15 files changed, 416 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/opencv/code/a1.py b/opencv/code/a1.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f00db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+import os
+
+os.chdir("images")
+
+image = cv2.imread("1i.png")
+
+gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
+
+_, graytobin = cv2.threshold(gray, 150, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
+
+_, rgbtobin = cv2.threshold(image, 150, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
+
+hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)
+
+hsvtorgb = cv2.cvtColor(hsv, cv2.COLOR_HSV2RGB)
+
+rcb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2YCR_CB)
+
+rcbtorgb = cv2.cvtColor(rcb, cv2.COLOR_YCrCb2BGR)
+
+cv2.imwrite("1.1.png", gray)
+cv2.imwrite("1.2.png", hsv)
+cv2.imwrite("1.3.png", rcb)
+cv2.imwrite("1.4.png", hsvtorgb)
+cv2.imwrite("1.5.png", rcbtorgb)
+cv2.imwrite("1.6.png", graytobin)
+cv2.imwrite("1.7.png", rgbtobin)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a10.py b/opencv/code/a10.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f54a024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a10.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+images = [cv2.imread(path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) for path in ["9i1.jpg", "9i2.jpg"]]
+assert all(
+    image.shape == images[0].shape for image in images
+), "Input images must have the same dimensions"
+
+operations = [
+    ("Addition", lambda x, y: cv2.add(x, y)),
+    ("Subtraction", lambda x, y: cv2.subtract(x, y)),
+    ("Multiplication", lambda x, y: cv2.multiply(x, y)),
+    (
+        "Division",
+        lambda x, y: cv2.divide(
+            x.astype(np.float32), np.where(y == 0, 1, y).astype(np.float32)
+        ),
+    ),
+]
+
+plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
+
+for i, image in enumerate(images, start=1):
+    plt.subplot(3, 2, i)
+    plt.imshow(image, cmap="gray")
+    plt.title(f"Image {i}")
+    plt.axis("off")
+
+for i, (operation_name, operation_function) in enumerate(
+    operations, start=len(images) + 1
+):
+    result_image = operation_function(*images)
+    plt.subplot(3, 2, i)
+    plt.imshow(result_image, cmap="gray")
+    plt.title(operation_name)
+    plt.axis("off")
+
+plt.savefig("10.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a11.py b/opencv/code/a11.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc4c436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a11.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from skimage.util import random_noise
+
+image = cv2.imread("4igr.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+# Add salt and pepper noise
+salt_pepper_noise = random_noise(image, mode="s&p", amount=0.02)
+
+# Add Gaussian noise
+gaussian_noise = random_noise(image, mode="gaussian", mean=0, var=0.01)
+
+# Create subplots
+plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
+
+# Salt and pepper noise
+plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
+plt.imshow(salt_pepper_noise, cmap="gray")
+plt.title("Salt and Pepper Noise")
+plt.axis("off")
+
+# Gaussian noise
+plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
+plt.imshow(gaussian_noise, cmap="gray")
+plt.title("Gaussian Noise")
+plt.axis("off")
+
+plt.savefig("11.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a12.py b/opencv/code/a12.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cf8858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a12.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+input_image = cv2.imread("4i.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+kernel_size = 3
+
+filters = [
+    (input_image, "Original Image"),
+    (cv2.blur(input_image, (kernel_size, kernel_size)), "Mean Filtered"),
+    (cv2.GaussianBlur(input_image, (kernel_size, kernel_size), 0), "Weighted Average Filtered"),
+    (cv2.medianBlur(input_image, kernel_size), "Median Filtered"),
+    (cv2.dilate(input_image, np.ones((kernel_size, kernel_size), np.uint8)), "Max Filtered"),
+    (cv2.erode(input_image, np.ones((kernel_size, kernel_size), np.uint8)), "Min Filtered"),
+]
+
+plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10))
+
+for i, (filtered_image, title) in enumerate(filters, start=1):
+    plt.subplot(3, 3, i)
+    plt.imshow(filtered_image, cmap="gray")
+    plt.title(title)
+    plt.axis("off")
+
+plt.savefig("12.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a13.py b/opencv/code/a13.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3afdf1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a13.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import cv2
+
+image = cv2.imread("1i.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+threshold_values = [50, 100, 150]
+
+for i, threshold in enumerate(threshold_values, start=1):
+    _, segmented_image = cv2.threshold(image, threshold, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
+    cv2.imwrite(f"13.{i}.jpg", segmented_image)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a14.py b/opencv/code/a14.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec04f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a14.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+img = cv2.imread("1i.png", 0)
+laplacian = cv2.Laplacian(img, -1, None, 3)
+
+robert_x_kernel = np.array([[-1, 0], [0, 1]])
+robert_y_kernel = np.array([[0, -1], [1, 0]])
+robert_x = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, robert_x_kernel)
+robert_y = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, robert_y_kernel)
+robert_combined = cv2.bitwise_or(robert_x, robert_y)
+
+prewitt_x_kernel = np.array([[-1, -1, -1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]])
+prewitt_y_kernel = np.array([[-1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1]])
+prewitt_x = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, prewitt_x_kernel)
+prewitt_y = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, prewitt_y_kernel)
+prewitt_combined = cv2.bitwise_or(prewitt_x, prewitt_y)
+
+sx = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_64F, 1, 0)
+sy = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_64F, 0, 1)
+sobel_x = np.uint8(np.absolute(sx))
+sobel_y = np.uint8(np.absolute(sy))
+sobel_combined = cv2.bitwise_or(sobel_x, sobel_y)
+
+empty = np.zeros(img.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+data = [
+    (img, "Original Image"),
+    (laplacian, "Laplacian"),
+    (robert_x, "Robert in x direction"),
+    (robert_y, "Robert in y direction"),
+    (robert_combined, "Combined Robert"),
+    (prewitt_x, "Prewitt in x direction"),
+    (prewitt_y, "Prewitt in y direction"),
+    (prewitt_combined, "Combined Prewitt"),
+    (sobel_x, "Sobel in x direction"),
+    (sobel_y, "Sobel in y direction"),
+    (sobel_combined, "Combined Sobel"),
+    (empty, ""),
+]
+
+fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 4, figsize=(10, 7))
+
+for ax, (image, title) in zip(axs.flat, data):
+    if image is not img:
+        image = 255 - image
+    ax.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
+    ax.set_title(title, fontsize=10)
+    ax.axis("off")
+
+plt.tight_layout()
+plt.savefig("14.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a2.py b/opencv/code/a2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0bfc14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+image = cv2.imread("1i.png")
+
+angle = float(input("Enter angle in degrees: "))
+
+height, width = image.shape[:2]
+
+rotation_matrix = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((width / 2, height / 2), angle, 1)
+
+# Determine the new dimensions of the rotated image
+cos_theta = np.abs(rotation_matrix[0, 0])
+sin_theta = np.abs(rotation_matrix[0, 1])
+new_width = int(height * sin_theta + width * cos_theta)
+new_height = int(height * cos_theta + width * sin_theta)
+
+# Adjust the rotation matrix to take into account translation to keep the entire image within bounds
+rotation_matrix[0, 2] += (new_width - width) / 2
+rotation_matrix[1, 2] += (new_height - height) / 2
+
+rotated_image = cv2.warpAffine(image, rotation_matrix, (new_width, new_height))
+
+cv2.imwrite(f"2.({angle}).png", rotated_image)
+cv2.waitKey(0)
+cv2.destroyAllWindows()
diff --git a/opencv/code/a3.py b/opencv/code/a3.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a8ffcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import cv2
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+image = cv2.imread("1i.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+histogram = cv2.calcHist([image], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
+
+plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
+plt.plot(histogram, color="black")
+plt.title("Grayscale Histogram")
+plt.xlabel("Pixel Value")
+plt.ylabel("Frequency")
+plt.xlim([0, 256])
+plt.savefig("3.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a4.py b/opencv/code/a4.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbd14e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a4.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+image = cv2.imread("4i.jpg")
+
+blue_channel, green_channel, red_channel = cv2.split(image)
+
+zeros = np.zeros_like(blue_channel)
+
+# Merge each channel with zeroes for the other channels
+blue_image = cv2.merge([blue_channel, zeros, zeros])
+green_image = cv2.merge([zeros, green_channel, zeros])
+red_image = cv2.merge([zeros, zeros, red_channel])
+
+cv2.imwrite("4.b.jpg", blue_image)
+cv2.imwrite("4.g.jpg", green_image)
+cv2.imwrite("4.r.jpg", red_image)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a5.py b/opencv/code/a5.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52e56c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+image = cv2.imread("4i.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+# Image Negative
+negative_image = 255 - image
+cv2.imwrite("5.negative.jpg", negative_image)
+
+# Log Transformation
+c = 255 / np.log(1 + np.max(image))
+log_transformed = c * np.log1p(1.0 + image)
+log_transformed = np.uint8(log_transformed)
+cv2.imwrite("5.log.jpg", log_transformed)
+
+# Power Law Transform
+gamma = 0.5
+power_law_transformed = np.power(image, gamma)
+power_law_transformed = cv2.normalize(
+    power_law_transformed, None, 0, 255, cv2.NORM_MINMAX
+)
+power_law_transformed = np.uint8(power_law_transformed)
+cv2.imwrite("5.power_law.jpg", power_law_transformed)
+
+
+# Piecewise Linear Transform
+def piecewise_linear(x):
+    return np.piecewise(
+        x,
+        [x < 50, (x >= 50) & (x < 100), (x >= 100) & (x < 150), x >= 150],
+        [
+            lambda x: 0,
+            lambda x: 255 * ((x - 50) / (100 - 50)),
+            lambda x: 255,
+            lambda x: 255 * ((255 - x) / (255 - 150)),
+        ],
+    )
+
+
+piecewise_transformed = piecewise_linear(image)
+piecewise_transformed = np.uint8(piecewise_transformed)
+cv2.imwrite("5.piecewise.jpg", piecewise_transformed)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a6.py b/opencv/code/a6.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a72d103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a6.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import cv2
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+image = cv2.imread("4i.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+# Perform histogram equalization
+equalized_image = cv2.equalizeHist(image)
+
+# Calculate histograms
+hist_original = cv2.calcHist([image], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
+hist_equalized = cv2.calcHist([equalized_image], [0], None, [256], [0, 256])
+
+# Plot original and equalized images and their histograms
+plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+
+# Original image and histogram
+plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
+plt.imshow(image, cmap="gray")
+plt.title("Original Image")
+plt.xticks([])
+plt.yticks([])
+
+plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
+plt.plot(hist_original, color="black")
+plt.title("Histogram of Original Image")
+plt.xlabel("Pixel Value")
+plt.ylabel("Frequency")
+
+# Equalized image and histogram
+plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
+plt.imshow(equalized_image, cmap="gray")
+plt.title("Equalized Image")
+plt.xticks([])
+plt.yticks([])
+
+plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
+plt.plot(hist_equalized, color="black")
+plt.title("Histogram of Equalized Image")
+plt.xlabel("Pixel Value")
+plt.ylabel("Frequency")
+
+plt.tight_layout()
+plt.savefig("6.svg")
diff --git a/opencv/code/a7.py b/opencv/code/a7.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9fbb0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a7.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+image = cv2.imread("4i.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+# a) Brightness enhancement
+brightness_enhanced = cv2.add(image, 50)
+cv2.imwrite("7.a.jpg", brightness_enhanced)
+
+# b) Brightness suppression
+brightness_suppressed = cv2.subtract(image, 50)
+cv2.imwrite("7.b.jpg", brightness_suppressed)
+
+# c) Contrast manipulation
+alpha = 1.5
+contrast_adjusted = cv2.multiply(image, alpha)
+cv2.imwrite("7.c.jpg", contrast_adjusted)
+
+# d) Gray level slicing without background
+lower_threshold = 100
+upper_threshold = 200
+gray_level_sliced = np.copy(image)
+gray_level_sliced[
+    (gray_level_sliced >= lower_threshold) & (gray_level_sliced <= upper_threshold)
+] = 255
+cv2.imwrite("7.d.jpg", gray_level_sliced)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a8.py b/opencv/code/a8.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1cdfb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a8.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import cv2
+
+image1 = cv2.imread("9i1.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+image2 = cv2.imread("9i2.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+assert image1.shape == image2.shape, "Input images must have the same dimensions"
+
+averaged_image = cv2.addWeighted(image1, 0.5, image2, 0.5, 0)
+
+cv2.imwrite("8o.jpg", averaged_image)
diff --git a/opencv/code/a9.py b/opencv/code/a9.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fab1a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/a9.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import cv2
+
+image1 = cv2.imread("9i1.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+image2 = cv2.imread("9i2.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
+
+assert image1.shape == image2.shape, "Input images must have the same dimensions"
+
+result_image = cv2.subtract(image1, image2)
+
+cv2.imwrite("9o.jpg", 255 - result_image)
diff --git a/opencv/code/align.py b/opencv/code/align.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a340f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opencv/code/align.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+# Load the two images
+image1 = cv2.imread("T1.jpg")
+image2 = cv2.imread("T2.jpg")
+
+# Convert images to grayscale
+gray1 = cv2.cvtColor(image1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
+gray2 = cv2.cvtColor(image2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
+
+# Initialize SIFT detector
+sift = cv2.SIFT_create()
+
+# Find keypoints and descriptors
+keypoints1, descriptors1 = sift.detectAndCompute(gray1, None)
+keypoints2, descriptors2 = sift.detectAndCompute(gray2, None)
+
+# Initialize keypoint matcher
+matcher = cv2.BFMatcher()
+
+# Match descriptors
+matches = matcher.match(descriptors1, descriptors2)
+
+# Sort matches by distance
+matches = sorted(matches, key=lambda x: x.distance)
+
+# Extract matched keypoints
+points1 = np.float32([keypoints1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in matches])
+points2 = np.float32([keypoints2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in matches])
+
+# Estimate transformation matrix (homography) using RANSAC
+homography, _ = cv2.findHomography(points1, points2, cv2.RANSAC)
+
+# Warp image1 to align with image2
+aligned_image1 = cv2.warpPerspective(
+    image1, homography, (image2.shape[1], image2.shape[0])
+)
+
+# Display and save the aligned image
+cv2.imwrite("T1p.jpg", aligned_image1)
+cv2.waitKey(0)
+cv2.destroyAllWindows()