path: root/js/baba-yaga/scratch/baba/example.baba

// This file demonstrates all features of Baba Yaga.

// 1. Comments
// Single-line comments start with `//`.
myVar : 10; // Comments can also be at the end of a line.

// 2. Types
// The language supports Int, Float, String, and Result types.
myInt : 10;       // Inferred as Int
myFloat : 3.14;   // Inferred as Float
myString : "Baba Yaga"; // Inferred as String

// Type declarations are optional but enforced if provided.
myExplicitInt Int;
myExplicitInt : 20;

myExplicitString String;
myExplicitString : "Explicitly typed string.";

// Explicit List and Table type declarations
myExplicitList List;
myExplicitList : [1 2 3 4 5];

myExplicitTable Table;
myExplicitTable : { name: "John" age: 25 city: "New York" };

// 3. Variable and Type Declarations
// Variables are declared using an identifier followed by a colon and their value.
// Example: myVariable : value;

// 4. Functions (Anonymous, Currying, Partial Application)

// A simple anonymous function (x -> x + 1)
addOne : x -> x + 1;
resultAddOne : addOne 5; // resultAddOne will be 6
io.out resultAddOne;

// A curried function with type annotations
multiply : (x: Float) -> (Float -> Float) -> y -> x * y;
// The type signature here breaks down like:
// 1. (x: Float)       - First parameter is a Float called x
// 2. ->               - Returns...
// 3. (Float -> Float) - A function that takes a Float and returns a Float
// 4. -> y -> x * y    - The implementation: take y, multiply x by y

// Partial application: create a new function by applying some arguments
multiplyByTwo : multiply 2.0;
resultMultiply : multiplyByTwo 7.0; // resultMultiply will be 14.0
io.out resultMultiply;

// 5. Operators
// Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
// Comparison: =, >, <, >=, <=

// Arithmetic operations
sum : 10 + 5;     // 15
difference : 10 - 5; // 5
product : 10 * 5;  // 50
quotient : 10 / 5; // 2
remainder : 10 % 3; // 1

io.out sum;
io.out difference;
io.out product;
io.out quotient;
io.out remainder;

// Comparison operations
isEqual : 10 = 10;   // true
isGreaterThan : 10 > 5; // true
isLessThan : 5 < 10;  // true
isGreaterThanOrEqualTo : 10 >= 10; // true
isLessThanOrEqualTo : 5 <= 10; // true

io.out isEqual;
io.out isGreaterThan;
io.out isLessThan;
io.out isGreaterThanOrEqualTo;
io.out isLessThanOrEqualTo;

// 6. Control Flow: The `when` Expression

// Literal Matching
checkNumber : num ->
  when num is
    1 then "One"
    2 then "Two"
    _ then "Something else"; // '_' matches any value

resultCheckNumberOne : checkNumber 1; // "One"
resultCheckNumberThree : checkNumber 3; // "Something else"

io.out resultCheckNumberOne;
io.out resultCheckNumberThree;

// Multiple Discriminants
checkCoords : x y ->
  when x y is
    0 0 then "Origin"
    1 1 then "Diagonal"
    _ _ then "Somewhere else";

resultCheckCoordsOrigin : checkCoords 0 0; // "Origin"
resultCheckCoordsOther : checkCoords 5 10; // "Somewhere else"

io.out resultCheckCoordsOrigin;
io.out resultCheckCoordsOther;

// Type Matching
checkType : val ->
  when val is
    Bool   then "It's a Boolean"
    Int    then "It's an Integer"
    Float  then "It's a Float"
    String then "It's a String"
    List   then "It's a List"
    Table  then "It's a Table"
    _      then "Unknown Type";

resultCheckTypeBool : checkType true; // "It's a Boolean"
resultCheckTypeInt : checkType 123; // "It's an Integer"
resultCheckTypeFloat : checkType 3.14; // "It's a Float"
resultCheckTypeString : checkType "abc"; // "It's a String"
resultCheckTypeList : checkType [1 2 3]; // "It's a List"
resultCheckTypeTable : checkType { name: "test" }; // "It's a Table"

io.out resultCheckTypeBool;
io.out resultCheckTypeInt;
io.out resultCheckTypeFloat;
io.out resultCheckTypeString;
io.out resultCheckTypeList;
io.out resultCheckTypeTable;

// List Pattern Matching
matchList : list ->
  when list is
    [1 2 3] then "Exact List Match"
    [1 _ 3] then "List with Wildcard Match"
    _       then "No List Match";

resultMatchListExact : matchList [1 2 3]; // "Exact List Match"
resultMatchListWildcard : matchList [1 99 3]; // "List with Wildcard Match"
resultMatchListNoMatch : matchList [4 5 6]; // "No List Match"

io.out resultMatchListExact;
io.out resultMatchListWildcard;
io.out resultMatchListNoMatch;

// Table Pattern Matching
matchTable : table ->
  when table is
    { name: "Alice" age: 30 } then "Exact Table Match"
    { name: "Bob" age: _ } then "Table with Wildcard Value Match"
    _                       then "No Table Match";

resultMatchTableExact : matchTable { name: "Alice" age: 30 }; // "Exact Table Match"
resultMatchTableWildcardValue : matchTable { name: "Bob" age: 99 }; // "Table with Wildcard Value Match"
resultMatchTableNoMatch : matchTable { city: "New York" }; // "No Table Match"

io.out resultMatchTableExact;
io.out resultMatchTableWildcardValue;
io.out resultMatchTableNoMatch;

// 7. Error Handling: The `Result` Type

// Function returning a Result type
divide : x y ->
  when y is
    0 then Err "Division by zero is not allowed."
    _ then Ok (x / y);

resultDivideOk : divide 10 2; // Result: Ok 5
resultDivideErr : divide 5 0;  // Result: Err "Division by zero is not allowed."

// Extracting values from Result types using 'when'
finalResultOk : when resultDivideOk is
  Ok val then val // 'val' binds to the inner value of Ok (5)
  Err msg then 0; // If error, return 0

finalResultErr : when resultDivideErr is
  Ok val then 0
  Err msg then msg; // 'msg' binds to the inner value of Err ("Division by zero...")

io.out finalResultOk;
io.out finalResultErr;

// 8. Lists
myListExample : [10 20 30 "hello"];

// Accessing elements by index (0-based)
firstElement : myListExample.0; // 10
secondElement : myListExample.1; // 20

io.out myListExample;
io.out firstElement;
io.out secondElement;

// 9. Tables
myTableExample : { name: "Baba Yaga" version: 1.0 isActive: true };

// Accessing properties by key
userName : myTableExample.name; // "Baba Yaga"
userVersion : myTableExample.version; // 1.0

io.out myTableExample;
io.out userName;
io.out userVersion;

// Function within a Table
myCalculator : {
  add: x y -> x + y;
  subtract: x y -> x - y;
};

resultTableAdd : myCalculator.add 10 5; // 15
resultTableSubtract : myCalculator.subtract 10 5; // 5

io.out resultTableAdd;
io.out resultTableSubtract;

// 10. Higher-Order Functions

// map: Applies a function to each element of a list, returning a new list.
doubledList : map (x -> x * 2) [1 2 3]; // [2 4 6]
io.out doubledList;

// filter: Creates a new list containing only elements for which a predicate returns true.
evenNumbers : filter (x -> x % 2 = 0) [1 2 3 4 5]; // [2 4]
io.out evenNumbers;

// reduce: Applies a function against an accumulator and each element in the list to reduce it to a single value.
sumOfList : reduce (acc item -> acc + item) 0 [1 2 3 4]; // 10
io.out sumOfList;

// 11. Typed Functions with Type Enforcement

// Typed function declarations with parameter and return type annotations
add : (x: Int, y: Int) -> Int -> x + y;
multiply : (x: Number, y: Number) -> Number -> x * y;
greet : (name: String) -> String -> str.concat "Hello " name;
fullName : (first: String, last: String) -> String -> first .. " " .. last;
isEven : (n: Int) -> Bool -> n % 2 = 0;
isPositive : (n: Int) -> Bool -> n > 0;

// Test typed functions
io.out add 5 3;
io.out multiply 2.5 3.0;
io.out greet "World";
io.out fullName "John" "Doe";
io.out isEven 4;
io.out isEven 5;
io.out isPositive 10;
io.out isPositive -5;

// 12. String Functions

// Core string operations
io.out str.length "hello";
io.out str.upper "hello world";
io.out str.lower "HELLO WORLD";
io.out str.split "hello,world,test" ",";
io.out str.join ["a" "b" "c"] "-";
io.out str.trim "  hello  ";
io.out str.substring "hello world" 0 5;
io.out str.replace "hello hello" "hello" "hi";

// String concatenation with .. operator
message : "Hello" .. " " .. "World" .. "!";
io.out message;