1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head>
<title>Reclaiming "他" as a gender-inclusive pronoun</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/oldstyle.css" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<meta charset="utf-8" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Reclaiming "他" as a gender-inclusive pronoun</h1>
<p>
<a href="#en">English</a> <a href="#zh">中文</a>
</p>
<section id="en">
<p>tl;dr: "他" uses the "人" (person) radical, and should cover all
people, because not all people are male.</p>
<p>In contemporary English, the traditional plural pronoun "they" is
often used as a gender-inclusive singular pronoun, alongside the
feminine singular "she" and the masculine singular "he". However, there
is no equivalent in Chinese. "他" is considered a masculine pronouns in
contemporary Chinese, despite its "人" radical and its history of
traditionally being a gender-inclusive pronoun until the 1920s. This
article argues for the reclaiming of "他" as a gender-inclusive
pronoun.</p>
<p>Prior to the May Fourth Movement and the broader New Culture
Movement, "他" was a generic pronoun for all entities, including people
of any gender, and inanimate objects. In the movements’ efforts to
"modernize" the Chinese language and culture, a separate feminine
pronoun "她" was created by the poet and linguist 刘半农, becoming an
established linguistic norm after the Chinese Civil War. (A separate
"它" was created for inanimate objects; however this has little
relevance to the arguments in this article.)</p>
<p>A distinct feminine pronoun "她" along with "他" being a masculine
pronoun poses three problems: (1) the annoyances caused by the lack of a
inclusive placeholder pronoun, (2) the reinforcement of gender binary
normatives and the lack of a neutral pronoun, and (3) the
marginalization of the feminine from the concept of personhood.</p>
<p>When referring to a placeholder of unknown gender in contemporary
English, singular they pronouns are often used, such as in "someone left
their laptop here". Such colloquial conversations are generally
unproblematic as all normative third-person pronouns in Mandarin sound
the same: tā. However, in written contexts, many use "他/她" resembling
"he/she". Aside from how this reinforces gender binary and alienates
women (see the next two paragraphs), it is visually unappealing (as
half-width slashes look particularly distinct from full-width CJK
ideographs and break typographical uniformity) and adds unnecessary
syntactic sugar.</p>
<p>Individuals who are not comfortable with any gendered pronoun
often prefer singular they pronouns. (I do not wish to turn
this article into a detailed discussion of non-binary gender, please
read Leah Rowe’s article "<a
href="https://vimuser.org/pronouns.html">Better respect for non-binary
people, in defense of human rights</a>" if this concept seems
unfamiliar.) The status quo of "她" being solely a feminine pronoun and
"他" being solely a masculine pronoun reinforces gender binary and
leaves no gender-neutral/inclusive pronoun for non-binary people who
would prefer such pronouns.</p>
<p>The more fundamental issue with "他" as a masculine pronoun lies in
its character composition and etymology. "他" is a compound character
consisting of a "人" (person) radical and "也", while "她" consists of a
"女" (female) radical and "也". Limiting "他" as a male pronoun assumes
the male gender as dominant in "people", and marginalizes other genders,
most prominently the female gender, as groups distinct from "people".
This aligns with the development of the "她" pronoun as a distinct
subset of what used to be covered by "他". I believe that a character’s
composition should not be deceptive to its meaning, and therefore, the
"他" with the "人" radical should describe any person, not just any male
person.</p>
<p>While I believe that "他" should be truly gender inclusive, its current
masculine standing does make it similar to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns#Generic_he">Generic he</a>
to some extent. I dislike generic he as it reflects bias towards men, but
an inclusive "他" does carry these risks. Therefore I propose that
those who prefer a unique masculine pronoun may choose to use one
with a "男" (male) radical instead. While "男也" (read that as one character) has not been given a
Unicode code-point yet, I find this solution to be much more ideal than
stereotypical generalizations with "他".</p>
<p>
Please share your thoughts.
</p>
</section>
<section id="zh">
<p>
<b>
将"他"恢复为性别包容性代词
</b>
</p>
<p>
一句话："他"字的偏旁为单人旁，应该要涵盖所有人，因为并非所有人皆为男性。
</p>
<p>
现代英语中，传统的复数代词 "they" 常用作性别包容的单数代词，伴以 "she" 作阴性单数代词及 "he" 作阳性单数代词。然而，汉语中却没有等效的词语。现代汉语将"他"视为阳性代词，尽管其偏旁为单人旁，且在二十世纪二十年代以前，其曾有过用作性别包容性代词的历史。本文的论点为，将"他"恢复为性别包容性代词。
</p>
<p>
在五四运动及更为广泛的新文化运动以前，"他"曾通用作所有实体的代词，包括任何性别的人，及无生命的物体。这场运动为中国语言和文化的"现代化"做出了许多努力，其中之一就是单独创造了一个阴性代词 "她"。这个字由诗人、语言学家刘半农创造，并在国共内战后成为了公认的语言规范。（对无生命的物体，也创造了一个单独的"它"；但这与本文的论点无关。）
</p>
<p>
在"他"作阳性代词时，分立阴性代词"她"，引发了三个问题：（1）因缺乏包容性占位代词而产生的困扰，（2）强化了性别二元规范，缺少了中性代词，及（3）将女性在人格概念中边缘化。
</p>
<p>
现代英语中，常常使用单数 they 代词来充当未知性别的占位词，例如 "someone left their laptop here"。这种口头对话一般不会出现问题，因为普通话中所有规范的第三人称代词发音都相同：tā。然而，在书面语中，许多人会像 "he/she" 一样使用 "他/她"。除了强化了性别二元论、排斥了女性（见后两段）外，这在视觉上也不显美观（在全角 CJK 象形文字中插入半角斜杆尤显突兀，且破坏了排版的一致性），还添加了不必要的语法糖。
</p>
<p>
有些人并不喜欢分性别代词（我在这个 commit 前亦是如此），所以他们常偏向使用单数 they 代词。（我无意图在本文详细讨论非二元性别，如果你不熟悉这个概念，请阅读 Leah Rowe 的文章 "Better respect for non-binary people, in defense of human rights"）"她"单独用作阴性代词，同时"他"单独用作阳性代词，这种现状强化了性别二元论，并使得偏好性别中性或性别包容性代词的人无法使用这类代词。
</p>
<p>
将"他"用作阳性代词，更为关键的问题在于这个字的组成及词源。"他"字由单人旁和"也"组成，而"她"字由女字旁和"也"组成。将"他"限定为男性代词，假定了男性在"人"中占了主导地位，同时还将其他性别（最明显的是女性）边缘化，将其视作有别于"人"的群体。自从原本被"他"涵盖的这个子集有了单独的代词"她"，前述问题也随着这个代词的发展而发展。我认为，一个字的构成不应该欺骗它的含义，因此，单人旁的"他"应该用于描述任何人，而不仅仅是任何男性。
</p>
<p>
虽然我认为"他"应该要具有真正的性别包容性，但这个词目前男性化的程度，使得它在某种程度上类似于将 he 通用化了。我并不喜欢通用化的"他"，因为这体现了对男性的偏见，但包容性的"他"确实也有这些风险。因此，我提议，偏好使用单独的阳性代词的人，可以转而选择一个有男字旁的字。虽然"男也"（读成一个字）目前还没有 Unicode 码点，但比起刻板地将"他"字一般化，我认为这才是更加理想的解决方案。
</p>
<p>
This Chinese translation was translated from the <a href="#en">English original</a> by <a href="https://peaksol.org/">Peaksol</a>. Thanks!
</p>
</section>
<div id="footer">
<hr />
<p><a href="/">Runxi Yu's Website</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|