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author	elioat <elioat@tilde.institute>	2024-11-02 10:47:41 -0400
committer	elioat <elioat@tilde.institute>	2024-11-02 10:47:41 -0400
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset='utf-8'>
        <title>2.7. Network</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <a href="index.html">GNU/Linux Index</a>

        <h1>2.7. Network</h1>

        <p>Operation of the network can be handle with init scripts or with
        <a href="#nm">network manager</a>;</p>

        <dl>
            <dt><a href="conf/rc.d/iptables">/etc/rc.d/iptables</a></dt>
            <dd>Configure <a href="#iptables">iptables</a>, "start" option
            loads set of rules from file /etc/iptables/(name).v4, "open" option
            allows everything to outside and blocks everything from outside,
            "stop" option will block and log everything.</dd>
            <dt><a href="conf/rc.d/net">/etc/rc.d/net</a></dt>
            <dd>Configure Ethernet interface with static or dynamic (dhcp)
            IP, set default route and add default gateway.</dd>
            <dt><a href="conf/rc.d/wlan">/etc/rc.d/wlan</a></dt>
            <dd>Configure Wireless interface, launch wpa_supplicant to handle
            wireless authenticationand dynamic (dhcp)
            connection to router and add as default gateway.</dd>
            <dt><a href="conf/rc.d/wlan">/etc/rc.d/networkmanager</a></dt>
            <dd>Use network manager to handle connections.</dd>
        </dl>

        <p>Choose wireless (wlan), cable network (net) or network manager in
        <a href="conf/rc.conf">/etc/rc.conf</a> to handle configuration of the 
        network at startup, example using network manager;</p>

        <pre>
        #
        # /etc/rc.conf: system configuration
        #

        FONT=default
        KEYMAP=dvorak
        TIMEZONE="Europe/Lisbon"
        HOSTNAME=machine
        SYSLOG=sysklogd
        SERVICES=(lo iptables networkmanager crond)

        # End of file
        </pre>

        <p>If is first boot after install configure iptables and one of above
        described scripts then proceed to
        <a href="package.html#sysup">update system.</a></p>

        <h2 id="resolv">2.7.1. Resolver</h2>

        <p>This example will use
        <a href="http://www.chaoscomputerclub.de/en/censorship/dns-howto">Chaos Computer Club</a>
        server, edit /etc/resolv.conf and make it immutable;</p>

        <pre>
        # /etc/resolv.conf.head can replace this line
        nameserver 2.2.73.91.35
        # /etc/resolv.conf.tail can replace this line
        </pre>

        <pre>
        # chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
        </pre>

        <h2 id="static">2.7.2. Static IP</h2>

        <p>Current example of <a href="conf/rc.d/net">/etc/rc.d/net</a>;</p>

        <pre>
        Address:   192.168.0.1           11000000.10101000.00000000 .00000001
        Netmask:   255.255.255.0 = 24    11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000
        Wildcard:  0.0.0.255             00000000.00000000.00000000 .11111111
        =>
        Network:   192.168.0.0/24        11000000.10101000.00000000 .00000000 (Class C)
        Broadcast: 192.168.0.255         11000000.10101000.00000000 .11111111
        HostMin:   192.168.0.1           11000000.10101000.00000000 .00000001
        HostMax:   192.168.0.254         11000000.10101000.00000000 .11111110
        Hosts/Net: 254                   (Private Internet)
        </pre>

        <p>Other IP class that can used for private network;</p>

        <pre>
        Address:   10.0.0.1              00001010.00000000.00000000 .00000001
        Netmask:   255.255.255.0 = 24    11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000
        Wildcard:  0.0.0.255             00000000.00000000.00000000 .11111111
        =>
        Network:   10.0.0.0/24           00001010.00000000.00000000 .00000000 (Class A)
        Broadcast: 10.0.0.255            00001010.00000000.00000000 .11111111
        HostMin:   10.0.0.1              00001010.00000000.00000000 .00000001
        HostMax:   10.0.0.254            00001010.00000000.00000000 .11111110
        Hosts/Net: 254                   (Private Internet)
        </pre>

        <p>Manual configuring like net script;</p>

        <pre>
        # DEV=enp8s0
        # ADDR=192.168.1.9
        # MASK=24
        # GW=192.168.1.254
        </pre>

        <pre>
        # ip addr flush dev ${DEV}
        # ip route flush dev ${DEV}
        # ip addr add ${ADDR}/${MASK} dev ${DEV} broadcast +
        # ip link set ${DEV} up
        # ip route add default via ${GW}
        </pre>

        <h2 id="iptables">2.7.3. Iptables</h2>

        <p>For more information about firewall systems read arch wiki
        <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Iptables">iptables</a>
        and <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/nftables">nftables</a>.</p>

        <p>Diagram of a package route throw iptables;</p>

        <pre>

                                 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                                 XXXX Network XXXX
                                 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                                         +
                                         |
                                         v
   +-------------+              +------------------+
   |table: filter| &gt;---+        | table: nat       |
   |chain: INPUT |     |        | chain: PREROUTING|
   +-----+-------+     |        +--------+---------+
         |             |                 |
         v             |                 v
   [local process]     |           ****************          +--------------+
         |             +---------+ Routing decision +------&lt; |table: filter |
         v                         ****************          |chain: FORWARD|
  ****************                                           +------+-------+
  Routing decision                                                  |
  ****************                                                  |
         |                                                          |
         v                        ****************                  |
  +-------------+       +------&lt;  Routing decision  &gt;---------------+
  |table: nat   |       |         ****************
  |chain: OUTPUT|       |               +
  +-----+-------+       |               |
        |               |               v
        v               |      +-------------------+
  +--------------+      |      | table: nat        |
  |table: filter | +----+      | chain: POSTROUTING|
  |chain: OUTPUT |             +--------+----------+
  +--------------+                      |
                                        v
                                XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                                XXXX Network XXXX
                                XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

        </pre>

        <p>Command line usage;</p>

        <pre>
        iptables [-t table] {-A|-C|-D} chain rule-specification
        iptables [-t table] {-A|-C|-D} chain  rule-specification
        iptables  [-t table] -I chain [rulenum] rule-specification
        iptables [-t table] -R chain rulenum  rule-specification
        iptables [-t table] -D chain rulenum
        iptables [-t table] -S [chain [rulenum]]
        iptables  [-t  table]  {-F|-L|-Z} [chain [rulenum]] [options...]
        iptables [-t table] -N chain
        iptables [-t table] -X [chain]
        iptables [-t table] -P chain target
        iptables [-t table]  -E  old-chain-name  new-chain-name
        rule-specification = [matches...] [target]
        match = -m matchname [per-match-options]
        </pre>

        <p>Targets, can be a user defined chain;</p>

        <pre>
        ACCEPT - accepts the packet
        DROP   - drop the packet on the floor
        QUEUE  - packet will be stent to queue
        RETURN - stop traversing this chain and
                 resume ate the next rule in the
                 previeus (calling) chain.

        if packet reach the end of the chain or
        a target RETURN, default policy for that
        chain is applayed.
        </pre>

        <p>Target Extensions</p>

        <pre>
        AUDIT
        CHECKSUM
        CLASSIFY
        DNAT
        DSCP
        LOG
            Torn on kernel logging, will print some
            some information on all matching packets.
            Log data can be read with dmesg or syslogd.
            This is a non-terminating target and a rule
            should be created with matching criteria.

            --log-level level
                  Level of logging (numeric or see sys-
                  log.conf(5)

            --log-prefix prefix
                  Prefix log messages with specified prefix
                  up to 29 chars log

            --log-uid
                  Log the userid of the process with gener-
                  ated the packet
        NFLOG
            This target pass the packet to loaded logging
            backend to log the packet. One or more userspace
            processes may subscribe to the group to receive
            the packets.

        ULOG
            This target provides userspace logging of maching
            packets. One or more userspace processes may then
            then subscribe to various multicast groups and
            then receive the packets.
        </pre>

        <p>Commands</p>
        <pre>
         -A, --append chain rule-specification
         -C, --check chain rule-specification
         -D, --delete chain rule-specification
         -D, --delete chain rulenum
         -I, --insert chain [rulenum] rule-specification
         -R, --replace chain rulenum rule-specification
         -L, --list [chain]
         -P, --policy chain target
        </pre>

        <p>Parameters</p>
        <pre>
         -p, --protocol protocol
               tcp, udp, udplite, icmp, esp, ah, sctp, all
         -s, --source address[/mask][,...]
         -d, --destination address[/mask][,...]
         -j, --jump target
         -g, --goto chain
         -i, --in-interface name
         -o, --out-interface name
         -f, --fragment
         -m, --match options module-name
               iptables can use extended packet matching
               modules.
         -c, --set-counters packets bytes
        </pre>

        <p>See current rules and packets counts;</p>

        <pre>
        # iptables -L -n -v | less
        </pre>

        <h3 id="ipt_scripts">2.7.3.1. Iptable scripts</h3>

        <p>Scripts help to setup iptables rules so they can be saved using iptables-save
        and later restored using iptables-restore utilities. Init script
        <a href="conf/rc.d/iptables">/etc/rc.d/iptables</a>
        loads set of rules from /etc/iptables folder at boot time.
        Start option "open" option allows everything to outside
        and blocks new connections from outside, "stop" will block and log
        everything.</p>

        <p>Setup init script and rules;</p>

        <pre>
        # mkdir /etc/iptables
        # cp core/conf/iptables/*.sh /etc/iptables/
        # cp core/conf/rc.d/iptables /etc/rc.d/
        # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/iptables
        </pre>

        <p>Change /etc/rc.conf and add iptables;</p>

        <pre>
        SERVICES=(iptables lo net crond)
        </pre>

        <p>Change <a href="conf/rc.d/iptables">/etc/rc.d/iptables</a> and define type; server, bridge or open.</p>

        <p>Adjust <a href="conf/ipt-conf.sh">/etc/iptables/ipt-conf.sh</a>
        with your network configuration, and adjust
        <a href="conf/ipt-server.sh">/etc/iptables/ipt-server.sh</a>, <a href="conf/ipt-bridge.sh">/etc/iptables/ipt-bridge.sh</a>, <a href="conf/ipt-open.sh">/etc/iptables/ipt-open.sh</a> according with host necessities.</p>

        <p>When is everything configured run script to load the rules and save them on /etc/iptables. Example for bridge setup;</p>

        <pre>
        # cd /etc/iptables
        # bash ipt-bridge.sh
        </pre>

        <p>From now on use /etc/rc.d/iptables to start and stop.<p>

        <h2 id="bridge">2.7.4 Bridges</h2>

        <p>For more information about bridges read
        <a href="http://ebtables.netfilter.org/br_fw_ia/br_fw_ia.html#section7">bridges with iptables</a>.
        Script <a href="conf/etc/rc.d/blan">/etc/rc.d/blan</a> creates br0 bridge interface
        with 10.0.0.1 ip. Number of tap interfaces created and attached depends on number
        of cpu cores available. Ethernet interface is added to the bridge. Edit /etc/rc.conf
        to setup interfaces at startup;</p>

        <pre>
        #
        # /etc/rc.conf: system configuration
        #

        FONT=default
        KEYMAP=dvorak
        TIMEZONE="Europe/Lisbon"
        HOSTNAME=machine
        SYSLOG=sysklogd
        SERVICES=(lo iptables wlan blan crond)

        # End of file
        </pre>

        <p>Change iptables init script
        <a href="../linux/conf/rc.d/iptables">/etc/rc.d/iptables</a>
        and set TYPE to bridge,
        <a href="../linux/conf/iptables/bridge.v4">/etc/iptables/bridge.v4</a>.
        Now change
        <a href="../linux/conf/iptables/ipt-conf.sh">ipt-conf.sh</a>
        and <a href="../linux/conf/iptables/ipt-bridge.sh">ipt-bridge.sh</a>
        with your network configuration and run;
        </p>

        <pre>
        # bash ipt-bridge.sh
        </pre>

        <h2 id="wpa">2.7.5. Wpa and dhcpd</h2>

        <p>There is more information on
        <a href="http://crux.nu/Wiki/WifiStartScripts">Wiki Wifi Start Scripts</a> and
        see <a href="conf/rc.d/wlan">/etc/rc.d/wlan</a>. Manual or first time configuration;</p>

        <pre>
        # ip link
        </pre>

        <pre>
        # iwlist wlp2s0 scan
        </pre>

        <pre>
        # iwconfig wlp2s0 essid NAME key s:ABCDE12345
        </pre>

        <h3>2.7.4.1. Wpa Supplicant</h3>

        <p>Configure wpa supplicant edit;</p>

        <pre>
        # vim /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
        </pre>

        <pre>
        ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
        update_config=1
        fast_reauth=1
        ap_scan=1
        </pre>

        <pre>
        # wpa_passphrase &lt;ssid&gt; &lt;password&gt; &gt;&gt; /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
        </pre>

        <p>Now start wpa_supplicant with:</p>

        <pre>
        # wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp2s0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
        Successfully initialized wpa_supplicant
        </pre>

        <p>Use <a href="conf/rc.d/wlan">/etc/rc.d/wlan</a>
        init script to auto load wpa configuration and dhcp
        client.</p>

        <h3>2.7.4.2. Wpa Cli</h3>

        <pre>
        # wpa_cli
        &gt; status
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; add_network
        3
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; set_network 3 ssid "Crux-Network"
        OK
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; set_network 3 psk "uber-secret-pass"
        OK
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; enable_network 3
        OK
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; list_networks
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; select_network 3
        </pre>

        <pre>
        &gt; save_config
        </pre>

        <h2 id="nm">2.7.6. Network Manager</h2>

        <p>Wifi status;</p>

        <pre>
        $ nmcli radio wifi
        $ nmcli radio wifi on
        </pre>

        <p>List wifi networks;</p>

        <pre>
        $ nmcli device wifi rescan
        $ nmcli device wifi list
        </pre>

        <p>Connect to a wifi network;</p>

        <pre>
        $ nmcli device wifi connect "network name" password "network password"
        </pre>

        <p>Edit and save network configuration;</p>

        <pre>
        $ nmcli connection edit "network name"
        nmcli> save persistent
        </pre>

        <h2 id="domain">Domain</h2>

        <p>To configure a sub-domain from
        <a href="http://freedns.afraid.org">afraid.org</a>,
        <a href="https://freedns.afraid.org/dynamic/v2/">generate cron job</a>
        to update ip every 5 minutes, check
        <a href="https://freedns.afraid.org/dynamic/v2/tips/">about dynamic interface</a>.
        To run as system cron job add as root and remove
        path line from example;</p>

        <pre>
        # crontab -e
        </pre>

        <p>Replace KEY and domain_name with correct one;</p>

        <pre>
        4,9,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49,54,59 * * * * sleep 22 ; wget --no-check-certificate -O - https://freedns.afraid.org/dynamic/update.php?[KEY]= >> /var/log/freedns_domain_name.log 2>&1 &
        </pre>


        <a href="index.html">GNU/Linux Index</a>
        <p>
        This is part of the LeetIO System Documentation.
        Copyright (C) 2021
        LeetIO Team.
        See the file <a href="../fdl-1.3-standalone.html">Gnu Free Documentation License</a>
        for copying conditions.</p>

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