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-<div id="main"> - - <h1 class="page-title">06_Immutable_Tables</h1> - - - <section> - -<header> - -</header> - -<article> - <h1>Immutable Tables with Functional Operations</h1> -<h2>What are Immutable Tables?</h2> -<p>Immutable tables are data structures that <strong>cannot be modified after creation</strong>. All operations on tables return <strong>new tables</strong> rather than modifying the original.</p> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* All table operations return new tables */ -original : {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}; -modified : t.set original "d" 4; /* Returns new table */ -/* original is unchanged: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} */ -/* modified is: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4} */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Why is This Esoteric?</h2> -<p>Most programming languages allow direct modification of data structures. Our language enforces <strong>complete immutability</strong> - no mutation operations exist at all.</p> -<h2>Basic Examples</h2> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Create a table */ -original : {name: "Alice", age: 30, city: "New York"}; - -/* All operations return new tables */ -with_job : t.set original "job" "Engineer"; -with_updated_age : t.set original "age" 31; -without_city : t.delete original "city"; - -/* Original table is unchanged */ -/* original is still {name: "Alice", age: 30, city: "New York"} */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Table Operations</h2> -<h3>Setting Values</h3> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* t.set table key value - returns new table with key set */ -data : {a: 1, b: 2}; -updated : t.set data "c" 3; -/* updated: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} */ -/* data: {a: 1, b: 2} (unchanged) */ -</code></pre> -<h3>Deleting Keys</h3> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* t.delete table key - returns new table without the key */ -data : {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}; -without_b : t.delete data "b"; -/* without_b: {a: 1, c: 3} */ -/* data: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} (unchanged) */ -</code></pre> -<h3>Merging Tables</h3> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* t.merge table1 table2 - returns new table with combined keys */ -table1 : {a: 1, b: 2}; -table2 : {c: 3, d: 4}; -merged : t.merge table1 table2; -/* merged: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4} */ -/* table1 and table2 unchanged */ -</code></pre> -<h3>Getting Values</h3> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* t.get table key - returns value (doesn't modify table) */ -data : {name: "Alice", age: 30}; -name : t.get data "name"; /* "Alice" */ -age : t.get data "age"; /* 30 */ -/* data unchanged */ -</code></pre> -<h3>Checking Keys</h3> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* t.has table key - returns boolean (doesn't modify table) */ -data : {name: "Alice", age: 30}; -has_name : t.has data "name"; /* true */ -has_job : t.has data "job"; /* false */ -/* data unchanged */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Element-Wise Operations</h2> -<p>All element-wise operations return new tables:</p> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* map returns new table - @ operator required for higher-order functions */ -numbers : {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}; -double : x -> x * 2; -doubled : map @double numbers; /* {a: 2, b: 4, c: 6} */ -/* numbers unchanged: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} */ - -/* filter returns new table - @ operator required for higher-order functions */ -is_greater_than_one : x -> x > 1; -filtered : filter @is_greater_than_one numbers; /* {b: 2, c: 3} */ -/* numbers unchanged: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Complex Examples</h2> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Building complex tables immutably */ -base_user : {name: "Alice", age: 30}; - -/* Add multiple properties */ -with_email : t.set base_user "email" "alice@example.com"; -with_address : t.set with_email "address" "123 Main St"; -with_phone : t.set with_address "phone" "555-1234"; - -/* Or merge with another table */ -contact_info : {email: "alice@example.com", phone: "555-1234"}; -complete_user : t.merge base_user contact_info; -/* Result: {name: "Alice", age: 30, email: "alice@example.com", phone: "555-1234"} */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Nested Tables</h2> -<p>Immutability works with nested table structures:</p> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Nested table */ -user : { - name: "Alice", - profile: { - age: 30, - preferences: { - theme: "dark", - notifications: true - } - } -}; - -/* Update nested property - creates new nested structure */ -updated_preferences : t.set user.profile.preferences "theme" "light"; -/* This creates new tables at each level */ -/* user unchanged, updated_preferences has new nested structure */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Functional Programming Patterns</h2> -<p>Immutability enables pure functional programming patterns:</p> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Pure function - no side effects */ -update_age : user new_age -> t.set user "age" new_age; - -/* Multiple updates create new tables */ -user1 : {name: "Alice", age: 30}; -user2 : update_age user1 31; -user3 : update_age user2 32; - -/* All tables exist independently */ -/* user1: {name: "Alice", age: 30} */ -/* user2: {name: "Alice", age: 31} */ -/* user3: {name: "Alice", age: 32} */ -</code></pre> -<h2>When to Use Immutable Tables</h2> -<p><strong>Use immutable tables when:</strong></p> -<ul> -<li>You want to prevent accidental data modification</li> -<li>You're building functional programming patterns</li> -<li>You need to track data changes over time</li> -<li>You want to ensure thread safety (if applicable)</li> -<li>You're working with complex data transformations</li> -</ul> -<p><strong>Don't use immutable tables when:</strong></p> -<ul> -<li>You need to modify data in place for performance reasons</li> -<li>You're working with very large datasets that can't be copied</li> -<li>You need to perform side effects on data structures</li> -</ul> -<h2>Common Patterns</h2> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Pattern 1: Building up data structures */ -base_config : {debug: false, timeout: 30}; - -/* Add development settings */ -dev_config : t.merge base_config { - debug: true, - log_level: "verbose" -}; - -/* Add production settings */ -prod_config : t.merge base_config { - timeout: 60, - cache_enabled: true -}; - -/* Pattern 2: Data transformation pipeline */ -user_data : {name: "Alice", age: 30, scores: {85, 90, 88}}; - -/* Transform user data */ -with_average : t.set user_data "average_score" (reduce @add 0 user_data.scores / 3); -with_grade : t.set with_average "grade" (when with_average.average_score is - when with_average.average_score >= 90 then "A" - when with_average.average_score >= 80 then "B" - _ then "C"); - -/* Pattern 3: State management */ -initial_state : {count: 0, items: {}}; - -/* State transitions */ -increment_state : state -> t.set state "count" (state.count + 1); -add_item_state : state item -> t.set state "items" (t.set state.items item.id item); - -/* Apply transitions */ -state1 : increment_state initial_state; -state2 : add_item_state state1 {id: "item1", name: "First Item"}; -</code></pre> -<h2>Performance Considerations</h2> -<pre class="prettyprint source lang-plaintext"><code>/* Immutability can be expensive for large tables */ -large_table : {/* ... many entries ... */}; - -/* Each operation creates a new copy */ -updated1 : t.set large_table "key" "value"; -updated2 : t.set updated1 "key2" "value2"; -/* This creates multiple copies of the large table */ - -/* Consider batching operations */ -batch_update : table -> t.merge table { - key1: "value1", - key2: "value2", - key3: "value3" -}; -/* Single operation instead of multiple */ -</code></pre> -<h2>Key Takeaways</h2> -<ol> -<li><strong>Complete immutability</strong> - no mutation operations exist</li> -<li><strong>New tables returned</strong> - all operations return new data structures</li> -<li><strong>Original unchanged</strong> - source tables are never modified</li> -<li><strong>Functional patterns</strong> - enables pure functional programming</li> -<li><strong>Composable operations</strong> - operations can be chained safely</li> -<li><strong>@ operator required</strong> - for higher-order functions like <code>map</code>, <code>filter</code>, <code>reduce</code></li> -</ol> -<h2>Why This Matters</h2> -<p>Immutable tables make the language safer and more functional:</p> -<ul> -<li><strong>No side effects</strong> - functions can't accidentally modify data</li> -<li><strong>Predictable behavior</strong> - data never changes unexpectedly</li> -<li><strong>Functional style</strong> - encourages pure functions and composition</li> -<li><strong>Debugging ease</strong> - data state is always predictable</li> -<li><strong>Thread safety</strong> - no shared mutable state issues</li> -</ul> -<p>This feature makes the language feel more like pure functional languages like Haskell! 🚀</p> -</article> - -</section> - -</div> - -<br class="clear"> - -<footer> - Generated by <a href="https://github.com/jsdoc3/jsdoc">JSDoc 4.0.4</a> on Tue Jul 29 2025 23:15:00 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time) using the Minami theme. -</footer> - -<script>prettyPrint();</script> -<script src="scripts/linenumber.js"></script> -</body> -</html> \ No newline at end of file |