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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset='utf-8'>
        <title>Elements</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <a href="index.html">C Index</a>

        <h1>Elements</h1>

        <h2 id="ident">Identifiers</h2>

        <p>Variable names, functions, data types and preprocessor macros.
        Are allowed letters, decimal digits and underscore.</p>

        <h2 id="keywords">Keywords</h2>

        <p>Reserved identifiers part of C language.;</p>

        <p>auto break case char const continue default do double else enum
        extern float for goto if int long register return short signed
        sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile
        while</p>

        <p>restrict inline _Bool _Complex _Imaginary</p>

        <p>__FUNCTION__ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ __alignof __alignof__ __asm
        __asm__ __attribute __attribute__ __builtin_offsetof __builtin_va_arg
        __complex __complex__ __const __extension__ __func__ __imag __imag__
        __inline __inline__ __label__ __null __real __real__
        __restrict __restrict__ __signed __signed__ __thread __typeof
        __volatile __volatile__</p>

        <h2 id="const">Constants</h2>

        <p>Constants are identifiers with fixed values that can't change
        during execution. Data types of constants; integer, character,
        double, strings.</p>

        <h2 id="op">Operators</h2>

        <p>Operators do operations such as; addition or subtraction.</p>

        <h2 id="sep">Separators</h2>

        <p>Language elements separators;<p>
        <p>{} [] () ; , . :</p>

        <h2 id="white">White Space</h2>

        <p>White space is ignored except when separating elements.</p>

        <a href="index.html">C Index</a>

        <p>
        This is part of the Tribu System Documentation.
        Copyright (C) 2020
        Tribu Team.
        See the file <a href="../../fdl-1.3-standalone.html">Gnu Free Documentation License</a>
        for copying conditions.</p>
    </body>
</html>
ight .vm { color: #336699 } /* Name.Variable.Magic */ .highlight .il { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Mu - 030translate.cc</title>
<meta name="Generator" content="Vim/8.1">
<meta name="plugin-version" content="vim8.1_v1">
<meta name="syntax" content="cpp">
<meta name="settings" content="number_lines,use_css,pre_wrap,no_foldcolumn,expand_tabs,line_ids,prevent_copy=">
<meta name="colorscheme" content="minimal-light">
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a { color:inherit; }
* { font-size:12pt; font-size: 1em; }
.PreProc { color: #c000c0; }
.LineNr { }
.SpecialChar { color: #d70000; }
.Constant { color: #008787; }
.Comment { color: #005faf; }
.Delimiter { color: #c000c0; }
.Identifier { color: #af5f00; }
.Normal { color: #000000; background-color: #c6c6c6; padding-bottom: 1px; }
.cSpecial { color: #008000; }
.SalientComment { color: #0000af; }
-->
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<a href='https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/030translate.cc'>https://github.com/akkartik/mu/blob/master/030translate.cc</a>
<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span id="L1" class="LineNr">  1 </span><span class="Comment">//: After that lengthy prelude to define an x86 emulator, we are now ready to</span>
<span id="L2" class="LineNr">  2 </span><span class="Comment">//: start translating SubX notation.</span>
<span id="L3" class="LineNr">  3 </span>
<span id="L4" class="LineNr">  4 </span><span class="Comment">//: Translator workflow: read 'source' file. Run a series of transforms on it,</span>
<span id="L5" class="LineNr">  5 </span><span class="Comment">//: each passing through what it doesn't understand. The final program should</span>
<span id="L6" class="LineNr">  6 </span><span class="Comment">//: be just machine code, suitable to emulate, or to write to an ELF binary.</span>
<span id="L7" class="LineNr">  7 </span>
<span id="L8" class="LineNr">  8 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Main&quot;)</span>
<span id="L9" class="LineNr">  9 </span><span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L98'>is_equal</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>argv[<span class="Constant">1</span>]<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;translate&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L10" class="LineNr"> 10 </span>  <span class="Comment">// Outside of tests, traces must be explicitly requested.</span>
<span id="L11" class="LineNr"> 11 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="SpecialChar"><a href='003trace.cc.html#L446'>Trace_file</a></span><span class="Delimiter">.</span>is_open<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="SpecialChar"><a href='003trace.cc.html#L72'>Trace_stream</a></span> = <span class="Normal">new</span> trace_stream<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L12" class="LineNr"> 12 </span>  <a href='000organization.cc.html#L150'>reset</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L13" class="LineNr"> 13 </span>  <span class="Comment">// Begin bootstrap translate</span>
<span id="L14" class="LineNr"> 14 </span>  program p<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L15" class="LineNr"> 15 </span>  string output_filename<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L16" class="LineNr"> 16 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip 'bootstrap translate'</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; argc<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L17" class="LineNr"> 17 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='001help.cc.html#L98'>is_equal</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>argv[i]<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;-o&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L18" class="LineNr"> 18 </span>      ++i<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L19" class="LineNr"> 19 </span>      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>i &gt;= argc<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L20" class="LineNr"> 20 </span>        <a href='030translate.cc.html#L65'>print_translate_usage</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L21" class="LineNr"> 21 </span>        cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'-o' must be followed by a filename to write results to\n&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L22" class="LineNr"> 22 </span>        exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L23" class="LineNr"> 23 </span>      <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L24" class="LineNr"> 24 </span>      output_filename = argv[i]<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L25" class="LineNr"> 25 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L26" class="LineNr"> 26 </span>    <span class="Normal">else</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L27" class="LineNr"> 27 </span>      <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;parse&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; argv[i] &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L28" class="LineNr"> 28 </span>      ifstream fin<span class="Delimiter">(</span>argv[i]<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L29" class="LineNr"> 29 </span>      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!fin<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L30" class="LineNr"> 30 </span>        cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;could not open &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; argv[i] &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L31" class="LineNr"> 31 </span>        <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L32" class="LineNr"> 32 </span>      <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L33" class="LineNr"> 33 </span>      parse<span class="Delimiter">(</span>fin<span class="Delimiter">,</span> p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L34" class="LineNr"> 34 </span>      <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='003trace.cc.html#L262'>trace_contains_errors</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L35" class="LineNr"> 35 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L36" class="LineNr"> 36 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L37" class="LineNr"> 37 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L38" class="LineNr"> 38 </span>    <a href='030translate.cc.html#L65'>print_translate_usage</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L39" class="LineNr"> 39 </span>    cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;nothing to do; must provide at least one file to read\n&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L40" class="LineNr"> 40 </span>    exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L41" class="LineNr"> 41 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L42" class="LineNr"> 42 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>output_filename<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L43" class="LineNr"> 43 </span>    <a href='030translate.cc.html#L65'>print_translate_usage</a><span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L44" class="LineNr"> 44 </span>    cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;must provide a filename to write to using '-o'\n&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L45" class="LineNr"> 45 </span>    exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L46" class="LineNr"> 46 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L47" class="LineNr"> 47 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;transform&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;begin&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L48" class="LineNr"> 48 </span>  transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L49" class="LineNr"> 49 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='003trace.cc.html#L262'>trace_contains_errors</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L50" class="LineNr"> 50 </span>  <a href='003trace.cc.html#L96'>trace</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;translate&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;begin&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L51" class="LineNr"> 51 </span>  save_elf<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> output_filename<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L52" class="LineNr"> 52 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><a href='003trace.cc.html#L262'>trace_contains_errors</a><span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L53" class="LineNr"> 53 </span>    unlink<span class="Delimiter">(</span>output_filename<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">());</span>
<span id="L54" class="LineNr"> 54 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L55" class="LineNr"> 55 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L56" class="LineNr"> 56 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End bootstrap translate</span>
<span id="L57" class="LineNr"> 57 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L58" class="LineNr"> 58 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L59" class="LineNr"> 59 </span>
<span id="L60" class="LineNr"> 60 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span id="L61" class="LineNr"> 61 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> transform<span class="Delimiter">(</span>program&amp; p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L62" class="LineNr"> 62 </span>  <span class="Comment">// End transform(program&amp; p)</span>
<span id="L63" class="LineNr"> 63 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L64" class="LineNr"> 64 </span>
<span id="L65" class="LineNr"> 65 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='030translate.cc.html#L65'>print_translate_usage</a><span class="Delimiter">()</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L66" class="LineNr"> 66 </span>  cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;Usage: bootstrap translate file1 file2 ... -o output\n&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L67" class="LineNr"> 67 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L68" class="LineNr"> 68 </span>
<span id="L69" class="LineNr"> 69 </span><span class="Comment">// write out a program to a bare-bones ELF file</span>
<span id="L70" class="LineNr"> 70 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> save_elf<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> program&amp; p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> string&amp; filename<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L71" class="LineNr"> 71 </span>  ofstream out<span class="Delimiter">(</span>filename<span class="Delimiter">.</span>c_str<span class="Delimiter">(),</span> ios::binary<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L72" class="LineNr"> 72 </span>  save_elf<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> out<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L73" class="LineNr"> 73 </span>  out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>close<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L74" class="LineNr"> 74 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L75" class="LineNr"> 75 </span>
<span id="L76" class="LineNr"> 76 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> save_elf<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> program&amp; p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> ostream&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L77" class="LineNr"> 77 </span>  <span class="Comment">// validation: stay consistent with the self-hosted translator</span>
<span id="L78" class="LineNr"> 78 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L105'>entry</a> == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L79" class="LineNr"> 79 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;no 'Entry' label found\n&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L80" class="LineNr"> 80 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L81" class="LineNr"> 81 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L82" class="LineNr"> 82 </span>  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>find<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> == <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L83" class="LineNr"> 83 </span>    <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;must include a 'data' segment\n&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L84" class="LineNr"> 84 </span>    <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L85" class="LineNr"> 85 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L86" class="LineNr"> 86 </span>  <span class="Comment">// processing</span>
<span id="L87" class="LineNr"> 87 </span>  <a href='030translate.cc.html#L92'>write_elf_header</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> p<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L88" class="LineNr"> 88 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">size_t</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>size<span class="Delimiter">();</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L89" class="LineNr"> 89 </span>    <a href='030translate.cc.html#L188'>write_segment</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">),</span> out<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L90" class="LineNr"> 90 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L91" class="LineNr"> 91 </span>
<span id="L92" class="LineNr"> 92 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='030translate.cc.html#L92'>write_elf_header</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>ostream&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> program&amp; p<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L93" class="LineNr"> 93 </span>  <span class="Normal">char</span> c = <span class="cSpecial">'\0'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L94" class="LineNr"> 94 </span><span class="PreProc">#define </span><span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="PreProc">(</span><span class="SpecialChar">X</span><span class="PreProc">)  c = (</span><span class="SpecialChar">X</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span><span class="PreProc"> out</span><span class="Delimiter">.</span><span class="PreProc">write(&amp;c</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Normal">sizeof</span><span class="PreProc">(c))</span>
<span id="L95" class="LineNr"> 95 </span><span class="Comment">// host is required to be little-endian</span>
<span id="L96" class="LineNr"> 96 </span><span class="PreProc">#define emit(</span><span class="SpecialChar">X</span><span class="PreProc">)  out</span><span class="Delimiter">.</span><span class="PreProc">write(</span><span class="Normal">reinterpret_cast</span><span class="PreProc">&lt;</span><span class="Normal">const</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Normal">char</span><span class="PreProc">*&gt;(&amp;</span><span class="SpecialChar">X</span><span class="PreProc">)</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span><span class="PreProc"> </span><span class="Normal">sizeof</span><span class="PreProc">(</span><span class="SpecialChar">X</span><span class="PreProc">))</span>
<span id="L97" class="LineNr"> 97 </span>  <span class="SalientComment">//// ehdr</span>
<span id="L98" class="LineNr"> 98 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_ident</span>
<span id="L99" class="LineNr"> 99 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x7f</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">E</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x45</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">L</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x4c</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">F</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x46</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L100" class="LineNr">100 </span>    <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// 32-bit format</span>
<span id="L101" class="LineNr">101 </span>    <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// little-endian</span>
<span id="L102" class="LineNr">102 </span>    <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L103" class="LineNr">103 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">size_t</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <span class="Constant">8</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L104" class="LineNr">104 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_type</span>
<span id="L105" class="LineNr">105 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x02</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x00</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L106" class="LineNr">106 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_machine</span>
<span id="L107" class="LineNr">107 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x03</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x00</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L108" class="LineNr">108 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_version</span>
<span id="L109" class="LineNr">109 </span>  <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x01</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x00</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x00</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span> <span class="SpecialChar">O</span><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0x00</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L110" class="LineNr">110 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_entry</span>
<span id="L111" class="LineNr">111 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> e_entry = p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L105'>entry</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L112" class="LineNr">112 </span>  <span class="Comment">// Override e_entry</span>
<span id="L113" class="LineNr">113 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>e_entry<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L114" class="LineNr">114 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_phoff -- immediately after ELF header</span>
<span id="L115" class="LineNr">115 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> e_phoff = <span class="Constant">0x34</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L116" class="LineNr">116 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>e_phoff<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L117" class="LineNr">117 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_shoff; unused</span>
<span id="L118" class="LineNr">118 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> dummy32 = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L119" class="LineNr">119 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>dummy32<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L120" class="LineNr">120 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_flags; unused</span>
<span id="L121" class="LineNr">121 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>dummy32<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L122" class="LineNr">122 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_ehsize</span>
<span id="L123" class="LineNr">123 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint16_t</span> e_ehsize = <span class="Constant">0x34</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L124" class="LineNr">124 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>e_ehsize<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L125" class="LineNr">125 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_phentsize</span>
<span id="L126" class="LineNr">126 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint16_t</span> e_phentsize = <span class="Constant">0x20</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L127" class="LineNr">127 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>e_phentsize<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L128" class="LineNr">128 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_phnum</span>
<span id="L129" class="LineNr">129 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint16_t</span> e_phnum = <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L130" class="LineNr">130 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>e_phnum<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L131" class="LineNr">131 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_shentsize</span>
<span id="L132" class="LineNr">132 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint16_t</span> dummy16 = <span class="Constant">0x0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L133" class="LineNr">133 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>dummy16<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L134" class="LineNr">134 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_shnum</span>
<span id="L135" class="LineNr">135 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>dummy16<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L136" class="LineNr">136 </span>  <span class="Comment">// e_shstrndx</span>
<span id="L137" class="LineNr">137 </span>  emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>dummy16<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L138" class="LineNr">138 </span>
<span id="L139" class="LineNr">139 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> p_offset = <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">size of ehdr</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x34</span> + <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">)</span>*<span class="Constant">0x20</span><span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">size of each phdr</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L140" class="LineNr">140 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L141" class="LineNr">141 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> segment&amp; curr = p<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L106'>segments</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L142" class="LineNr">142 </span>    <span class="SalientComment">//// phdr</span>
<span id="L143" class="LineNr">143 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_type</span>
<span id="L144" class="LineNr">144 </span>    <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> p_type = <span class="Constant">0x1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L145" class="LineNr">145 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L146" class="LineNr">146 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_offset</span>
<span id="L147" class="LineNr">147 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_offset<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L148" class="LineNr">148 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_vaddr</span>
<span id="L149" class="LineNr">149 </span>    <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> p_start = curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span>start<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L150" class="LineNr">150 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_start<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L151" class="LineNr">151 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_paddr</span>
<span id="L152" class="LineNr">152 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_start<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L153" class="LineNr">153 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_filesz</span>
<span id="L154" class="LineNr">154 </span>    <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> size = <a href='030translate.cc.html#L198'>num_words</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L155" class="LineNr">155 </span>    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_offset + size &lt; <a href='010vm.cc.html#L98'>SEGMENT_ALIGNMENT</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L156" class="LineNr">156 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L157" class="LineNr">157 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_memsz</span>
<span id="L158" class="LineNr">158 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L159" class="LineNr">159 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_flags</span>
<span id="L160" class="LineNr">160 </span>    <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> p_flags = <span class="Delimiter">(</span>curr<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L111'>name</a> == <span class="Constant">&quot;code&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> ? <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">r-x</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x5</span> : <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">rw-</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">0x6</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L161" class="LineNr">161 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_flags<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L162" class="LineNr">162 </span>
<span id="L163" class="LineNr">163 </span>    <span class="Comment">// p_align</span>
<span id="L164" class="LineNr">164 </span>    <span class="Comment">// &quot;As the system creates or augments a process image, it logically copies</span>
<span id="L165" class="LineNr">165 </span>    <span class="Comment">// a file's segment to a virtual memory segment.  When—and if— the system</span>
<span id="L166" class="LineNr">166 </span>    <span class="Comment">// physically reads the file depends on the program's execution behavior,</span>
<span id="L167" class="LineNr">167 </span>    <span class="Comment">// system load, and so on.  A process does not require a physical page</span>
<span id="L168" class="LineNr">168 </span>    <span class="Comment">// unless it references the logical page during execution, and processes</span>
<span id="L169" class="LineNr">169 </span>    <span class="Comment">// commonly leave many pages unreferenced. Therefore delaying physical</span>
<span id="L170" class="LineNr">170 </span>    <span class="Comment">// reads frequently obviates them, improving system performance. To obtain</span>
<span id="L171" class="LineNr">171 </span>    <span class="Comment">// this efficiency in practice, executable and shared object files must</span>
<span id="L172" class="LineNr">172 </span>    <span class="Comment">// have segment images whose file offsets and virtual addresses are</span>
<span id="L173" class="LineNr">173 </span>    <span class="Comment">// congruent, modulo the page size.&quot; -- <a href="http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/elf.pdf">http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/elf.pdf</a> (page 95)</span>
<span id="L174" class="LineNr">174 </span>    <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> p_align = <span class="Constant">0x1000</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// default page size on linux</span>
<span id="L175" class="LineNr">175 </span>    emit<span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_align<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L176" class="LineNr">176 </span>    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_offset % p_align != p_start % p_align<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L177" class="LineNr">177 </span>      <a href='003trace.cc.html#L226'>raise</a> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;segment starting at 0x&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <a href='010vm.cc.html#L408'>HEXWORD</a> &lt;&lt; p_start &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; is improperly aligned; alignment for p_offset &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; p_offset &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; should be &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_offset % p_align<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; but is &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Delimiter">(</span>p_start % p_align<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
<span id="L178" class="LineNr">178 </span>      <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L179" class="LineNr">179 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L180" class="LineNr">180 </span>
<span id="L181" class="LineNr">181 </span>    <span class="Comment">// prepare for next segment</span>
<span id="L182" class="LineNr">182 </span>    p_offset += size<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L183" class="LineNr">183 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L184" class="LineNr">184 </span><span class="PreProc">#undef </span><span class="SpecialChar">O</span>
<span id="L185" class="LineNr">185 </span><span class="PreProc">#undef emit</span>
<span id="L186" class="LineNr">186 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L187" class="LineNr">187 </span>
<span id="L188" class="LineNr">188 </span><span class="Normal">void</span> <a href='030translate.cc.html#L188'>write_segment</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> segment&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">,</span> ostream&amp; out<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L189" class="LineNr">189 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L190" class="LineNr">190 </span>    <span class="Normal">const</span> vector&lt;word&gt;&amp; w = s<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L191" class="LineNr">191 </span>    <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> j = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  j &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++j<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L192" class="LineNr">192 </span>      <span class="Normal">uint8_t</span> x = <a href='011run.cc.html#L288'>hex_byte</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>w<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>j<span class="Delimiter">).</span>data<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// we're done with metadata by this point</span>
<span id="L193" class="LineNr">193 </span>      out<span class="Delimiter">.</span>write<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">reinterpret_cast</span>&lt;<span class="Normal">const</span> <span class="Normal">char</span>*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span>&amp;x<span class="Delimiter">),</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">sizeof(byte)</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L194" class="LineNr">194 </span>    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L195" class="LineNr">195 </span>  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L196" class="LineNr">196 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L197" class="LineNr">197 </span>
<span id="L198" class="LineNr">198 </span><span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> <a href='030translate.cc.html#L198'>num_words</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> segment&amp; s<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
<span id="L199" class="LineNr">199 </span>  <span class="Normal">uint32_t</span> sum = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L200" class="LineNr">200 </span>  <span class="Normal">for</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> i = <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>  i &lt; <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
<span id="L201" class="LineNr">201 </span>    sum += <a href='001help.cc.html#L166'>SIZE</a><span class="Delimiter">(</span>s<span class="Delimiter">.</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L113'>lines</a><span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span>i<span class="Delimiter">).</span><a href='011run.cc.html#L122'>words</a><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span id="L202" class="LineNr">202 </span>  <span class="Identifier">return</span> sum<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span id="L203" class="LineNr">203 </span><span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span id="L204" class="LineNr">204 </span>
<span id="L205" class="LineNr">205 </span><span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Includes&quot;)</span>
<span id="L206" class="LineNr">206 </span><span class="Normal">using</span> std::ios<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
</pre>
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