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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
	<head>
		<title>On Racist Jokes</title>
		<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css" />
		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
		<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
	</head>
	<body>
		<h1>On Racist Jokes</h1>
		<p>The use of the terms "black" and "black slave" as insults is:</p>
		<ul>
			<li>profoundly disrespectful towards the millions of black people that have been abused, discriminated against, and treated unfairly, in the past and the present</li>
			<li>ill-considerate towards people who are experiencing racism</li>
			<li>demonstrates a toxic and arrogant lack of empathy towards the disadvantaged.</li>
		</ul>

		<p>
		A common argument to make here is that "consider how you would be discriminated against when you become the minority, you wouldn't appreciate such jokes on your social group". Although we head in the same general direction, I do not agree with this frame of mind. Discriminatory jokes are wrong, independent of the possibility of the discriminator being held to the same activities in the future.
		</p>

		<p>
		The argument to "take this easy as these are just jokes" is ridiculous. The mere act of descriptive terms for a specific social group being used as a "joke" undermines the seriousness of the social issue. Find something else to joke about. Not something like racism and other forms of discrimination.
		</p>

		<p>
		It is similarly bad to direct hatred towards others who fight against racism.
		</p>

		<div id="footer">
			<hr />
			<p><a href="/">Runxi Yu's Website</a></p>
			<p>Unless otherwise specified with the "<span class="copyright">copyright</span>" HTML/CSS class, works hosted on this subdomain (<code>www.andrewyu.org</code>) served with the HTTP(S) protocol is available under <a href="https://www.andrewyu.org/note/pubdom.html">Runxi Yu's Public Domain Dedication</a>.</p>
		</div>
	</body>
</html>
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//: Arrays contain a variable number of elements of the same type. Their value
//: starts with the length of the array.
//:
//: You can create arrays of containers, but containers can only contain
//: elements of a fixed size, so you can't create containers containing arrays.
//: Create containers containing addresses to arrays instead.

//: You can create arrays using 'create-array'.
void test_create_array() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      // create an array occupying locations 1 (for the size) and 2-4 (for the elements)
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "run: creating array from 4 locations\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Primitive Recipe Declarations")
CREATE_ARRAY,
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Numbers")
put(Recipe_ordinal, "create-array", CREATE_ARRAY);
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Checks")
case CREATE_ARRAY: {
  if (inst.products.empty()) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'create-array' needs one product and no ingredients but got '" << to_original_string(inst) << '\n' << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ product = inst.products.at(0);
  // Update CREATE_ARRAY product in Check
  if (!is_mu_array(product)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'create-array' cannot create non-array '" << product.original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  if (!product.type->right) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "create array of what? '" << to_original_string(inst) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  // 'create-array' will need to check properties rather than types
  type_tree* array_length_from_type = product.type->right->right;
  if (!array_length_from_type) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "create array of what size? '" << to_original_string(inst) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  if (!product.type->right->right->atom)
    array_length_from_type = array_length_from_type->left;
  if (!is_integer(array_length_from_type->name)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'create-array' product should specify size of array after its element type, but got '" << product.type->right->right->name << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  break;
}
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Implementations")
case CREATE_ARRAY: {
  reagent/*copy*/ product = current_instruction().products.at(0);
  // Update CREATE_ARRAY product in Run
  int base_address = product.value;
  type_tree* array_length_from_type = product.type->right->right;
  if (!product.type->right->right->atom)
    array_length_from_type = array_length_from_type->left;
  int array_length = to_integer(array_length_from_type->name);
  // initialize array length, so that size_of will work
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "mem") << "storing " << array_length << " in location " << base_address << end();
  put(Memory, base_address, array_length);  // in array elements
  int size = size_of(product);  // in locations
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "creating array from " << size << " locations" << end();
  // initialize array
  for (int i = 1;  i <= size_of(product);  ++i)
    put(Memory, base_address+i, 0);
  // no need to update product
  write_products = false;
  break;
}

:(code)
// Arrays can be copied around with a single instruction just like numbers,
// no matter how large they are.
// You don't need to pass the size around, since each array variable stores its
// size in memory at run-time. We'll call a variable with an explicit size a
// 'static' array, and one without a 'dynamic' array since it can contain
// arrays of many different sizes.
void test_copy_array() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 14\n"
      "  3:num <- copy 15\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  5:array:num <- copy 1:array:num:3\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 3 in location 5\n"
      "mem: storing 14 in location 6\n"
      "mem: storing 15 in location 7\n"
      "mem: storing 16 in location 8\n"
  );
}

void test_stash_array() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 14\n"
      "  3:num <- copy 15\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  stash [foo:], 1:array:num:3\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "app: foo: 3 14 15 16\n"
  );
}

:(before "End types_coercible Special-cases")
if (is_mu_array(from) && is_mu_array(to))
  return types_strictly_match(array_element(from.type), array_element(to.type));

:(before "End size_of(reagent r) Special-cases")
if (!r.type->atom && r.type->left->atom && r.type->left->value == Array_type_ordinal) {
  if (!r.type->right) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "'" << r.original_string << "' is an array of what?\n" << end();
    return 1;
  }
  return /*space for length*/1 + array_length(r)*size_of(array_element(r.type));
}

:(before "End size_of(type) Non-atom Special-cases")
if (type->left->value == Array_type_ordinal) return static_array_length(type);
:(code)
int static_array_length(const type_tree* type) {
  if (!type->atom && type->right && !type->right->atom && type->right->right && !type->right->right->atom && !type->right->right->right  // exactly 3 types
      && type->right->right->left && type->right->right->left->atom && is_integer(type->right->right->left->name)) {  // third 'type' is a number
    // get size from type
    return to_integer(type->right->right->left->name);
  }
  cerr << to_string(type) << '\n';
  assert(false);
}

//: disable the size mismatch check for arrays since the destination array
//: need not be initialized
:(before "End size_mismatch(x) Special-cases")
if (x.type && !x.type->atom && x.type->left->value == Array_type_ordinal) return false;

//:: arrays inside containers
//: arrays are disallowed inside containers unless their length is fixed in
//: advance

:(code)
void test_container_permits_static_array_element() {
  run(
      "container foo [\n"
      "  x:array:num:3\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_COUNT("error", 0);
}

:(before "End insert_container Special-cases")
else if (is_integer(type->name)) {  // sometimes types will contain non-type tags, like numbers for the size of an array
  type->value = 0;
}

:(code)
void test_container_disallows_dynamic_array_element() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "container foo [\n"
      "  x:array:num\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: container 'foo' cannot determine size of element 'x'\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Load Container Element Definition")
{
  const type_tree* type = info.elements.back().type;
  if (type && type->atom && type->name == "array") {
    raise << "container '" << name << "' doesn't specify type of array elements for '" << info.elements.back().name << "'\n" << end();
    continue;
  }
  if (type && !type->atom && type->left->atom && type->left->name == "array") {
    if (!type->right) {
      raise << "container '" << name << "' doesn't specify type of array elements for '" << info.elements.back().name << "'\n" << end();
      continue;
    }
    if (!type->right->right || !is_integer(type->right->right->left->name)) {  // array has no length
      raise << "container '" << name << "' cannot determine size of element '" << info.elements.back().name << "'\n" << end();
      continue;
    }
  }
}

//: disable the size mismatch check for 'merge' instructions since containers
//: can contain arrays, and since we already do plenty of checking for them
:(before "End size_mismatch(x) Special-cases")
if (current_call().running_step_index < SIZE(get(Recipe, current_call().running_recipe).steps)
    && current_instruction().operation == MERGE) {
  return false;
}

:(code)
void test_merge_static_array_into_container() {
  run(
      "container foo [\n"
      "  x:num\n"
      "  y:array:num:3\n"
      "]\n"
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  10:foo <- merge 34, 1:array:num:3\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  // no errors
}

void test_code_inside_container() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "container card [\n"
      "  rank:num <- next-ingredient\n"
      "]\n"
      "def foo [\n"
      "  1:card <- merge 3\n"
      "  2:num <- get 1:card rank:offset\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  // shouldn't die
}

//:: To access elements of an array, use 'index'

void test_index() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 14\n"
      "  3:num <- copy 15\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  10:num <- index 1:array:num:3, 0/index\n"  // the index must be a non-negative whole number
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 14 in location 10\n"
  );
}

void test_index_compound_element() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  {1: (array (address number) 3)} <- create-array\n"
      // skip alloc id
      "  3:num <- copy 14\n"
      // skip alloc id
      "  5:num <- copy 15\n"
      // skip alloc id
      "  7:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  10:address:num <- index {1: (array (address number) 3)}, 0\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      // skip alloc id
      "mem: storing 14 in location 11\n"
  );
}

void test_index_direct_offset() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 14\n"
      "  3:num <- copy 15\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  10:num <- copy 0\n"
      "  20:num <- index 1:array:num, 10:num\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 14 in location 20\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Primitive Recipe Declarations")
INDEX,
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Numbers")
put(Recipe_ordinal, "index", INDEX);
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Checks")
case INDEX: {
  if (SIZE(inst.ingredients) != 2) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'index' expects exactly 2 ingredients in '" << to_original_string(inst) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ base = inst.ingredients.at(0);
  // Update INDEX base in Check
  if (!is_mu_array(base)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'index' on a non-array '" << base.original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ index = inst.ingredients.at(1);
  // Update INDEX index in Check
  if (!is_mu_number(index)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "second ingredient of 'index' should be a number, but got '" << index.original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  if (inst.products.empty()) break;
  reagent/*copy*/ product = inst.products.at(0);
  // Update INDEX product in Check
  reagent/*local*/ element(copy_array_element(base.type));
  if (!types_coercible(product, element)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'index' on '" << base.original_string << "' can't be saved in '" << product.original_string << "'; type should be '" << names_to_string_without_quotes(element.type) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  break;
}
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Implementations")
case INDEX: {
  reagent/*copy*/ base = current_instruction().ingredients.at(0);
  // Update INDEX base in Run
  int base_address = base.value;
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "base address is " << base_address << end();
  if (base_address == 0) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "tried to access location 0 in '" << to_original_string(current_instruction()) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ index = current_instruction().ingredients.at(1);
  // Update INDEX index in Run
  vector<double> index_val(read_memory(index));
  if (index_val.at(0) < 0 || index_val.at(0) >= get_or_insert(Memory, base_address)) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "invalid index " << no_scientific(index_val.at(0)) << " in '" << to_original_string(current_instruction()) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*local*/ element(copy_array_element(base.type));
  element.set_value(base_address + /*skip length*/1 + index_val.at(0)*size_of(element.type));
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "address to copy is " << element.value << end();
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "its type is " << to_string(element.type) << end();
  // Read element
  products.push_back(read_memory(element));
  break;
}

:(code)
type_tree* copy_array_element(const type_tree* type) {
  return new type_tree(*array_element(type));
}

type_tree* array_element(const type_tree* type) {
  assert(type->right);
  if (type->right->atom) {
    return type->right;
  }
  else if (!type->right->right) {
    return type->right->left;
  }
  // hack: support array:num:3 without requiring extra parens
  else if (type->right->right->left && type->right->right->left->atom && is_integer(type->right->right->left->name)) {
    assert(!type->right->right->right);
    return type->right->left;
  }
  return type->right;
}

int array_length(const reagent& x) {
  // x should already be canonized.
  // hack: look for length in type
  if (!x.type->atom && x.type->right && !x.type->right->atom && x.type->right->right && !x.type->right->right->atom && !x.type->right->right->right  // exactly 3 types
      && x.type->right->right->left && x.type->right->right->left->atom && is_integer(x.type->right->right->left->name)) {  // third 'type' is a number
    // get size from type
    return to_integer(x.type->right->right->left->name);
  }
  // this should never happen at transform time
  return get_or_insert(Memory, x.value);
}

:(before "End Unit Tests")
void test_array_length_compound() {
  put(Memory, 1, 3);
  put(Memory, 2, 14);
  put(Memory, 3, 15);
  put(Memory, 4, 16);
  reagent x("1:array:address:num");  // 3 types, but not a static array
  populate_value(x);
  CHECK_EQ(array_length(x), 3);
}

void test_array_length_static() {
  reagent x("1:array:num:3");
  CHECK_EQ(array_length(x), 3);
}

void test_index_truncates() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  2:num <- copy 14\n"
      "  3:num <- copy 15\n"
      "  4:num <- copy 16\n"
      "  10:num <- index 1:array:num:3, 1.5\n"  // non-whole number
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      // fraction is truncated away
      "mem: storing 15 in location 10\n"
  );
}

void test_index_out_of_bounds() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:point:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  index 1:array:point:3, 4\n"  // less than size of array in locations, but larger than its length in elements
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: invalid index 4 in 'index 1:array:point:3, 4'\n"
  );
}

void test_index_out_of_bounds_2() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  index 1:array:num, -1\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: invalid index -1 in 'index 1:array:num, -1'\n"
  );
}

void test_index_product_type_mismatch() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:point:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  10:num <- index 1:array:point, 0\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: 'index' on '1:array:point' can't be saved in '10:num'; type should be 'point'\n"
  );
}

//: we might want to call 'index' without saving the results, say in a sandbox

void test_index_without_product() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  index 1:array:num:3, 0\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  // just don't die
}

//:: To write to elements of arrays, use 'put'.

void test_put_index() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  1:array:num <- put-index 1:array:num, 1, 34\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 34 in location 3\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Primitive Recipe Declarations")
PUT_INDEX,
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Numbers")
put(Recipe_ordinal, "put-index", PUT_INDEX);
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Checks")
case PUT_INDEX: {
  if (SIZE(inst.ingredients) != 3) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'put-index' expects exactly 3 ingredients in '" << to_original_string(inst) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ base = inst.ingredients.at(0);
  // Update PUT_INDEX base in Check
  if (!is_mu_array(base)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'put-index' on a non-array '" << base.original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ index = inst.ingredients.at(1);
  // Update PUT_INDEX index in Check
  if (!is_mu_number(index)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "second ingredient of 'put-index' should have type 'number', but got '" << inst.ingredients.at(1).original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ value = inst.ingredients.at(2);
  // Update PUT_INDEX value in Check
  reagent/*local*/ element(copy_array_element(base.type));
  if (!types_coercible(element, value)) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'put-index " << base.original_string << ", " << inst.ingredients.at(1).original_string << "' should store " << names_to_string_without_quotes(element.type) << " but '" << value.name << "' has type " << names_to_string_without_quotes(value.type) << '\n' << end();
    break;
  }
  if (inst.products.empty()) break;  // no more checks necessary
  if (inst.products.at(0).name != inst.ingredients.at(0).name) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "product of 'put-index' must be first ingredient '" << inst.ingredients.at(0).original_string << "', but got '" << inst.products.at(0).original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  // End PUT_INDEX Product Checks
  break;
}
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Implementations")
case PUT_INDEX: {
  reagent/*copy*/ base = current_instruction().ingredients.at(0);
  // Update PUT_INDEX base in Run
  int base_address = base.value;
  if (base_address == 0) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "tried to access location 0 in '" << to_original_string(current_instruction()) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ index = current_instruction().ingredients.at(1);
  // Update PUT_INDEX index in Run
  vector<double> index_val(read_memory(index));
  if (index_val.at(0) < 0 || index_val.at(0) >= get_or_insert(Memory, base_address)) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "invalid index " << no_scientific(index_val.at(0)) << " in '" << to_original_string(current_instruction()) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  int address = base_address + /*skip length*/1 + index_val.at(0)*size_of(array_element(base.type));
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "address to copy to is " << address << end();
  // optimization: directly write the element rather than updating 'product'
  // and writing the entire array
  write_products = false;
  vector<double> value = read_memory(current_instruction().ingredients.at(2));
  // Write Memory in PUT_INDEX in Run
  for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(value);  ++i) {
    trace(Callstack_depth+1, "mem") << "storing " << no_scientific(value.at(i)) << " in location " << address+i << end();
    put(Memory, address+i, value.at(i));
  }
  break;
}

:(code)
void test_put_index_out_of_bounds() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:point:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  8:point <- merge 34, 35\n"
      "  1:array:point <- put-index 1:array:point, 4, 8:point\n"  // '4' is less than size of array in locations, but larger than its length in elements
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: invalid index 4 in '1:array:point <- put-index 1:array:point, 4, 8:point'\n"
  );
}

void test_put_index_out_of_bounds_2() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:point:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  10:point <- merge 34, 35\n"
      "  1:array:point <- put-index 1:array:point, -1, 10:point\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: invalid index -1 in '1:array:point <- put-index 1:array:point, -1, 10:point'\n"
  );
}

void test_put_index_product_error() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  4:array:num:3 <- put-index 1:array:num:3, 0, 34\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: main: product of 'put-index' must be first ingredient '1:array:num:3', but got '4:array:num:3'\n"
  );
}

//:: compute the length of an array

void test_array_length() {
  run(
      "def main [\n"
      "  1:array:num:3 <- create-array\n"
      "  10:num <- length 1:array:num\n"
      "]\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "mem: storing 3 in location 10\n"
  );
}

:(before "End Primitive Recipe Declarations")
LENGTH,
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Numbers")
put(Recipe_ordinal, "length", LENGTH);
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Checks")
case LENGTH: {
  if (SIZE(inst.ingredients) != 1) {
    raise << maybe(get(Recipe, r).name) << "'length' expects exactly 2 ingredients in '" << to_original_string(inst) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  reagent/*copy*/ array = inst.ingredients.at(0);
  // Update LENGTH array in Check
  if (!is_mu_array(array)) {
    raise << "tried to calculate length of non-array '" << array.original_string << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  break;
}
:(before "End Primitive Recipe Implementations")
case LENGTH: {
  reagent/*copy*/ array = current_instruction().ingredients.at(0);
  // Update LENGTH array in Run
  if (array.value == 0) {
    raise << maybe(current_recipe_name()) << "tried to access location 0 in '" << to_original_string(current_instruction()) << "'\n" << end();
    break;
  }
  products.resize(1);
  products.at(0).push_back(get_or_insert(Memory, array.value));
  break;
}

//: optimization: none of the instructions in this layer use 'ingredients' so
//: stop copying potentially huge arrays into it.
:(before "End should_copy_ingredients Special-cases")
recipe_ordinal r = current_instruction().operation;
if (r == CREATE_ARRAY || r == INDEX || r == PUT_INDEX || r == LENGTH)
  return false;