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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset='utf-8'>
<title>Qemu</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="index.html">Tools Index</a>
<h1>Qemu</h1>
<h2 id="kern">1. Host System</h2>
<p>Prepare host system for virtual machines, this includes create new user,
loading necessary modules and configure network. Load kvm module, in this example
intel module is loaded but depends on host cpu;</p>
<pre>
# modprobe -a kvm-intel tun virtio
</pre>
<p>Add users to kvm group;</p>
<pre>
# usermod -a -G kvm machine-admin
# usermod -a -G kvm username
</pre>
<h2 id="disk">2. Disk images</h2>
<p>Qemu supports multiple disk images types.</p>
<dl>
<dt>img</dt>
<dd>Raw disk image, allows dd to a physical device.</dd>
<dt>raw</dt>
<dd>Raw disk image, allows dd to a physical device.</dd>
<dt>qcow2</dt>
<dd>Qcow disk image file used by qemu.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Create hard disk image, there is different types,
this describes how to create a qcow2 type;</p>
<pre>
$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 crux-img.qcow2 20G
</pre>
<h3 id="mount">2.1. Mount images</h3>
<p>Qemu disk images can be treated as regular disks using
qemu disk network block device server;</p>
<pre>
$ sudo modprobe nbd
$ sudo qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 crux-img.qcow2
</pre>
<p>Information about preparing
<a href="../linux/install.html#step2">partitions</a>
and <a href="storage.html">storage</a> administration.
You can use image as a normal disk, example how
to use parted to create a gpt system table;</p>
<pre>
parted --script ${DEV} \
mklabel gpt \
unit mib \
mkpart primary 2 4 \
name 1 grub \
mkpart ESP fat32 4 132 \
name 2 efi \
mkpart primary ext4 132 1132 \
name 3 boot \
mkpart primary 1132 100% \
name 4 lvm \
set 1 bios_grub on \
set 2 boot on \
set 4 lvm on
</pre>
<pre>
# kpartx -a -s -l -u /dev/nbd0
</pre>
<p>Use /dev/mapper/$(name_of_device) to assign correct blocks;</p>
<pre>
pvcreate /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p4
vgcreate vg_system /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p4
lvcreate -L 15G -n lv_root vg_system
lvcreate -L 2G -n lv_var vg_system
lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_home vg_system
</pre>
<pre>
mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p2
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p3
mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_system/lv_root
mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_system/lv_var
mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_system/lv_home
</pre>
<p>Read <a href="lvm.html">lvm</a> documentation on how to setup
virtual group and logic volumes.</p>
<p>Mount partition;</p>
<pre>
mount /dev/vg_system/
mkdir -p $CHROOT/proc
mkdir -p $CHROOT/sys
mkdir -p $CHROOT/dev
mkdir -p $CHROOT/media
mkdir -p $CHROOT/boot
mount /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p3 $CHROOT/boot
mkdir -p $CHROOT/boot/efi
mount /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p2 $CHROOT/boot/efi
mkdir -p $CHROOT/var
mount /dev/mapper/${DEV_NAME}p5 $CHROOT/var
</pre>
<p>Before disconnecting image, clean dev mappings;</p>
<pre>
$ sudo kpartx -d /dev/nbd0
$ sudo qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
</pre>
<h3 id="resize">2.2. Resize images</h3>
<p>Verify disk image information;</p>
<pre>
$ qemu-img info c1-storage.qcow2
</pre>
<pre>
image: c1-storage.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 10G (10737418240 bytes)
disk size: 7.6G
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
compat: 1.1
lazy refcounts: false
refcount bits: 16
corrupt: false
$
</pre>
<p>In this example is added 25G to the image;</p>
<pre>
$ qemu-img resize c1-storage.qcow2 +25G
</pre>
<p>Read <a href="lvm.html#resize">lvm resize</a> if image
is using lvm, or use resize2fs. If size is not provided to resize2fs,
by default it will grow file system to all partition;</p>
<pre>
$ sudo qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 /srv/qemu/img/c1-server.qcow2
</pre>
<pre>
# kpartx -a -s -l -u /dev/nbd0
GPT:Primary header thinks Alt. header is not at the end of the disk.
GPT:Alternate GPT header not at the end of the disk.
GPT: Use GNU Parted to correct GPT errors.
# parted /dev/nbd0
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/nbd0
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print
Warning: Not all of the space available to /dev/nbd0 appears to be used, you can
fix the GPT to use all of the space (an extra 16777216 blocks) or continue with
the current setting?
Fix/Ignore? Fix
(parted) resizepart 3 100%
(parted) quit
</pre>
<pre>
# e2fsck /dev/mapper/nbd0p3
# resize2fs /dev/mapper/nbd0p3
</pre>
<h2 id="net">3. Network</h2>
<p>Network configuration;</p>
<dl>
<dt>slirp</dt>
<dd>Default virtual NAT'd network.</dd>
<dt>tun/tap</dt>
<dd>Good performance to create virtually any type of network
topology.</dd>
<dt>vde</dt>
<dd>The VDE networking backend.</dd>
</dl>
<pre>
KERNEL=="tun", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0660", OPTIONS+="static_node=net/tun"
</pre>
<h3>3.1. Routing</h3>
<p>Create interface with correct permissions set for kvm group.</p>
<pre>
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# iptables -A INPUT -i br0 -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A FORWARD -i br0 -j ACCEPT
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 -d 10.0.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 -j MASQUERADE
</pre>
<h3>3.2. Public Bridge</h3>
<p>Create <a href="network.html#bridge">bridge</a>, create new
tap and add it to bridge;</p>
<pre>
DEV="br0"
ADDR=10.0.0.254
NET=10.0.0.0
GW=10.0.0.1
MASK=24
# one tap for each cpu core
NTAPS=$((`/usr/bin/nproc`))
case $1 in
start)
/sbin/ip link add name ${DEV} type bridge
/sbin/ip addr add ${ADDR}/${MASK} dev ${DEV} broadcast +
/sbin/ip link set dev ${DEV} up
/bin/sleep 0.2s
for i in `/usr/bin/seq $NTAPS`
do
TAP="tap$i"
echo "Setting up ${TAP} tap interface."
/sbin/ip tuntap add ${TAP} mode tap group kvm
/sbin/ip link set ${TAP} up
/bin/sleep 0.2s
/sbin/ip link set ${TAP} master ${DEV}
done
exit 0
;;
stop)
for i in `/usr/bin/seq $NTAPS`
do
TAP="tap$i"
echo "Deleting ${TAP} tap interface."
/sbin/ip link del ${TAP}
done
/sbin/ip link set dev ${DEV} down
/sbin/ip route flush dev ${DEV}
/sbin/ip link del ${DEV}
exit 0
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 [start|stop|restart]"
;;
esac
# End of file
</pre>
<h2 id="guest">4. Guest System</h2>
<p>See <a href="scripts/runvm/runvm.sh">scripts/runvm/runvm.sh</a>,
as template. Example scripts;</p>
<p>runvm/profile/crux</p>
<pre>
mac=$(rmac_addr)
memory=1024
boot=d
tap="tap1"
iso=iso/crux-3.4.iso
image=img/crux-standard.qcow2
other="-vga std -display sdl"
</pre>
<p>runvm/runvm.sh</p>
<pre>
function rmac_addr (){
printf '54:60:BE:EF:%02X:%02X\n' $((RANDOM%256)) $((RANDOM%256))
}
source profile/$1
qemu-system-x86_64 \
-enable-kvm \
-m ${memory} \
-boot ${boot} \
-cdrom ${iso} \
-hda ${image} \
-device e1000,netdev=t0,mac=${mac} \
-netdev tap,id=t0,ifname=${tap},script=no,downscript=no \
${other} \
&
</pre>
<p>Set guests machines to run under the total resolution provided
by host system configure grub on the guest with gfxmode;</p>
<h3 id="graphics">4.1. Guest Graphics</h3>
<p>Get current resolution on host machine;</p>
<pre>
$ xrandr --current | fgrep '*'
1366x768 60.00*+
</pre>
<p>Set grub gfxmod on guest machine, edit /etc/default/grub;</p>
<pre>
GRUB_GFXMODE=1366x768
GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=keep
</pre>
<p>Update grub configuration on guest machine;</p>
<pre>
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
</pre>
<h3 id="sound">4.2. Guest Sound</h3>
<p>Check if DMAR is enable on kernel configuration,
Intel and AMD uses different technology. To check on
Inter machine run;</p>
<pre>
# grep -e DMAR -e IOMMU
</pre>
<p>runvm/profile/crux</p>
<pre>
export QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=alsa
memory=1024
boot=c
iso=iso/devuan_jessie_1.0.0_amd64_CD.iso
image=img/c12-dvd.qcow2
tap="tap2"
mac="54:60:be:ef:5c:72"
other="-soundhw hda -vga std -display sdl"
</pre>
<h3 id="usb">4.3. Guest USB</h3>
<pre>
# lsusb
# ls /dev/v4l
# ls /dev/bus/usb
</pre>
<pre>
# chown root:kvm /dev/bus/usb/003/004
</pre>
<pre>
export QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=alsa
memory=1024
boot=c
iso=iso/devuan_jessie_1.0.0_amd64_CD.iso
image=img/c12-dvd.qcow2
tap="tap2"
mac="54:60:be:ef:5c:72"
other="-soundhw hda -vga std -display sdl -usb -device usb-host,vendorid=0x13d3,productid=0x5652"
</pre>
<h2 id="bootusb">5. Boot iso on usb</h2>
<pre>
# lsusb
# ls /dev/bus/usb
</pre>
<pre>
# chown root:kvm /dev/bus/usb/003/012
</pre>
<pre>
$ qemu-system-x86_64 -m 512 -enable-kvm -vnc :0 -usb -device usb-host,hostbus=3,hostaddr=12
</pre>
<a href="index.html">Tools Index</a>
<p>This is part of the LeetIO System Documentation.
Copyright (C) 2021
LeetIO Team.
See the file <a href="../fdl-1.3-standalone.html">Gnu Free Documentation License</a>
for copying conditions.</p>
</body>
</html>
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