] [d e f])
[ad be cf]
?
to dotprod :a :b ; vector dot product
op apply "sum (map "product :a :b)
end
</pre></div>
<p>The third form of template is ‘<samp>named-slot</samp>’ or ‘<samp>lambda</samp>’ form. This
form is indicated by a template list containing more than one member, whose
first member is itself a list. The first member is taken as a list of names;
local variables are created with those names and given the available data in
order as their values. The number of names must equal the number of available
data. This form is needed primarily when one iteration tool must be used
within the template list of another, and the <code>?</code> notation would be ambiguous in
the inner template. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to matmul :m1 :m2 [:tm2 transpose :m2] ; multiply two matrices
output map [[row] map [[col] dotprod :row :col] :tm2] :m1
end
</pre></div>
<p>The fourth form is ‘<samp>procedure text</samp>’ form, a variant of lambda form. In
this form, the template list contains at least two members, all of which are
lists. This is the form used by the <code>DEFINE</code> and <code>TEXT</code> primitives,
and <code>APPLY</code> accepts it so that the text of a defined procedure can be
used as a template.
</p>
<p>Note: The fourth form of template is interpreted differently from the others,
in that Logo considers it to be an independent defined procedure for the
purposes of <code>OUTPUT</code> and <code>STOP</code>. For example, the following two
instructions are identical:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? print apply [[x] :x+3] [5]
8
? print apply [[x] [output :x+3]] [5]
8
</pre></div>
<p>although the first instruction is in named-slot form and the second is in
procedure-text form. The named-slot form can be understood as telling Logo to
evaluate the expression <tt>:x+3</tt><!-- /@w --> in place of the entire invocation of
apply, with the variable <code>x</code> temporarily given the value <code>5</code>. The
procedure-text form can be understood as invoking the procedure
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to foo :x
output :x+3
end
</pre></div>
<p>with input <code>5</code>, but without actually giving the procedure a name. If
the use of <code>OUTPUT</code> were interchanged in these two examples, we’d get errors:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? print apply [[x] output :x+3] [5]
Can only use output inside a procedure
? print apply [[x] [:x+3]] [5]
You don't say what to do with 8
</pre></div>
<p>The named-slot form can be used with <code>STOP</code> or <code>OUTPUT</code> inside a procedure,
to stop the enclosing procedure.
</p>
<p>The following iteration tools are extended versions of the ones in Appendix
B of the book <cite>Computer Science Logo Style, Volume 3: Advanced Topics</cite> by
Brian Harvey [MIT Press, 1987]. The extensions are primarily to allow for
variable numbers of inputs.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#APPLY" accesskey="1">APPLY</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#INVOKE" accesskey="2">INVOKE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FOREACH" accesskey="3">FOREACH</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MAP" accesskey="4">MAP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MAPdSE" accesskey="5">MAPdSE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">MAP.SE
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FILTER" accesskey="6">FILTER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#FIND" accesskey="7">FIND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#REDUCE" accesskey="8">REDUCE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CROSSMAP" accesskey="9">CROSSMAP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADE">CASCADE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADEd2">CASCADEd2</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">CASCADE.2
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSFER">TRANSFER</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="APPLY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INVOKE" accesskey="n" rel="next">INVOKE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="apply"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">apply</h4>
<a name="index-apply"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">APPLY template inputlist
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Runs the <var>template</var>, filling its slots with the
members of <var>inputlist.</var> The number of members in <var>inputlist</var> must be an
acceptable number of slots for <var>template</var>. It is illegal to apply the
primitive <code>TO</code> as a template, but anything else is okay. <code>APPLY</code> outputs
what <var>template</var> outputs, if anything.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="INVOKE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FOREACH" accesskey="n" rel="next">FOREACH</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#APPLY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">APPLY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="invoke"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">invoke</h4>
<a name="index-invoke"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">INVOKE template input (library procedure)
(INVOKE template input1 input2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>command or operation. Exactly like <code>APPLY</code> except that the inputs are
provided as separate expressions rather than in a list.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FOREACH"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MAP" accesskey="n" rel="next">MAP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INVOKE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INVOKE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="foreach"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">foreach</h4>
<a name="index-foreach"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FOREACH data template (library procedure)
(FOREACH data1 data2 ... template)
</pre></div>
<p>command. Evaluates the <var>template</var> list repeatedly, once for each member
of the <var>data</var> list. If more than one <var>data</var> list are given, each of them
must be the same length. (The <var>data</var> inputs can be words, in which case
the template is evaluated once for each character.)
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>?REST</code> represents the portion of the
<var>data</var> input to the right of the member currently being used as the
<code>?</code> slot-filler. That is, if the <var>data</var> input is
<code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being evaluated with <code>?</code>
replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>?REST</code> would be replaced by
<code>[C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->. If multiple parallel slots are used, then
<tt>(?REST 1)</tt><!-- /@w --> goes with ?1, etc.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>#</code> represents the position in the <var>data</var>
input of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code> slot-filler. That is, if
the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being evaluated with
<code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>#</code> would be replaced by <code>2</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MAP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MAPdSE" accesskey="n" rel="next">MAPdSE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FOREACH" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FOREACH</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="map"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">map</h4>
<a name="index-map"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MAP template data (library procedure)
(MAP template data1 data2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a word or list, depending on the type of the <var>data</var> input, of the
same length as that <var>data</var> input. (If more than one <var>data</var> input are
given, the output is of the same type as <var>data1</var>.) Each member of the
output is the result of evaluating the <var>template</var> list, filling the slots
with the corresponding member(s) of the <var>data</var> input(s). (All <var>data</var>
inputs must be the same length.) In the case of a word output, the results of
the template evaluation must be words, and they are concatenated with
<code>WORD</code>.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>?REST</code> represents the portion of the data
input to the right of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code>
slot-filler. That is, if the <var>data</var> input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and
the <var>template</var> is being evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then
<code>?REST</code> would be replaced by <code>[C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->. If multiple parallel
slots are used, then <tt>(?REST 1)</tt><!-- /@w --> goes with <code>?1</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>#</code> represents the position in the <var>data</var>
input of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code> slot-filler. That
is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being
evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>#</code> would be replaced
by <code>2</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#WORD">WORD</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MAPdSE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FILTER" accesskey="n" rel="next">FILTER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MAP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MAP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="map_002ese"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">map.se</h4>
<a name="index-map_002ese"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MAP.SE template data (library procedure)
(MAP.SE template data1 data2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list formed by evaluating the <var>template</var> list repeatedly and
concatenating the results using <code>SENTENCE</code>. That is, the members of the
output are the members of the results of the evaluations. The output
list might, therefore, be of a different length from that of the <var>data</var>
input(s). (If the result of an evaluation is the empty list, it
contributes nothing to the final output.) The <var>data</var> inputs may be words
or lists.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>?REST</code> represents the portion of the data
input to the right of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code>
slot-filler. That is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the
template is being evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then
<code>?REST</code> would be replaced by <code>[C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->. If multiple parallel
slots are used, then <tt>(?REST 1)</tt><!-- /@w --> goes with <code>?1</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>#</code> represents the position in the <var>data</var>
input of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code> slot-filler. That
is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being
evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>#</code> would be replaced
by <code>2</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE">SENTENCE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FILTER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FIND" accesskey="n" rel="next">FIND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MAPdSE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MAPdSE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="filter"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">filter</h4>
<a name="index-filter"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FILTER tftemplate data (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a word or list, depending on the type of the <var>data</var> input,
containing a subset of the members (for a list) or characters (for a
word) of the input. The template is evaluated once for each member or
character of the data, and it must produce a <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code> value. If
the value is <code>TRUE</code>, then the corresponding input constituent is included
in the output.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? print filter "vowelp "elephant
eea
?
</pre></div>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>?REST</code> represents the portion of the
<var>data</var> input to the right of the member currently being used as the
<code>?</code> slot-filler. That is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->
and the template is being evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then
<code>?REST</code> would be replaced by <code>[C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>#</code> represents the position in the <var>data</var>
input of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code> slot-filler. That
is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being
evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>#</code> would be replaced
by <code>2</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FIND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REDUCE" accesskey="n" rel="next">REDUCE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FILTER" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FILTER</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="find"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">find</h4>
<a name="index-find"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FIND tftemplate data (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the first constituent of the <var>data</var> input (the first member of a
list, or the first character of a word) for which the value produced by
evaluating the <var>template</var> with that consituent in its slot is <code>TRUE</code>.
If there is no such constituent, the empty list is output.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>?REST</code> represents the portion of the
<var>data</var> input to the right of the member currently being used as the
<code>?</code> slot-filler. That is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->
and the template is being evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then
<code>?REST</code> would be replaced by <code>[C D E]</code><!-- /@w -->.
</p>
<p>In a template, the symbol <code>#</code> represents the position in the <var>data</var>
input of the member currently being used as the <code>?</code> slot-filler. That
is, if the data input is <code>[A B C D E]</code><!-- /@w --> and the template is being
evaluated with <code>?</code> replaced by <code>B</code>, then <code>#</code> would be replaced
by <code>2</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REDUCE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CROSSMAP" accesskey="n" rel="next">CROSSMAP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FIND" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FIND</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="reduce"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">reduce</h4>
<a name="index-reduce"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REDUCE template data (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the result of applying the <var>template</var> to accumulate the members of
the <var>data</var> input. The template must be a two-slot function. Typically it
is an associative function name like <code>SUM</code>. If the <var>data</var> input has
only one constituent (member in a list or character in a word), the output is
that consituent. Otherwise, the template is first applied with <code>?1</code>
filled with the next-to-last consitient and <code>?2</code> with the last
constituent. Then, if there are more constituents, the template is applied
with <code>?1</code> filled with the next constituent to the left and <code>?2</code> with
the result from the previous evaluation. This process continues until all
constituents have been used. The data input may not be empty.
</p>
<p>Note: If the template is, like <code>SUM</code>, the name of a procedure that is
capable of accepting arbitrarily many inputs, it is more efficient to
use <code>APPLY</code> instead of <code>REDUCE</code>. The latter is good for associative
procedures that have been written to accept exactly two inputs:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to max :a :b
output ifelse :a > :b [:a] [:b]
end
print reduce "max [...]
</pre></div>
<p>Alternatively, <code>REDUCE</code> can be used to write <code>MAX</code> as a procedure
that accepts any number of inputs, as <code>SUM</code> does:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to max [:inputs] 2
if emptyp :inputs ~
[(throw "error [not enough inputs to max])]
output reduce [ifelse ?1 > ?2 [?1] [?2]] :inputs
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="CROSSMAP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADE" accesskey="n" rel="next">CASCADE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REDUCE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REDUCE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="crossmap"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">crossmap</h4>
<a name="index-crossmap"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CROSSMAP template listlist (library procedure)
(CROSSMAP template data1 data2 ...)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs a list containing the results of template evaluations. Each
<var>data</var> list contributes to a slot in the template; the number of slots is
equal to the number of <var>data</var> list inputs. As a special case, if only one
<var>data</var> list input is given, that list is taken as a list of data lists,
and each of its members contributes values to a slot. <code>CROSSMAP</code> differs
from <code>MAP</code> in that instead of taking members from the data inputs in
parallel, it takes all possible combinations of members of data inputs,
which need not be the same length.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show (crossmap [word ?1 ?2] [a b c] [1 2 3 4])
[a1 a2 a3 a4 b1 b2 b3 b4 c1 c2 c3 c4]
?
</pre></div>
<p>For compatibility with the version in the first edition of CSLS
<a name="DOCF1" href="usermanual.html#FOOT1"><sup>1</sup></a>, <code>CROSSMAP</code> templates may
use the notation <code>:1</code> instead of <code>?1</code> to indicate slots.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#MAP">MAP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="CASCADE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADEd2" accesskey="n" rel="next">CASCADEd2</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CROSSMAP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CROSSMAP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cascade"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cascade</h4>
<a name="index-cascade"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CASCADE endtest template startvalue (library procedure)
(CASCADE endtest tmp1 sv1 tmp2 sv2 ...)
(CASCADE endtest tmp1 sv1 tmp2 sv2 ... finaltemplate)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the result of applying a template (or several templates, as
explained below) repeatedly, with a given value filling the slot the
first time, and the result of each application filling the slot for the
following application.
</p>
<p>In the simplest case, <code>CASCADE</code> has three inputs. The second input is a
one-slot expression template. That template is evaluated some number of
times (perhaps zero). On the first evaluation, the slot is filled with
the third input; on subsequent evaluations, the slot is filled with the
result of the previous evaluation. The number of evaluations is
determined by the first input. This can be either a nonnegative
integer, in which case the template is evaluated that many times, or a
predicate expression template, in which case it is evaluated (with the
same slot filler that will be used for the evaluation of the second
input) repeatedly, and the <code>CASCADE</code> evaluation continues as long as the
predicate value is <code>FALSE</code>. (In other words, the predicate template
indicates the condition for stopping.)
</p>
<p>If the template is evaluated zero times, the output from <code>CASCADE</code> is the
third (<var>startvalue</var>) input. Otherwise, the output is the value produced
by the last template evaluation.
</p>
<p><code>CASCADE</code> templates may include the symbol <code>#</code> to represent the
number of times the template has been evaluated. This slot is filled with 1
for the first evaluation, 2 for the second, and so on.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">? show cascade 5 [lput # ?] []
[1 2 3 4 5]
? show cascade [vowelp first ?] [bf ?] "spring
ing
? show cascade 5 [# * ?] 1
120
?
</pre></div>
<p>Several cascaded results can be computed in parallel by providing additional
template-startvalue pairs as inputs to <code>CASCADE</code>. In this case, all
templates (including the endtest template, if used) are multi-slot, with the
number of slots equal to the number of pairs of inputs. In each round of
evaluations, <code>?2</code>, for example, represents the result of evaluating the
second template in the previous round. If the total number of inputs
(including the first endtest input) is odd, then the output from CASCADE is
the final value of the first template. If the total number of inputs is even,
then the last input is a template that is evaluated once, after the end test
is satisfied, to determine the output from <code>CASCADE</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to fibonacci :n
output (cascade :n [?1 + ?2] 1 [?1] 0)
end
to piglatin :word
output (cascade [vowelp first ?] ~
[word bf ? first ?] ~
:word ~
[word ? "ay])
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="CASCADEd2"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#TRANSFER" accesskey="n" rel="next">TRANSFER</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CASCADE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="cascade_002e2"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">cascade.2</h4>
<a name="index-cascade_002e2"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CASCADE.2 endtest temp1 startval1 temp2 startval2 (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the result of invoking <code>CASCADE</code> with the same inputs. The only
difference is that the default number of inputs is five instead of three.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TRANSFER"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CASCADEd2" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CASCADEd2</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION" accesskey="u" rel="up">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="transfer"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">transfer</h4>
<a name="index-transfer"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">TRANSFER endtest template inbasket (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>outputs the result of repeated evaluation of the <var>template</var>. The template
is evaluated once for each member of the list <var>inbasket</var>. <code>TRANSFER</code>
maintains an <em>outbasket</em> that is initially the empty list. After each
evaluation of the template, the resulting value becomes the new
outbasket.
</p>
<p>In the template, the symbol <code>?IN</code> represents the current member from the
inbasket; the symbol <code>?OUT</code> represents the entire current outbasket.
Other slot symbols should not be used.
</p>
<p>If the first (<var>endtest</var>) input is an empty list, evaluation continues
until all inbasket members have been used. If not, the first input must
be a predicate expression template, and evaluation continues until
either that template’s value is <code>TRUE</code> or the inbasket is used up.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MACROS"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERROR PROCESSING</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CONTROL-STRUCTURES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CONTROL STRUCTURES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Macros"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">10 Macros</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dMACRO" accesskey="1">dMACRO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dDEFMACRO" accesskey="2">dDEFMACRO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MACROP" accesskey="3">MACROP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MACROEXPAND" accesskey="4">MACROEXPAND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="dMACRO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#dDEFMACRO" accesskey="n" rel="next">dDEFMACRO</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MACROS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MACROS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002emacro"></a>
<h3 class="unnumberedsec">.macro</h3>
<a name="index-_002emacro"></a>
<a name="index-_002edefmacro"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.MACRO procname :input1 :input2 ... (special form)
.DEFMACRO procname text
</pre></div>
<p>A macro is a special kind of procedure whose output is evaluated as Logo
instructions in the context of the macro’s caller. <code>.MACRO</code> is exactly
like <code>TO</code> except that the new procedure becomes a macro; <code>.DEFMACRO</code>
is exactly like <code>DEFINE</code> with the same exception.
</p>
<p>Macros are useful for inventing new control structures comparable to
<code>REPEAT</code>, <code>IF</code>, and so on. Such control structures can almost, but
not quite, be duplicated by ordinary Logo procedures. For example, here is an
ordinary procedure version of <code>REPEAT</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to my.repeat :num :instructions
if :num=0 [stop]
run :instructions
my.repeat :num-1 :instructions
end
</pre></div>
<p>This version works fine for most purposes, e.g.,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">my.repeat 5 [print "hello]
</pre></div>
<p>But it doesn’t work if the instructions to be carried out include
<code>OUTPUT</code>, <code>STOP</code>, or <code>LOCAL</code>. For example, consider this
procedure:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to example
print [Guess my secret word. You get three guesses.]
repeat 3 [type "|?? | ~
if readword = "secret [pr "Right! stop]]
print [Sorry, the word was "secret"!]
end
</pre></div>
<p>This procedure works as written, but if <code>MY.REPEAT</code> is used instead of
<code>REPEAT</code>, it won’t work because the <code>STOP</code> will stop
<code>MY.REPEAT</code> instead of stopping <code>EXAMPLE</code> as desired.
</p>
<p>The solution is to make <code>MY.REPEAT</code> a macro. Instead of actually carrying
out the computation, a macro must return a list containing Logo
instructions. The contents of that list are evaluated as if they
appeared in place of the call to the macro. Here’s a macro version of
<code>REPEAT</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.macro my.repeat :num :instructions
if :num=0 [output []]
output sentence :instructions ~
(list "my.repeat :num-1 :instructions)
end
</pre></div>
<p>Every macro is an operation — it must always output something. Even in
the base case, <code>MY.REPEAT</code> outputs an empty instruction list. To show how
<code>MY.REPEAT</code> works, let’s take the example
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">my.repeat 5 [print "hello]
</pre></div>
<p>For this example, <code>MY.REPEAT</code> will output the instruction list
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[print "hello my.repeat 4 [print "hello]]
</pre></div>
<p>Logo then executes these instructions in place of the original invocation of
<code>MY.REPEAT</code>; this prints <code>hello</code> once and invokes another
repetition.
</p>
<p>The technique just shown, although fairly easy to understand, has the
defect of slowness because each repetition has to construct an
instruction list for evaluation. Another approach is to make <code>MY.REPEAT</code>
a macro that works just like the non-macro version unless the
instructions to be repeated include <code>OUTPUT</code> or <code>STOP</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.macro my.repeat :num :instructions
catch "repeat.catchtag ~
[op repeat.done runresult [repeat1 :num :instructions]]
op []
end
to repeat1 :num :instructions
if :num=0 [throw "repeat.catchtag]
run :instructions
.maybeoutput repeat1 :num-1 :instructions
end
to repeat.done :repeat.result
if emptyp :repeat.result [op [stop]]
op list "output quoted first :repeat.result
end
</pre></div>
<p>If the instructions do not include <code>STOP</code> or <code>OUTPUT</code>, then
<code>REPEAT1</code> will reach its base case and invoke <code>THROW</code>. As a result,
<code>MY.REPEAT</code>’s last instruction line will output an empty list, so the
evaluation of the macro result by the caller will do nothing. But if a
<code>STOP</code> or <code>OUTPUT</code> happens, then <code>REPEAT.DONE</code> will output a
<code>STOP</code> or <code>OUTPUT</code> instruction that will be executed in the
caller’s context.
</p>
<p>The macro-defining commands have names starting with a dot because
macros are an advanced feature of Logo; it’s easy to get in trouble by
defining a macro that doesn’t terminate, or by failing to construct the
instruction list properly.
</p>
<p>Lisp users should note that Logo macros are <em>not</em> special forms. That is,
the inputs to the macro are evaluated normally, as they would be for any
other Logo procedure. It’s only the output from the macro that’s
handled unusually.
</p>
<p>Here’s another example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.macro localmake :name :value
output (list "local ~
word "" :name ~
"apply ~
""make ~
(list :name :value))
end
</pre></div>
<p>It’s used this way:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to try
localmake "garply "hello
print :garply
end
</pre></div>
<p><code>LOCALMAKE</code> outputs the list
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">[local "garply apply "make [garply hello]]
</pre></div>
<p>The reason for the use of <code>APPLY</code> is to avoid having to decide whether or
not the second input to <code>MAKE</code> requires a quotation mark before it. (In
this case it would — <code>MAKE "GARPLY "HELLO</code> — but the quotation mark
would be wrong if the value were a list.)
</p>
<p>It’s often convenient to use the <tt>`</tt> function to construct the instruction
list:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.macro localmake :name :value
op `[local ,[word "" :name] apply "make [,[:name] ,[:value]]]
end
</pre></div>
<p>On the other hand, <tt>`</tt> is pretty slow, since it’s tree recursive and
written in Logo.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#TO">TO</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#DEFINE">DEFINE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#APPLY">APPLY</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a> .
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#dDEFMACRO" accesskey="1">dDEFMACRO</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MACROP" accesskey="2">MACROP</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#MACROEXPAND" accesskey="3">MACROEXPAND</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="dDEFMACRO"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROP" accesskey="n" rel="next">MACROP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dMACRO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dMACRO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MACROS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_002edefmacro"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">.defmacro</h4>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#dMACRO">dMACRO</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MACROP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROEXPAND" accesskey="n" rel="next">MACROEXPAND</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#dDEFMACRO" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dDEFMACRO</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MACROS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="macrop"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">macrop</h4>
<a name="index-macrop"></a>
<a name="index-macro_003f"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MACROP name
MACRO? name
</pre></div>
<p>outputs <code>TRUE</code> if its input is the name of a macro.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="MACROEXPAND"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MACROP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="u" rel="up">MACROS</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="macroexpand"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">macroexpand</h4>
<a name="index-macroexpand"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">MACROEXPAND expr (library procedure)
</pre></div>
<p>takes as its input a Logo expression that invokes a macro (that is, one
that begins with the name of a macro) and outputs the the Logo
expression into which the macro would translate the input expression.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.macro localmake :name :value
op `[local ,[word "" :name] apply "make [,[:name] ,[:value]]]
end
? show macroexpand [localmake "pi 3.14159]
[local "pi apply "make [pi 3.14159]]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="ERROR-PROCESSING"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="n" rel="next">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#MACROS" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MACROS</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Error-Processing"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">11 Error Processing</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-CODES" accesskey="1">ERROR CODES</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>If an error occurs, Logo takes the following steps. First, if there is an
available variable named <code>ERRACT</code>, Logo takes its value as an
instructionlist and runs the instructions. The operation <code>ERROR</code> may be
used within the instructions (once) to examine the error condition. If the
instructionlist invokes <code>PAUSE</code>, the error message is printed before the
pause happens. Certain errors are <em>recoverable</em>; for one of those errors,
if the instructionlist outputs a value, that value is used in place of the
expression that caused the error. (If <code>ERRACT</code> invokes <code>PAUSE</code> and
the user then invokes <code>CONTINUE</code> with an input, that input becomes the
output from <code>PAUSE</code> and therefore the output from the <code>ERRACT</code>
instructionlist.)
</p>
<p>It is possible for an <code>ERRACT</code> instructionlist to produce an
inappropriate value or no value where one is needed. As a result, the same
error condition could recur forever because of this mechanism. To avoid that
danger, if the same error condition occurs twice in a row from an
<code>ERRACT</code> instructionlist without user interaction, the message
‘<samp>Erract loop</samp>’ is printed and control returns to toplevel. "Without user
interaction" means that if <code>ERRACT</code> invokes <code>PAUSE</code> and the user
provides an incorrect value, this loop prevention mechanism does not take
effect and the user gets to try again.
</p>
<p>During the running of the <code>ERRACT</code> instructionlist, <code>ERRACT</code> is
locally unbound, so an error in the <code>ERRACT</code> instructions themselves will
not cause a loop. In particular, an error during a pause will not cause a
pause-within-a-pause unless the user reassigns the value <code>[PAUSE]</code> to
<code>ERRACT</code> during the pause. But such an error will not return to
toplevel; it will remain within the original pause loop.
</p>
<p>If there is no available <code>ERRACT</code> value, Logo handles the error by
generating an internal <tt>THROW "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w -->. (A user program can also
generate an error condition deliberately by invoking <code>THROW</code>.) If this
throw is not caught by a <tt>CATCH "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w --> in the user program, it is
eventually caught either by the toplevel instruction loop or by a pause loop,
which prints the error message. An invocation of <tt>CATCH "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w --> in a
user program locally unbinds <code>ERRACT</code>, so the effect is that whichever of
<code>ERRACT</code> and <tt>CATCH "ERROR</tt><!-- /@w --> is more local will take precedence.
</p>
<p>If a floating point overflow occurs during an arithmetic operation, or a
two-input mathematical function (like <code>POWER</code>) is invoked with an illegal
combination of inputs, the ‘<samp>doesn't like</samp>’ message refers to the second
operand, but should be taken as meaning the combination.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT">ERRACT</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#THROW">THROW</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#ERROR">ERROR</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#CATCH">CATCH</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">PAUSE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE">CONTINUE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERROR-CODES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERROR PROCESSING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING" accesskey="u" rel="up">ERROR PROCESSING</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Error-Codes"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.1 Error Codes</h3>
<a name="index-errors"></a>
<p>Here are the numeric codes that appear as the first member of the list
output by <code>ERROR</code> when an error is caught, with the corresponding messages.
Some messages may have two different codes depending on whether or not
the error is recoverable (that is, a substitute value can be provided
through the <code>ERRACT</code> mechanism) in the specific context. Some messages are
warnings rather than errors; these will not be caught. Errors 0 and 32 are
so bad that Logo exits immediately.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> 0 Fatal internal error <span class="roman">(can’t be caught)</span>
1 Out of memory
2 Stack overflow
3 Turtle out of bounds
4 <var>proc</var> doesn't like <var>datum</var> as input <span class="roman">(not recoverable)</span>
5 <var>proc</var> didn't output to <var>proc</var>
6 Not enough inputs to <var>proc</var>
7 <code>proc</code> doesn't like <code>datum</code> as input <span class="roman">(recoverable)</span>
8 Too much inside ()'s
9 You don't say what to do with <var>datum</var>
10 ')' not found
11 <var>var</var> has no value
12 Unexpected ')'
13 I don't know how to <var>proc</var> <span class="roman">(recoverable)</span>
14 Can't find catch tag for <var>throwtag</var>
15 <var>proc</var> is already defined
16 Stopped
17 Already dribbling
18 File system error
19 Assuming you mean IFELSE, not IF <span class="roman">(warning only)</span>
20 <var>var</var> shadowed by local in procedure call <span class="roman">(warning only)</span>
21 Throw "Error
22 <var>proc</var> is a primitive
23 Can't use TO inside a procedure
24 I don't know how to <var>proc</var> <span class="roman">(not recoverable)</span>
25 IFTRUE/IFFALSE without TEST
26 Unexpected ']'
27 Unexpected '}'
28 Couldn't initialize graphics
29 Macro returned <var>value</var> instead of a list
30 You don't say what to do with <var>value</var>
31 Can only use STOP or OUTPUT inside a procedure
32 APPLY doesn't like <var>badthing</var> as input
33 END inside multi-line instruction
34 Really out of memory <span class="roman">(can’t be caught)</span>
35 user-generated error message (THROW "ERROR <var>message</var>)
36 END inside multi-line instruction
37 Bad default expression for optional input: <var>expr</var>
38 Can't use OUTPUT or STOP inside RUNRESULT
39 Assuming you meant 'FD 100', not FD100 <span class="roman">(or similar)</span>
40 I can't open file <var>filename</var>
41 File <var>filename</var> already open
42 File <var>filename</var> not open
43 Runlist [<var>expr</var> <var>expr</var>] has more than one expression.
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="SPECIAL-VARIABLES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INTERNATIONALIZATION" accesskey="n" rel="next">INTERNATIONALIZATION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-PROCESSING" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERROR PROCESSING</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-Variables"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">12 Special Variables</h2>
<p>Logo takes special action if any of the following variable names exists.
They follow the normal scoping rules, so a procedure can locally set one
of them to limit the scope of its effect. Initially, no variables exist
except for <code>ALLOWGETSET</code>, <code>CASEIGNOREDP</code>, and
<code>UNBURYONEDIT</code>, which are <code>TRUE</code> and buried.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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</td></tr>
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</table>
<hr>
<a name="ALLOWGETSET"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONACT" accesskey="n" rel="next">BUTTONACT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="allowgetset"></a>
<h3 class="unnumberedsec">allowgetset</h3>
<a name="index-allowgetset"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ALLOWGETSET (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, indicates that an attempt to use a procedure that doesn’t exist
should be taken as an implicit getter or setter procedure (setter if the
first three letters of the name are <code>SET</code>) for a variable of the same name
(without the <code>SET</code> if appropriate).
</p>
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</table>
<hr>
<a name="BUTTONACT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP" accesskey="n" rel="next">CASEIGNOREDP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ALLOWGETSET" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ALLOWGETSET</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="buttonact"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">buttonact</h4>
<a name="index-buttonact"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">BUTTONACT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if nonempty, should be an instruction list that will be evaluated
whenever a mouse button is pressed. Note that the user may have
released the button before the instructions are evaluated. <code>BUTTON</code>
will still output which button was most recently pressed. <code>CLICKPOS</code>
will output the position of the mouse cursor at the moment the
button was pressed; this may be different from <code>MOUSEPOS</code> if the
user moves the mouse after clicking.
</p>
<p>Note that it’s possible for the user to press a button during the
evaluation of the instruction list. If this would confuse your
program, prevent it by temporarily setting <code>BUTTONACT</code> to the empty
list. One easy way to do that is the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">make "buttonact [button.action]
to button.action [:buttonact []]
... ; whatever you want the button to do
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="CASEIGNOREDP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMANDLINE" accesskey="n" rel="next">COMMANDLINE</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONACT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BUTTONACT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="caseignoredp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">caseignoredp</h4>
<a name="index-caseignoredp"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">CASEIGNOREDP (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, indicates that lower case and upper case letters should be
considered equal by <code>EQUALP</code>, <code>BEFOREP</code>, <code>MEMBERP</code>, etc. Logo
initially makes this variable <code>TRUE</code>, and buries it.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP">BEFOREP</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP">MEMBERP</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="COMMANDLINE"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT" accesskey="n" rel="next">ERRACT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">CASEIGNOREDP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="commandline"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">commandline</h4>
<a name="index-commandline"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COMMANDLINE (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>contains any text appearing after a hyphen on the command line used
to start Logo.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="ERRACT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLPRINTP" accesskey="n" rel="next">FULLPRINTP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#COMMANDLINE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">COMMANDLINE</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="erract"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">erract</h4>
<a name="index-erract"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">ERRACT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>an instructionlist that will be run in the event of an error. Typically
has the value <code>[PAUSE]</code> to allow interactive debugging.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">PAUSE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="FULLPRINTP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#KEYACT" accesskey="n" rel="next">KEYACT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ERRACT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="fullprintp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">fullprintp</h4>
<a name="index-fullprintp"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">FULLPRINTP (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, then words that were created using backslash or vertical bar
(to include characters that would otherwise not be treated as part of a
word) are printed with the backslashes or vertical bars shown, so that
the printed result could be re-read by Logo to produce the same value.
If FULLPRINTP is <code>TRUE</code> then the empty word (however it was created)
prints as <code>||</code>. (Otherwise it prints as nothing at all.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="KEYACT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOADNOISILY</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#FULLPRINTP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FULLPRINTP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="keyact"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">keyact</h4>
<a name="index-keyact"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">KEYACT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if nonempty, should be an instruction list that will be evaluated
whenever a key is pressed on the keyboard. The instruction list
can use <code>READCHAR</code> to find out what key was pressed. Note that only
keys that produce characters qualify; pressing <code>SHIFT</code> or <code>CONTROL</code>
alone will not cause <code>KEYACT</code> to be evaluated.
</p>
<p>Note that it’s possible for the user to press a key during the
evaluation of the instruction list. If this would confuse your
program, prevent it by temporarily setting <code>KEYACT</code> to the empty
list. One easy way to do that is the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">make "keyact [key.action]
to key.action [:keyact []]
... ; whatever you want the key to do
end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="LOADNOISILY"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINTDEPTHLIMIT" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#KEYACT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">KEYACT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="loadnoisily"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">loadnoisily</h4>
<a name="index-loadnoisily"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOADNOISILY (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, prints the names of procedures defined when loading from a file
(including the temporary file made by <code>EDIT</code>).
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRINTDEPTHLIMIT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINTWIDTHLIMIT" accesskey="n" rel="next">PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOADNOISILY</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="printdepthlimit"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">printdepthlimit</h4>
<a name="index-printdepthlimit"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINTDEPTHLIMIT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if a nonnegative integer, indicates the maximum depth of sublist
structure that will be printed by <code>PRINT</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="PRINTWIDTHLIMIT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP" accesskey="n" rel="next">REDEFP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINTDEPTHLIMIT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="printwidthlimit"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">printwidthlimit</h4>
<a name="index-printwidthlimit"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">PRINTWIDTHLIMIT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if a nonnegative integer, indicates the maximum number of members in any
one list that will be printed by <code>PRINT</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="REDEFP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#STARTUP" accesskey="n" rel="next">STARTUP</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#PRINTWIDTHLIMIT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="redefp"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">redefp</h4>
<a name="index-redefp"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">REDEFP (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, allows primitives to be erased (<code>ERASE</code>) or redefined
(<code>COPYDEF</code>).
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a> ,
<a href="usermanual.html#COPYDEF">COPYDEF</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="STARTUP"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYONEDIT" accesskey="n" rel="next">UNBURYONEDIT</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">REDEFP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="startup"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">startup</h4>
<a name="index-startup"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">STARTUP (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if assigned a list value in a file loaded by <code>LOAD</code>, that value is run as
an instructionlist after the loading.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="UNBURYONEDIT"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#USEALTERNATENAMES" accesskey="n" rel="next">USEALTERNATENAMES</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#STARTUP" accesskey="p" rel="prev">STARTUP</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unburyonedit"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">unburyonedit</h4>
<a name="index-unburyonedit"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">UNBURYONEDIT (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, causes any procedure defined during <code>EDIT</code> or <code>LOAD</code>
to be unburied, so that it will be saved by a later <code>SAVE</code>. Files that
want to define and bury procedures must do it in that order.
</p>
<p>See <a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a> ,
See <a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a> .
</p>
<hr>
<a name="USEALTERNATENAMES"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGOVERSION" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOGOVERSION</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#UNBURYONEDIT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">UNBURYONEDIT</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="usealternatenames"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">usealternatenames</h4>
<a name="index-usealternatenames"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">USEALTERNATENAMES (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>if <code>TRUE</code>, causes Logo to generate non-English words (from the
<samp>Messages</samp> file) instead of <code>TRUE</code>, <code>FALSE</code>, <code>END</code>, etc.
</p>
<p>Logo provides the following buried variables that can be used by programs:
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOGOVERSION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGOPLATFORM" accesskey="n" rel="next">LOGOPLATFORM</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#USEALTERNATENAMES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">USEALTERNATENAMES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="logoversion"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">logoversion</h4>
<a name="index-logoversion"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOGOVERSION (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>a real number indicating the Logo version number, e.g., 5.5
</p>
<hr>
<a name="LOGOPLATFORM"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#LOGOVERSION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LOGOVERSION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="u" rel="up">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="logoplatform"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsec">logoplatform</h4>
<a name="index-logoplatform"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">LOGOPLATFORM (variable)
</pre></div>
<p>one of the following words: <code>wxWidgets</code>, <code>X11</code>, <code>Windows</code>,
or <code>Unix-nographics</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="INTERNATIONALIZATION"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" accesskey="n" rel="next">INDEX</a>, Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#SPECIAL-VARIABLES" accesskey="p" rel="prev">SPECIAL VARIABLES</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Internationalization"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">13 Internationalization</h2>
<p>Berkeley Logo has limited support for non-English-speaking users.
Alas, there is no Unicode support, and high-bit-on ASCII codes work in
some contexts but not others.
</p>
<p>If you want to translate Berkeley Logo for use with another language,
there are three main things you have to do:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">1. Primitive names
2. Error (and other) messages
3. Documentation
</pre></div>
<p>For primitive names, the easiest thing is to provide a startup file that
defines aliases for the English primitive names, using <code>COPYDEF</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">COPYDEF "AVANT "FORWARD
</pre></div>
<p>This should take care of it, unless your language’s name for one primitive
is spelled like the English name of a different primitive. In that case
you have to turn <code>REDEFP</code> on and be sure to copy the non-conflicting name
before overwriting the conflicting one!
</p>
<p>"Primitives" that are actually in the Logo library, of course, can just
be replaced or augmented with native-language-named Logo procedures and
filenames.
</p>
<p>Of course Logo programs will still not look like your native language if
the word order is dramatically different, especially if you don’t put
verbs before their objects.
</p>
<p>For error messages, there is a file named <samp>Messages</samp> in the
<samp>logolib</samp> directory with texts of messages, one per line. You can
replace this with a file for your own language. Do not add, delete, or
reorder lines; Logo finds messages by line number. The sequences <code>%p</code>,
<code>%s</code>, and <code>%t</code> in these messages represent variable parts of the
message and should not be translated. (%p <code>PRINT</code>s the variable part,
while %s <code>SHOW</code>s it – that is, the difference is about whether or not
brackets are shown surrounding a list. %t means that the variable part is a C
text string rather than a Logo object.) If you want to change the order of
two variable parts (no reorderable message has more than two), you would for
example replace the line
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">%p doesn't like %s as input
</pre></div>
<p>with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">%+s is a lousy input to %p
</pre></div>
<p>The plus sign tells the message printer to reverse the order; you must
reverse the order of %p and %s, if both are used, to match. The plus
sign goes just after the first percent sign in the message, which might
not be at the beginning of the line. The sequence <code>\n</code> in a message
represents a newline; don’t be fooled into thinking that the <code>n</code> is part
of the following word.
</p>
<p>Some messages appear twice in the file; this isn’t a mistake. The two spaces
before <code>to</code> in <code>I don't know how\ \ to</code> aren’t a mistake either.
The message containing just <code>%p</code> is for user-provided error messages in
<code>THROW "ERROR</code><!-- /@w -->. The message "<code>\ \ in %s\n%s</code>" is the part of all
error messages that indicates where the error occurred if it was inside a
procedure; you might want to change the word <code>in</code> to your language.
<code>%s defined\n</code><!-- /@w --> is what <code>LOAD</code> prints for each procedure defined
if the variable <code>LOADNOISILY</code> is <code>TRUE</code>.
"<code>to %p\nend\n\n</code>"<!-- /@w --> is what <code>EDIT</code> puts in the temporary file if
you ask to edit a procedure that isn’t already defined.
</p>
<p>Also in the <samp>Messages</samp> file are lines containing only one word each; the
first of these is the word <code>true</code>. Some of these words are recognized by
Logo in user input; some are generated by Logo; some are both. For example,
the words <code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code> are recognized as Boolean values by
<code>IF</code> and <code>IFELSE</code>, and are also generated by Logo as outputs from
the primitive predicates such as <code>EQUALP</code>. The word <code>END</code> is
recognized as the end of a procedure definition, and may be generated when
Logo reconstructs a procedure body for <code>PO</code> or <code>EDIT</code>. I’ve used
capital letters in this paragraph for easier reading, but the words in the
<samp>Messages</samp> file should be in lower case.
</p>
<p>If you replace these with non-English words, Logo will <em>recognize</em> both the
English names and your alternate names. For example, if you replace the
word <code>true</code> with <code>vrai</code> then Logo will understand both of these:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">IF "TRUE [PRINT "YES]
IF "VRAI [PRINT "YES]
</pre></div>
<p>The variable <code>UseAlternateNames</code> determines whether Logo will
<em>generate</em> other-language names – for example, whether predicate
functions return the other-language alternates for <code>TRUE</code> and
<code>FALSE</code>. This variable is <code>FALSE</code> by default, meaning that the
English words will be generated.
</p>
<p>You might wish to have English-named predicate functions generate English
<code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code>, while other-language-named predicates generate
the alternate words. This can be done by leaving <code>UseAlternateNames</code>
false, and instead of defining the other-language predicates with
<code>COPYDEF</code>, do it this way:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">to french.boolean :bool
if equalp :bool "true [output "vrai]
if equalp :bool "false [output "faux]
output :bool ; shouldn't happen
end
to make.french.predicate :french :english :arity
define :french `[[[inputs] ,[:arity]]
[output french.boolean
apply ,[word "" :english] :inputs]]
end
? make.french.predicate "egal? "equal? 2
? pr egal? 3 4
faux
? pr egal? 4 4
vrai
? pr equal? 3 4
false
? pr equal? 4 4
true
</pre></div>
<p>The third input to <code>make.french.predicate</code> is the number of inputs that
the predicate expects. This solution isn’t quite perfect because the infix
predicates (<code>=</code>, <code><</code>, <code>></code>) will still output in English. If
you want them to generate alternate-language words, set
<code>UseAlternateNames</code> to <code>TRUE</code> instead.
</p>
<p>Some of the words in this section of the <samp>Messages</samp> file are names of
Logo primitives (<code>OUTPUT</code>, <code>STOP</code>, <code>GOTO</code>, <code>TAG</code>,
<code>IF</code>, <code>IFELSE</code>, <code>TO</code>, <code>.MACRO</code>). To translate these
names, you must use <code>COPYDEF</code> as described earlier, in addition to
changing the names in <samp>Messages</samp>. You should be consistent in these two
steps. Don’t forget the period in <code>.macro</code>!
</p>
<p>For documentation, there are two kinds: this manual and the help files.
The latter are generated automatically from this manual if you have a
Unix system, so in that case you need only translate this manual,
maintaining the format. (The automatic helpfile generator notices
things like capital letters, tabs, hyphens, and equal signs at the
beginnings of lines.) The program <code>makefile.c</code> may require modification
because a few of the primitive names are special cases (e.g., <code>LOG10</code> is
the only name with digits included).
</p>
<p>If you don’t have Unix tools, you can just translate each helpfile
individually. A period in a primitive name is represented as a <code>D</code> in
the filename; there are no files for question marks because the <code>HELP</code>
command looks for the file named after the corresponding primitive
that ends in <code>P</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="INDEX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="usermanual.html#INTERNATIONALIZATION" accesskey="p" rel="prev">INTERNATIONALIZATION</a>, Up: <a href="usermanual.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="usermanual.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="usermanual.html#INDEX" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="INDEX-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">INDEX</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="usermanual.html#INDEX_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
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</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002a">*</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT">PRODUCT</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-2">+</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002b">+</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SUM">SUM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002d">-</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE">DIFFERENCE</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002edefmacro">.defmacro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dMACRO">dMACRO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002eeq">.eq</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dEQ">dEQ</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002emacro">.macro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dMACRO">dMACRO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002emaybeoutput">.maybeoutput</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dMAYBEOUTPUT">dMAYBEOUTPUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002esetbf">.setbf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dSETBF">dSETBF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002esetfirst">.setfirst</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#dSETFIRST">dSETFIRST</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_002f">/</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT">QUOTIENT</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-6"><</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003c"><</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSP">LESSP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003c_003d"><=</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP">LESSEQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003c_003e"><></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP">NOTEQUALP</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-7">=</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003d">=</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a></td></tr>
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<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-8">></a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003e">></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP">GREATERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_003e_003d">>=</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP">GREATEREQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_symbol-9">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-_0060">‘</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#back_002dquote">back-quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-allopen">allopen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ALLOPEN">ALLOPEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-AllowGetSet">AllowGetSet</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-allowgetset">allowgetset</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ALLOWGETSET">ALLOWGETSET</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-and">and</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#AND">AND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-apply">apply</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#APPLY">APPLY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-arc">arc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARC">ARC</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-arctan">arctan</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARCTAN">ARCTAN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-arity">arity</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARITY">ARITY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-array">array</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARRAY">ARRAY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-array_003f">array?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP">ARRAYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-arrayp">arrayp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYP">ARRAYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-arraytolist">arraytolist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ARRAYTOLIST">ARRAYTOLIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ascii">ascii</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ASCII">ASCII</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ashift">ashift</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ASHIFT">ASHIFT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ask">ask</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ASK">ASK</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-back">back</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BACK">BACK</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-background">background</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BACKGROUND">BACKGROUND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-before_003f">before?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP">BEFOREP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-beforep">beforep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BEFOREP">BEFOREP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bf">bf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST">BUTFIRST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bfs">bfs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS">BUTFIRSTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bg">bg</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BACKGROUND">BACKGROUND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bitand">bitand</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BITAND">BITAND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bitnot">bitnot</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BITNOT">BITNOT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bitor">bitor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BITOR">BITOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bitxor">bitxor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BITXOR">BITXOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bk">bk</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BACK">BACK</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bl">bl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST">BUTLAST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buried">buried</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURIED">BURIED</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buried_003f">buried?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP">BURIEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buriedp">buriedp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURIEDP">BURIEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bury">bury</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURY">BURY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buryall">buryall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURYALL">BURYALL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buryname">buryname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BURYNAME">BURYNAME</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-butfirst">butfirst</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRST">BUTFIRST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-butfirsts">butfirsts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTFIRSTS">BUTFIRSTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-butlast">butlast</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTLAST">BUTLAST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-button">button</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTTON">BUTTON</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-button_003f">button?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP">BUTTONP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buttonact">buttonact</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONACT">BUTTONACT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-buttonp">buttonp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BUTTONP">BUTTONP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-bye">bye</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#BYE">BYE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cascade">cascade</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CASCADE">CASCADE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cascade_002e2">cascade.2</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CASCADEd2">CASCADEd2</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-case">case</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CASE">CASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-case_002dinsensitive">case-insensitive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">TOKENIZATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-caseignoredp">caseignoredp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CASEIGNOREDP">CASEIGNOREDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-catch">catch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CATCH">CATCH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-char">char</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CHAR">CHAR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-clean">clean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLEAN">CLEAN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-clearscreen">clearscreen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN">CLEARSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cleartext">cleartext</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT">CLEARTEXT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-clickpos">clickpos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLICKPOS">CLICKPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-close">close</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLOSE">CLOSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-closeall">closeall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLOSEALL">CLOSEALL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-co">co</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE">CONTINUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-combine">combine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COMBINE">COMBINE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-commandline">commandline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COMMANDLINE">COMMANDLINE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-comments">comments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">TOKENIZATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-Computer_005fScience_005fLogo_005fStyle">Computer_Science_Logo_Style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OVERVIEW">OVERVIEW</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cond">cond</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COND">COND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-contents">contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-continue">continue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CONTINUE">CONTINUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-copydef">copydef</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COPYDEF">COPYDEF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-Copyright">Copyright</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OVERVIEW">OVERVIEW</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cos">cos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COS">COS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-count">count</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#COUNT">COUNT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-crossmap">crossmap</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CROSSMAP">CROSSMAP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cs">cs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLEARSCREEN">CLEARSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cslsload">cslsload</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CSLSLOAD">CSLSLOAD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ct">ct</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CLEARTEXT">CLEARTEXT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-cursor">cursor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#CURSOR">CURSOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-decreasefont">decreasefont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT">INCREASEFONT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-define">define</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DEFINE">DEFINE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-defined_003f">defined?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP">DEFINEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-definedp">definedp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DEFINEDP">DEFINEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">TOKENIZATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-dequeue">dequeue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DEQUEUE">DEQUEUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-difference">difference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DIFFERENCE">DIFFERENCE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-do_002euntil">do.until</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DOdUNTIL">DOdUNTIL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-do_002ewhile">do.while</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DOdWHILE">DOdWHILE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-dribble">dribble</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#DRIBBLE">DRIBBLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ed">ed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edall">edall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDALL">EDALL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edit">edit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-editfile">editfile</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDITFILE">EDITFILE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-editor">editor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edn">edn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDN">EDN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edns">edns</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDNS">EDNS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edpl">edpl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDPL">EDPL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edpls">edpls</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDPLS">EDPLS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-edps">edps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDPS">EDPS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-empty_003f">empty?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP">EMPTYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-emptyp">emptyp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EMPTYP">EMPTYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-eof_003f">eof?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EOFP">EOFP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-eofp">eofp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EOFP">EOFP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-epspict">epspict</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EPSPICT">EPSPICT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-equal_003f">equal?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-equalp">equalp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EQUALP">EQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-er">er</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erall">erall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERALL">ERALL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erase">erase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERASE">ERASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erasefile">erasefile</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE">ERASEFILE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erf">erf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERASEFILE">ERASEFILE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ern">ern</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERN">ERN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erns">erns</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERNS">ERNS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erpl">erpl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERPL">ERPL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erpls">erpls</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERPLS">ERPLS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erps">erps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERPS">ERPS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-erract">erract</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERRACT">ERRACT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-error">error</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERROR">ERROR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-errors">errors</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ERROR-CODES">ERROR CODES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-exist">exist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EXIST">EXIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-exp">exp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EXP">EXP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fd">fd</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FORWARD">FORWARD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fence">fence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FENCE">FENCE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-file_003f">file?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FILEP">FILEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-filep">filep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FILEP">FILEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fill">fill</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FILL">FILL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-filled">filled</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FILLED">FILLED</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-filter">filter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FILTER">FILTER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-find">find</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FIND">FIND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-first">first</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FIRST">FIRST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-firsts">firsts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FIRSTS">FIRSTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-font">font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FONT">FONT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-for">for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FOR">FOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-foreach">foreach</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FOREACH">FOREACH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-forever">forever</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FOREVER">FOREVER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-form">form</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FORM">FORM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-forward">forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FORWARD">FORWARD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fput">fput</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FPUT">FPUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fs">fs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN">FULLSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fullprintp">fullprintp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FULLPRINTP">FULLPRINTP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fullscreen">fullscreen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FULLSCREEN">FULLSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-fulltext">fulltext</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#FULLTEXT">FULLTEXT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-gc">gc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GC">GC</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-gensym">gensym</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GENSYM">GENSYM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-getter">getter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-global">global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GLOBAL">GLOBAL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-goto">goto</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GOTO">GOTO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-gprop">gprop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GPROP">GPROP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-greater_003f">greater?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP">GREATERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-greaterequal_003f">greaterequal?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP">GREATEREQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-greaterequalp">greaterequalp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATEREQUALP">GREATEREQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-greaterp">greaterp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GREATERP">GREATERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-have">have</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HAVE">HAVE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-havemake">havemake</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HAVEMAKE">HAVEMAKE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-heading">heading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HEADING">HEADING</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-help">help</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HELP">HELP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-hideturtle">hideturtle</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE">HIDETURTLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-home">home</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HOME">HOME</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ht">ht</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HIDETURTLE">HIDETURTLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-if">if</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IF">IF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ifelse">ifelse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IFELSE">IFELSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-iff">iff</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE">IFFALSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-iffalse">iffalse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IFFALSE">IFFALSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ift">ift</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE">IFTRUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-iftrue">iftrue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IFTRUE">IFTRUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ignore">ignore</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#IGNORE">IGNORE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-increasefont">increasefont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#INCREASEFONT">INCREASEFONT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-int">int</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#INT">INT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-invoke">invoke</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#INVOKE">INVOKE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-iseq">iseq</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ISEQ">ISEQ</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-item">item</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ITEM">ITEM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-key_003f">key?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#KEYP">KEYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-keyact">keyact</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#KEYACT">KEYACT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-keyp">keyp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#KEYP">KEYP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-kindof">kindof</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#KINDOF">KINDOF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LABEL">LABEL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-labelsize">labelsize</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LABELSIZE">LABELSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-last">last</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LAST">LAST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-leaving-ucblogo">leaving <tt>ucblogo</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO">ENTERING AND LEAVING LOGO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-left">left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LEFT">LEFT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-less_003f">less?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSP">LESSP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lessequal_003f">lessequal?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP">LESSEQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lessequalp">lessequalp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSEQUALP">LESSEQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lessp">lessp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LESSP">LESSP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-line_002dcontinuation">line-continuation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">TOKENIZATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-line_003f">line?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LINEP">LINEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-linep">linep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LINEP">LINEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-list">list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LIST">LIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-list_003f">list?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LISTP">LISTP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-listp">listp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LISTP">LISTP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-listtoarray">listtoarray</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LISTTOARRAY">LISTTOARRAY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ln">ln</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LN">LN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-load">load</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOAD">LOAD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-loadnoisily">loadnoisily</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOADNOISILY">LOADNOISILY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-loadpict">loadpict</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOADPICT">LOADPICT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-local">local</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOCAL">LOCAL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-localmake">localmake</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOCALMAKE">LOCALMAKE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-log10">log10</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOG10">LOG10</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-logohelp">logohelp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#HELP">HELP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-logoplatform">logoplatform</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOGOPLATFORM">LOGOPLATFORM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-logoversion">logoversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOGOVERSION">LOGOVERSION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LOWERCASE">LOWERCASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lput">lput</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LPUT">LPUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lshift">lshift</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LSHIFT">LSHIFT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-lt">lt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#LEFT">LEFT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-macro_003f">macro?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MACROP">MACROP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-macroexpand">macroexpand</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MACROEXPAND">MACROEXPAND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-macrop">macrop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MACROP">MACROP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-make">make</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MAKE">MAKE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-map">map</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MAP">MAP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-map_002ese">map.se</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MAPdSE">MAPdSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mdarray">mdarray</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MDARRAY">MDARRAY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mditem">mditem</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MDITEM">MDITEM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mdsetitem">mdsetitem</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MDSETITEM">MDSETITEM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-member">member</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MEMBER">MEMBER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-member_003f">member?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP">MEMBERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-memberp">memberp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MEMBERP">MEMBERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-minus">minus</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MINUS">MINUS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-modulo">modulo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MODULO">MODULO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mousepos">mousepos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MOUSEPOS">MOUSEPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-myname_003f">myname?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP">MYNAMEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mynamep">mynamep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMEP">MYNAMEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-mynames">mynames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYNAMES">MYNAMES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-myproc_003f">myproc?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCP">MYPROCP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-myprocp">myprocp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCP">MYPROCP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-myprocs">myprocs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#MYPROCS">MYPROCS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-name">name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NAME">NAME</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-name_003f">name?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NAMEP">NAMEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-namelist">namelist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NAMELIST">NAMELIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-namep">namep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NAMEP">NAMEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-names">names</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NAMES">NAMES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-nodes">nodes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NODES">NODES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-nodribble">nodribble</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NODRIBBLE">NODRIBBLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-norefresh">norefresh</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NOREFRESH">NOREFRESH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-not">not</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NOT">NOT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-notequal_003f">notequal?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP">NOTEQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-notequalp">notequalp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NOTEQUALP">NOTEQUALP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-number_003f">number?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP">NUMBERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-numberp">numberp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#NUMBERP">NUMBERP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-oneof">oneof</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ONEOF">ONEOF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-op">op</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-openappend">openappend</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OPENAPPEND">OPENAPPEND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-openread">openread</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OPENREAD">OPENREAD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-openupdate">openupdate</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OPENUPDATE">OPENUPDATE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-openwrite">openwrite</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OPENWRITE">OPENWRITE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-or">or</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OR">OR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-output">output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#OUTPUT">OUTPUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-palette">palette</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PALETTE">PALETTE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-parents">parents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PARENTS">PARENTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-parse">parse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PARSE">PARSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pause">pause</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PAUSE">PAUSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pc">pc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR">PENCOLOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pd">pd</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWN">PENDOWN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pe">pe</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENERASE">PENERASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pen">pen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PEN">PEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pencolor">pencolor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENCOLOR">PENCOLOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pendown">pendown</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWN">PENDOWN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pendown_003f">pendown?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWNP">PENDOWNP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pendownp">pendownp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENDOWNP">PENDOWNP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penerase">penerase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENERASE">PENERASE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penmode">penmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENMODE">PENMODE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penpaint">penpaint</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT">PENPAINT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penpattern">penpattern</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE">PENSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penreverse">penreverse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE">PENREVERSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pensize">pensize</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENSIZE">PENSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-penup">penup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENUP">PENUP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pick">pick</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PICK">PICK</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-plist">plist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PLIST">PLIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-plist_003f">plist?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PLISTP">PLISTP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-plistp">plistp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PLISTP">PLISTP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-plists">plists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PLISTS">PLISTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pllist">pllist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PLLIST">PLLIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-po">po</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-poall">poall</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POALL">POALL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pon">pon</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PON">PON</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pons">pons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PONS">PONS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pop">pop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POP">POP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-popl">popl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POPL">POPL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-popls">popls</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POPLS">POPLS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pops">pops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POPS">POPS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pos">pos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POS">POS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pot">pot</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POT">POT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pots">pots</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POTS">POTS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-power">power</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#POWER">POWER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pprop">pprop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PPROP">PPROP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ppt">ppt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENPAINT">PENPAINT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pr">pr</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-prefix">prefix</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PREFIX">PREFIX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-primitive_003f">primitive?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP">PRIMITIVEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-primitivep">primitivep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVEP">PRIMITIVEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-primitives">primitives</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRIMITIVES">PRIMITIVES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-print">print</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRINT">PRINT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-printdepthlimit">printdepthlimit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRINTDEPTHLIMIT">PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-printout">printout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PO">PO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-printwidthlimit">printwidthlimit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRINTWIDTHLIMIT">PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-procedure_003f">procedure?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDUREP">PROCEDUREP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-procedurep">procedurep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDUREP">PROCEDUREP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-procedures">procedures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PROCEDURES">PROCEDURES</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-product">product</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PRODUCT">PRODUCT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-pu">pu</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENUP">PENUP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-push">push</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PUSH">PUSH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-px">px</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#PENREVERSE">PENREVERSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-queue">queue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#QUEUE">QUEUE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-quoted">quoted</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#QUOTED">QUOTED</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-quotient">quotient</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#QUOTIENT">QUOTIENT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-radarctan">radarctan</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RADARCTAN">RADARCTAN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-radcos">radcos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RADCOS">RADCOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-radsin">radsin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RADSIN">RADSIN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-random">random</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RANDOM">RANDOM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rawascii">rawascii</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RAWASCII">RAWASCII</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rc">rc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READCHAR">READCHAR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rcs">rcs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READCHARS">READCHARS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readchar">readchar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READCHAR">READCHAR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readchars">readchars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READCHARS">READCHARS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-reader">reader</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READER">READER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readlist">readlist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readpos">readpos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READPOS">READPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readrawline">readrawline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READRAWLINE">READRAWLINE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-readword">readword</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READWORD">READWORD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-redefp">redefp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REDEFP">REDEFP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-reduce">reduce</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REDUCE">REDUCE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-refresh">refresh</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REFRESH">REFRESH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-remainder">remainder</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REMAINDER">REMAINDER</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-remdup">remdup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REMDUP">REMDUP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-remove">remove</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REMOVE">REMOVE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-remprop">remprop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REMPROP">REMPROP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-repcount">repcount</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REPCOUNT">REPCOUNT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-repeat">repeat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REPEAT">REPEAT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rerandom">rerandom</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RERANDOM">RERANDOM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-reverse">reverse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#REVERSE">REVERSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-right">right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RIGHT">RIGHT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rl">rl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READLIST">READLIST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-round">round</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ROUND">ROUND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rseq">rseq</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RSEQ">RSEQ</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rt">rt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RIGHT">RIGHT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-run">run</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RUN">RUN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-runparse">runparse</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RUNPARSE">RUNPARSE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-runparsing">runparsing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOKENIZATION">TOKENIZATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-runresult">runresult</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#RUNRESULT">RUNRESULT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-rw">rw</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#READWORD">READWORD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-save">save</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SAVE">SAVE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-savel">savel</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SAVEL">SAVEL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-savepict">savepict</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SAVEPICT">SAVEPICT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-screenmode">screenmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SCREENMODE">SCREENMODE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-scrunch">scrunch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SCRUNCH">SCRUNCH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-scrunch_002edat">scrunch.dat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH">SETSCRUNCH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-se">se</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE">SENTENCE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-self">self</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SELF">SELF</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sentence">sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SENTENCE">SENTENCE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setbackground">setbackground</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETBACKGROUND">SETBACKGROUND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setbg">setbg</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETBACKGROUND">SETBACKGROUND</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setcslsloc">setcslsloc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETCSLSLOC">SETCSLSLOC</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setcursor">setcursor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETCURSOR">SETCURSOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-seteditor">seteditor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETEDITOR">SETEDITOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setfont">setfont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETFONT">SETFONT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-seth">seth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING">SETHEADING</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setheading">setheading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETHEADING">SETHEADING</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sethelploc">sethelploc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETHELPLOC">SETHELPLOC</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setitem">setitem</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETITEM">SETITEM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setlabelheight">setlabelheight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETLABELHEIGHT">SETLABELHEIGHT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setlibloc">setlibloc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETLIBLOC">SETLIBLOC</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpalette">setpalette</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPALETTE">SETPALETTE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpc">setpc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR">SETPENCOLOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpen">setpen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPEN">SETPEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpencolor">setpencolor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPENCOLOR">SETPENCOLOR</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpensize">setpensize</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPENSIZE">SETPENSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setpos">setpos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPOS">SETPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setprefix">setprefix</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETPREFIX">SETPREFIX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setread">setread</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETREAD">SETREAD</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setreadpos">setreadpos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETREADPOS">SETREADPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setscrunch">setscrunch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETSCRUNCH">SETSCRUNCH</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-settc">settc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR">SETTEXTCOLOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-settemploc">settemploc</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETTEMPLOC">SETTEMPLOC</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setter">setter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#GETTER_002fSETTER-VARIBLE-SYNTAX">GETTER/SETTER VARIBLE SYNTAX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-settextcolor">settextcolor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTCOLOR">SETTEXTCOLOR</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-settextsize">settextsize</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETTEXTSIZE">SETTEXTSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setwrite">setwrite</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITE">SETWRITE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setwritepos">setwritepos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETWRITEPOS">SETWRITEPOS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-setx">setx</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETX">SETX</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sety">sety</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SETY">SETY</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-shell">shell</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHELL">SHELL</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-show">show</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHOW">SHOW</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-shown_003f">shown?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHOWNP">SHOWNP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-shownp">shownp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHOWNP">SHOWNP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-showturtle">showturtle</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE">SHOWTURTLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sin">sin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SIN">SIN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-something">something</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SOMETHING">SOMETHING</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-splitscreen">splitscreen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN">SPLITSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sqrt">sqrt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SQRT">SQRT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-ss">ss</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SPLITSCREEN">SPLITSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-st">st</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SHOWTURTLE">SHOWTURTLE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-standout">standout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STANDOUT">STANDOUT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-starting-ucblogo">starting <tt>ucblogo</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#ENTERING-AND-LEAVING-LOGO">ENTERING AND LEAVING LOGO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-startup">startup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STARTUP">STARTUP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-step">step</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STEP">STEP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-stepped">stepped</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STEPPED">STEPPED</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-stepped_003f">stepped?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STEPPEDP">STEPPEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-steppedp">steppedp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STEPPEDP">STEPPEDP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-stop">stop</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#STOP">STOP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-substring_003f">substring?</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP">SUBSTRINGP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-substringp">substringp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SUBSTRINGP">SUBSTRINGP</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-sum">sum</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#SUM">SUM</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="INDEX_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-tag">tag</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TAG">TAG</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-talkto">talkto</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TALKTO">TALKTO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-temp">temp</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#EDIT">EDIT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-template">template</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TEMPLATE_002dBASED-ITERATION">TEMPLATE-BASED ITERATION</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-test">test</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TEST">TEST</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-text">text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TEXT">TEXT</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-textscreen">textscreen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSCREEN">TEXTSCREEN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-textsize">textsize</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TEXTSIZE">TEXTSIZE</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-thing">thing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#THING">THING</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-throw">throw</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#THROW">THROW</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-to">to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TO">TO</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-towards">towards</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TOWARDS">TOWARDS</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#index-trace">trace</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="usermanual.html#TRACE">TRACE</a></td></tr>
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<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h3><a name="FOOT1" href="usermanual.html#DOCF1">(1)</a></h3>
<p><cite>Computer Science Logo Style</cite></p>
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