about summary refs log blame commit diff stats
path: root/wiki/inc/utf8.php
blob: 4de28742923b1b2f05304c6b0bd64b11f579112f (plain) (tree)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771










































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































                                                                                                                                                          
<?php
/**
 * UTF8 helper functions
 *
 * @license    LGPL 2.1 (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html)
 * @author     Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
 */

/**
 * check for mb_string support
 */
if(!defined('UTF8_MBSTRING')){
    if(function_exists('mb_substr') && !defined('UTF8_NOMBSTRING')){
        define('UTF8_MBSTRING',1);
    }else{
        define('UTF8_MBSTRING',0);
    }
}

/**
 * Check if PREG was compiled with UTF-8 support
 *
 * Without this many of the functions below will not work, so this is a minimal requirement
 */
if(!defined('UTF8_PREGSUPPORT')){
    define('UTF8_PREGSUPPORT', (bool) @preg_match('/^.$/u', 'ñ'));
}

/**
 * Check if PREG was compiled with Unicode Property support
 *
 * This is not required for the functions below, but might be needed in a UTF-8 aware application
 */
if(!defined('UTF8_PROPERTYSUPPORT')){
    define('UTF8_PROPERTYSUPPORT', (bool) @preg_match('/^\pL$/u', 'ñ'));
}


if(UTF8_MBSTRING){ mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8'); }

if(!function_exists('utf8_isASCII')){
    /**
     * Checks if a string contains 7bit ASCII only
     *
     * @author Andreas Haerter <andreas.haerter@dev.mail-node.com>
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return bool
     */
    function utf8_isASCII($str){
        return (preg_match('/(?:[^\x00-\x7F])/', $str) !== 1);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_strip')){
    /**
     * Strips all highbyte chars
     *
     * Returns a pure ASCII7 string
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_strip($str){
        $ascii = '';
        $len = strlen($str);
        for($i=0; $i<$len; $i++){
            if(ord($str{$i}) <128){
                $ascii .= $str{$i};
            }
        }
        return $ascii;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_check')){
    /**
     * Tries to detect if a string is in Unicode encoding
     *
     * @author <bmorel@ssi.fr>
     * @link   http://php.net/manual/en/function.utf8-encode.php
     *
     * @param string $Str
     * @return bool
     */
    function utf8_check($Str) {
        $len = strlen($Str);
        for ($i=0; $i<$len; $i++) {
            $b = ord($Str[$i]);
            if ($b < 0x80) continue; # 0bbbbbbb
            elseif (($b & 0xE0) == 0xC0) $n=1; # 110bbbbb
            elseif (($b & 0xF0) == 0xE0) $n=2; # 1110bbbb
            elseif (($b & 0xF8) == 0xF0) $n=3; # 11110bbb
            elseif (($b & 0xFC) == 0xF8) $n=4; # 111110bb
            elseif (($b & 0xFE) == 0xFC) $n=5; # 1111110b
            else return false; # Does not match any model

            for ($j=0; $j<$n; $j++) { # n bytes matching 10bbbbbb follow ?
                if ((++$i == $len) || ((ord($Str[$i]) & 0xC0) != 0x80))
                    return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_basename')){
    /**
     * A locale independent basename() implementation
     *
     * works around a bug in PHP's basename() implementation
     *
     * @see basename()
     * @link   https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=37738
     *
     * @param string $path     A path
     * @param string $suffix   If the name component ends in suffix this will also be cut off
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_basename($path, $suffix=''){
        $path = trim($path,'\\/');
        $rpos = max(strrpos($path, '/'), strrpos($path, '\\'));
        if($rpos) $path = substr($path, $rpos+1);

        $suflen = strlen($suffix);
        if($suflen && (substr($path, -$suflen) == $suffix)){
            $path = substr($path, 0, -$suflen);
        }

        return $path;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_strlen')){
    /**
     * Unicode aware replacement for strlen()
     *
     * utf8_decode() converts characters that are not in ISO-8859-1
     * to '?', which, for the purpose of counting, is alright - It's
     * even faster than mb_strlen.
     *
     * @author <chernyshevsky at hotmail dot com>
     * @see    strlen()
     * @see    utf8_decode()
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @return int
     */
    function utf8_strlen($string) {
        if (function_exists('utf8_decode')) {
            return strlen(utf8_decode($string));
        } elseif (UTF8_MBSTRING) {
            return mb_strlen($string, 'UTF-8');
        } elseif (function_exists('iconv_strlen')) {
            return iconv_strlen($string, 'UTF-8');
        } else {
            return strlen($string);
        }
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_substr')){
    /**
     * UTF-8 aware alternative to substr
     *
     * Return part of a string given character offset (and optionally length)
     *
     * @author Harry Fuecks <hfuecks@gmail.com>
     * @author Chris Smith <chris@jalakai.co.uk>
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @param int $offset number of UTF-8 characters offset (from left)
     * @param int $length (optional) length in UTF-8 characters from offset
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_substr($str, $offset, $length = null) {
        if(UTF8_MBSTRING){
            if( $length === null ){
                return mb_substr($str, $offset);
            }else{
                return mb_substr($str, $offset, $length);
            }
        }

        /*
         * Notes:
         *
         * no mb string support, so we'll use pcre regex's with 'u' flag
         * pcre only supports repetitions of less than 65536, in order to accept up to MAXINT values for
         * offset and length, we'll repeat a group of 65535 characters when needed (ok, up to MAXINT-65536)
         *
         * substr documentation states false can be returned in some cases (e.g. offset > string length)
         * mb_substr never returns false, it will return an empty string instead.
         *
         * calculating the number of characters in the string is a relatively expensive operation, so
         * we only carry it out when necessary. It isn't necessary for +ve offsets and no specified length
         */

        // cast parameters to appropriate types to avoid multiple notices/warnings
        $str = (string)$str;                          // generates E_NOTICE for PHP4 objects, but not PHP5 objects
        $offset = (int)$offset;
        if (!is_null($length)) $length = (int)$length;

        // handle trivial cases
        if ($length === 0) return '';
        if ($offset < 0 && $length < 0 && $length < $offset) return '';

        $offset_pattern = '';
        $length_pattern = '';

        // normalise -ve offsets (we could use a tail anchored pattern, but they are horribly slow!)
        if ($offset < 0) {
            $strlen = utf8_strlen($str);        // see notes
            $offset = $strlen + $offset;
            if ($offset < 0) $offset = 0;
        }

        // establish a pattern for offset, a non-captured group equal in length to offset
        if ($offset > 0) {
            $Ox = (int)($offset/65535);
            $Oy = $offset%65535;

            if ($Ox) $offset_pattern = '(?:.{65535}){'.$Ox.'}';
            $offset_pattern = '^(?:'.$offset_pattern.'.{'.$Oy.'})';
        } else {
            $offset_pattern = '^';                      // offset == 0; just anchor the pattern
        }

        // establish a pattern for length
        if (is_null($length)) {
            $length_pattern = '(.*)$';                  // the rest of the string
        } else {

            if (!isset($strlen)) $strlen = utf8_strlen($str);    // see notes
            if ($offset > $strlen) return '';           // another trivial case

            if ($length > 0) {

                $length = min($strlen-$offset, $length);  // reduce any length that would go passed the end of the string

                $Lx = (int)($length/65535);
                $Ly = $length%65535;

                // +ve length requires ... a captured group of length characters
                if ($Lx) $length_pattern = '(?:.{65535}){'.$Lx.'}';
                    $length_pattern = '('.$length_pattern.'.{'.$Ly.'})';

            } else if ($length < 0) {

                if ($length < ($offset - $strlen)) return '';

                $Lx = (int)((-$length)/65535);
                $Ly = (-$length)%65535;

                // -ve length requires ... capture everything except a group of -length characters
                //                         anchored at the tail-end of the string
                if ($Lx) $length_pattern = '(?:.{65535}){'.$Lx.'}';
                $length_pattern = '(.*)(?:'.$length_pattern.'.{'.$Ly.'})$';
            }
        }

        if (!preg_match('#'.$offset_pattern.$length_pattern.'#us',$str,$match)) return '';
        return $match[1];
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_substr_replace')){
    /**
     * Unicode aware replacement for substr_replace()
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     * @see    substr_replace()
     *
     * @param string $string      input string
     * @param string $replacement the replacement
     * @param int    $start       the replacing will begin at the start'th offset into string.
     * @param int    $length      If given and is positive, it represents the length of the portion of string which is
     *                            to be replaced. If length is zero then this function will have the effect of inserting
     *                            replacement into string at the given start offset.
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_substr_replace($string, $replacement, $start , $length=0 ){
        $ret = '';
        if($start>0) $ret .= utf8_substr($string, 0, $start);
        $ret .= $replacement;
        $ret .= utf8_substr($string, $start+$length);
        return $ret;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_ltrim')){
    /**
     * Unicode aware replacement for ltrim()
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     * @see    ltrim()
     *
     * @param  string $str
     * @param  string $charlist
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_ltrim($str,$charlist=''){
        if($charlist == '') return ltrim($str);

        //quote charlist for use in a characterclass
        $charlist = preg_replace('!([\\\\\\-\\]\\[/])!','\\\${1}',$charlist);

        return preg_replace('/^['.$charlist.']+/u','',$str);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_rtrim')){
    /**
     * Unicode aware replacement for rtrim()
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     * @see    rtrim()
     *
     * @param  string $str
     * @param  string $charlist
     * @return string
     */
    function  utf8_rtrim($str,$charlist=''){
        if($charlist == '') return rtrim($str);

        //quote charlist for use in a characterclass
        $charlist = preg_replace('!([\\\\\\-\\]\\[/])!','\\\${1}',$charlist);

        return preg_replace('/['.$charlist.']+$/u','',$str);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_trim')){
    /**
     * Unicode aware replacement for trim()
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     * @see    trim()
     *
     * @param  string $str
     * @param  string $charlist
     * @return string
     */
    function  utf8_trim($str,$charlist='') {
        if($charlist == '') return trim($str);

        return utf8_ltrim(utf8_rtrim($str,$charlist),$charlist);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_strtolower')){
    /**
     * This is a unicode aware replacement for strtolower()
     *
     * Uses mb_string extension if available
     *
     * @author Leo Feyer <leo@typolight.org>
     * @see    strtolower()
     * @see    utf8_strtoupper()
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_strtolower($string){
        if(UTF8_MBSTRING) {
            if (class_exists("Normalizer", $autoload = false))
                return normalizer::normalize(mb_strtolower($string,'utf-8'));
            else
                return (mb_strtolower($string,'utf-8'));
        }
        global $UTF8_UPPER_TO_LOWER;
        return strtr($string,$UTF8_UPPER_TO_LOWER);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_strtoupper')){
    /**
     * This is a unicode aware replacement for strtoupper()
     *
     * Uses mb_string extension if available
     *
     * @author Leo Feyer <leo@typolight.org>
     * @see    strtoupper()
     * @see    utf8_strtoupper()
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_strtoupper($string){
        if(UTF8_MBSTRING) return mb_strtoupper($string,'utf-8');

        global $UTF8_LOWER_TO_UPPER;
        return strtr($string,$UTF8_LOWER_TO_UPPER);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_ucfirst')){
    /**
     * UTF-8 aware alternative to ucfirst
     * Make a string's first character uppercase
     *
     * @author Harry Fuecks
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return string with first character as upper case (if applicable)
     */
    function utf8_ucfirst($str){
        switch ( utf8_strlen($str) ) {
            case 0:
                return '';
            case 1:
                return utf8_strtoupper($str);
            default:
                preg_match('/^(.{1})(.*)$/us', $str, $matches);
                return utf8_strtoupper($matches[1]).$matches[2];
        }
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_ucwords')){
    /**
     * UTF-8 aware alternative to ucwords
     * Uppercase the first character of each word in a string
     *
     * @author Harry Fuecks
     * @see http://php.net/ucwords
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return string with first char of each word uppercase
     */
    function utf8_ucwords($str) {
        // Note: [\x0c\x09\x0b\x0a\x0d\x20] matches;
        // form feeds, horizontal tabs, vertical tabs, linefeeds and carriage returns
        // This corresponds to the definition of a "word" defined at http://php.net/ucwords
        $pattern = '/(^|([\x0c\x09\x0b\x0a\x0d\x20]+))([^\x0c\x09\x0b\x0a\x0d\x20]{1})[^\x0c\x09\x0b\x0a\x0d\x20]*/u';

        return preg_replace_callback($pattern, 'utf8_ucwords_callback',$str);
    }

    /**
     * Callback function for preg_replace_callback call in utf8_ucwords
     * You don't need to call this yourself
     *
     * @author Harry Fuecks
     * @see utf8_ucwords
     * @see utf8_strtoupper
     *
     * @param  array $matches matches corresponding to a single word
     * @return string with first char of the word in uppercase
     */
    function utf8_ucwords_callback($matches) {
        $leadingws = $matches[2];
        $ucfirst = utf8_strtoupper($matches[3]);
        $ucword = utf8_substr_replace(ltrim($matches[0]),$ucfirst,0,1);
        return $leadingws . $ucword;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_deaccent')){
    /**
     * Replace accented UTF-8 characters by unaccented ASCII-7 equivalents
     *
     * Use the optional parameter to just deaccent lower ($case = -1) or upper ($case = 1)
     * letters. Default is to deaccent both cases ($case = 0)
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @param int $case
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_deaccent($string,$case=0){
        if($case <= 0){
            global $UTF8_LOWER_ACCENTS;
            $string = strtr($string,$UTF8_LOWER_ACCENTS);
        }
        if($case >= 0){
            global $UTF8_UPPER_ACCENTS;
            $string = strtr($string,$UTF8_UPPER_ACCENTS);
        }
        return $string;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_romanize')){
    /**
     * Romanize a non-latin string
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     *
     * @param string $string
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_romanize($string){
        if(utf8_isASCII($string)) return $string; //nothing to do

        global $UTF8_ROMANIZATION;
        return strtr($string,$UTF8_ROMANIZATION);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_stripspecials')){
    /**
     * Removes special characters (nonalphanumeric) from a UTF-8 string
     *
     * This function adds the controlchars 0x00 to 0x19 to the array of
     * stripped chars (they are not included in $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS)
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     *
     * @param  string $string     The UTF8 string to strip of special chars
     * @param  string $repl       Replace special with this string
     * @param  string $additional Additional chars to strip (used in regexp char class)
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_stripspecials($string,$repl='',$additional=''){
        global $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS2;

        static $specials = null;
        if(is_null($specials)){
            #$specials = preg_quote(unicode_to_utf8($UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS), '/');
            $specials = preg_quote($UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS2, '/');
        }

        return preg_replace('/['.$additional.'\x00-\x19'.$specials.']/u',$repl,$string);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_strpos')){
    /**
     * This is an Unicode aware replacement for strpos
     *
     * @author Leo Feyer <leo@typolight.org>
     * @see    strpos()
     *
     * @param  string  $haystack
     * @param  string  $needle
     * @param  integer $offset
     * @return integer
     */
    function utf8_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset=0){
        $comp = 0;
        $length = null;

        while (is_null($length) || $length < $offset) {
            $pos = strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset + $comp);

            if ($pos === false)
                return false;

            $length = utf8_strlen(substr($haystack, 0, $pos));

            if ($length < $offset)
                $comp = $pos - $length;
        }

        return $length;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_tohtml')){
    /**
     * Encodes UTF-8 characters to HTML entities
     *
     * @author Tom N Harris <tnharris@whoopdedo.org>
     * @author <vpribish at shopping dot com>
     * @link   http://php.net/manual/en/function.utf8-decode.php
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_tohtml ($str) {
        $ret = '';
        foreach (utf8_to_unicode($str) as $cp) {
            if ($cp < 0x80)
                $ret .= chr($cp);
            elseif ($cp < 0x100)
                $ret .= "&#$cp;";
            else
                $ret .= '&#x'.dechex($cp).';';
        }
        return $ret;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_unhtml')){
    /**
     * Decodes HTML entities to UTF-8 characters
     *
     * Convert any &#..; entity to a codepoint,
     * The entities flag defaults to only decoding numeric entities.
     * Pass HTML_ENTITIES and named entities, including &amp; &lt; etc.
     * are handled as well. Avoids the problem that would occur if you
     * had to decode "&amp;#38;&#38;amp;#38;"
     *
     * unhtmlspecialchars(utf8_unhtml($s)) -> "&#38;&#38;"
     * utf8_unhtml(unhtmlspecialchars($s)) -> "&&amp#38;"
     * what it should be                   -> "&#38;&amp#38;"
     *
     * @author Tom N Harris <tnharris@whoopdedo.org>
     *
     * @param  string  $str      UTF-8 encoded string
     * @param  boolean $entities Flag controlling decoding of named entities.
     * @return string  UTF-8 encoded string with numeric (and named) entities replaced.
     */
    function utf8_unhtml($str, $entities=null) {
        static $decoder = null;
        if (is_null($decoder))
            $decoder = new utf8_entity_decoder();
        if (is_null($entities))
            return preg_replace_callback('/(&#([Xx])?([0-9A-Za-z]+);)/m',
                                         'utf8_decode_numeric', $str);
        else
            return preg_replace_callback('/&(#)?([Xx])?([0-9A-Za-z]+);/m',
                                         array(&$decoder, 'decode'), $str);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_decode_numeric')){
    /**
     * Decodes numeric HTML entities to their correct UTF-8 characters
     *
     * @param $ent string A numeric entity
     * @return string|false
     */
    function utf8_decode_numeric($ent) {
        switch ($ent[2]) {
            case 'X':
            case 'x':
                $cp = hexdec($ent[3]);
                break;
            default:
                $cp = intval($ent[3]);
                break;
        }
        return unicode_to_utf8(array($cp));
    }
}

if(!class_exists('utf8_entity_decoder')){
    /**
     * Encapsulate HTML entity decoding tables
     */
    class utf8_entity_decoder {
        protected $table;

        /**
         * Initializes the decoding tables
         */
        function __construct() {
            $table = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES);
            $table = array_flip($table);
            $this->table = array_map(array(&$this,'makeutf8'), $table);
        }

        /**
         * Wrapper around unicode_to_utf8()
         *
         * @param string $c
         * @return string|false
         */
        function makeutf8($c) {
            return unicode_to_utf8(array(ord($c)));
        }

        /**
         * Decodes any HTML entity to it's correct UTF-8 char equivalent
         *
         * @param string $ent An entity
         * @return string|false
         */
        function decode($ent) {
            if ($ent[1] == '#') {
                return utf8_decode_numeric($ent);
            } elseif (array_key_exists($ent[0],$this->table)) {
                return $this->table[$ent[0]];
            } else {
                return $ent[0];
            }
        }
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_to_unicode')){
    /**
     * Takes an UTF-8 string and returns an array of ints representing the
     * Unicode characters. Astral planes are supported ie. the ints in the
     * output can be > 0xFFFF. Occurrances of the BOM are ignored. Surrogates
     * are not allowed.
     *
     * If $strict is set to true the function returns false if the input
     * string isn't a valid UTF-8 octet sequence and raises a PHP error at
     * level E_USER_WARNING
     *
     * Note: this function has been modified slightly in this library to
     * trigger errors on encountering bad bytes
     *
     * @author <hsivonen@iki.fi>
     * @author Harry Fuecks <hfuecks@gmail.com>
     * @see    unicode_to_utf8
     * @link   http://hsivonen.iki.fi/php-utf8/
     * @link   http://sourceforge.net/projects/phputf8/
     *
     * @param  string  $str UTF-8 encoded string
     * @param  boolean $strict Check for invalid sequences?
     * @return mixed array of unicode code points or false if UTF-8 invalid
     */
    function utf8_to_unicode($str,$strict=false) {
        $mState = 0;     // cached expected number of octets after the current octet
                         // until the beginning of the next UTF8 character sequence
        $mUcs4  = 0;     // cached Unicode character
        $mBytes = 1;     // cached expected number of octets in the current sequence

        $out = array();

        $len = strlen($str);

        for($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {

            $in = ord($str{$i});

            if ( $mState == 0) {

                // When mState is zero we expect either a US-ASCII character or a
                // multi-octet sequence.
                if (0 == (0x80 & ($in))) {
                    // US-ASCII, pass straight through.
                    $out[] = $in;
                    $mBytes = 1;

                } else if (0xC0 == (0xE0 & ($in))) {
                    // First octet of 2 octet sequence
                    $mUcs4 = ($in);
                    $mUcs4 = ($mUcs4 & 0x1F) << 6;
                    $mState = 1;
                    $mBytes = 2;

                } else if (0xE0 == (0xF0 & ($in))) {
                    // First octet of 3 octet sequence
                    $mUcs4 = ($in);
                    $mUcs4 = ($mUcs4 & 0x0F) << 12;
                    $mState = 2;
                    $mBytes = 3;

                } else if (0xF0 == (0xF8 & ($in))) {
                    // First octet of 4 octet sequence
                    $mUcs4 = ($in);
                    $mUcs4 = ($mUcs4 & 0x07) << 18;
                    $mState = 3;
                    $mBytes = 4;

                } else if (0xF8 == (0xFC & ($in))) {
                    /* First octet of 5 octet sequence.
                     *
                     * This is illegal because the encoded codepoint must be either
                     * (a) not the shortest form or
                     * (b) outside the Unicode range of 0-0x10FFFF.
                     * Rather than trying to resynchronize, we will carry on until the end
                     * of the sequence and let the later error handling code catch it.
                     */
                    $mUcs4 = ($in);
                    $mUcs4 = ($mUcs4 & 0x03) << 24;
                    $mState = 4;
                    $mBytes = 5;

                } else if (0xFC == (0xFE & ($in))) {
                    // First octet of 6 octet sequence, see comments for 5 octet sequence.
                    $mUcs4 = ($in);
                    $mUcs4 = ($mUcs4 & 1) << 30;
                    $mState = 5;
                    $mBytes = 6;

                } elseif($strict) {
                    /* Current octet is neither in the US-ASCII range nor a legal first
                     * octet of a multi-octet sequence.
                     */
                    trigger_error(
                            'utf8_to_unicode: Illegal sequence identifier '.
                                'in UTF-8 at byte '.$i,
                            E_USER_WARNING
                        );
                    return false;

                }

            } else {

                // When mState is non-zero, we expect a continuation of the multi-octet
                // sequence
                if (0x80 == (0xC0 & ($in))) {

                    // Legal continuation.
                    $shift = ($mState - 1) * 6;
                    $tmp = $in;
                    $tmp = ($tmp & 0x0000003F) << $shift;
                    $mUcs4 |= $tmp;

                    /**
                     * End of the multi-octet sequence. mUcs4 now contains the final
                     * Unicode codepoint to be output
                     */
                    if (0 == --$mState) {

                        /*
                         * Check for illegal sequences and codepoints.
                         */
                        // From Unicode 3.1, non-shortest form is illegal
                        if (((2 == $mBytes) && ($mUcs4 < 0x0080)) ||
                            ((3 == $mBytes) && ($mUcs4 < 0x0800)) ||
                            ((4 == $mBytes) && ($mUcs4 < 0x10000)) ||
                            (4 < $mBytes) ||
                            // From Unicode 3.2, surrogate characters are illegal
                            (($mUcs4 & 0xFFFFF800) == 0xD800) ||
                            // Codepoints outside the Unicode range are illegal
                            ($mUcs4 > 0x10FFFF)) {

                            if($strict){
                                trigger_error(
                                        'utf8_to_unicode: Illegal sequence or codepoint '.
                                            'in UTF-8 at byte '.$i,
                                        E_USER_WARNING
                                    );

                                return false;
                            }

                        }

                        if (0xFEFF != $mUcs4) {
                            // BOM is legal but we don't want to output it
                            $out[] = $mUcs4;
                        }

                        //initialize UTF8 cache
                        $mState = 0;
                        $mUcs4  = 0;
                        $mBytes = 1;
                    }

                } elseif($strict) {
                    /**
                     *((0xC0 & (*in) != 0x80) && (mState != 0))
                     * Incomplete multi-octet sequence.
                     */
                    trigger_error(
                            'utf8_to_unicode: Incomplete multi-octet '.
                            '   sequence in UTF-8 at byte '.$i,
                            E_USER_WARNING
                        );

                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return $out;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('unicode_to_utf8')){
    /**
     * Takes an array of ints representing the Unicode characters and returns
     * a UTF-8 string. Astral planes are supported ie. the ints in the
     * input can be > 0xFFFF. Occurrances of the BOM are ignored. Surrogates
     * are not allowed.
     *
     * If $strict is set to true the function returns false if the input
     * array contains ints that represent surrogates or are outside the
     * Unicode range and raises a PHP error at level E_USER_WARNING
     *
     * Note: this function has been modified slightly in this library to use
     * output buffering to concatenate the UTF-8 string (faster) as well as
     * reference the array by it's keys
     *
     * @param  array $arr of unicode code points representing a string
     * @param  boolean $strict Check for invalid sequences?
     * @return string|false UTF-8 string or false if array contains invalid code points
     *
     * @author <hsivonen@iki.fi>
     * @author Harry Fuecks <hfuecks@gmail.com>
     * @see    utf8_to_unicode
     * @link   http://hsivonen.iki.fi/php-utf8/
     * @link   http://sourceforge.net/projects/phputf8/
     */
    function unicode_to_utf8($arr,$strict=false) {
        if (!is_array($arr)) return '';
        ob_start();

        foreach (array_keys($arr) as $k) {

            if ( ($arr[$k] >= 0) && ($arr[$k] <= 0x007f) ) {
                # ASCII range (including control chars)

                echo chr($arr[$k]);

            } else if ($arr[$k] <= 0x07ff) {
                # 2 byte sequence

                echo chr(0xc0 | ($arr[$k] >> 6));
                echo chr(0x80 | ($arr[$k] & 0x003f));

            } else if($arr[$k] == 0xFEFF) {
                # Byte order mark (skip)

                // nop -- zap the BOM

            } else if ($arr[$k] >= 0xD800 && $arr[$k] <= 0xDFFF) {
                # Test for illegal surrogates

                // found a surrogate
                if($strict){
                    trigger_error(
                        'unicode_to_utf8: Illegal surrogate '.
                            'at index: '.$k.', value: '.$arr[$k],
                        E_USER_WARNING
                        );
                    return false;
                }

            } else if ($arr[$k] <= 0xffff) {
                # 3 byte sequence

                echo chr(0xe0 | ($arr[$k] >> 12));
                echo chr(0x80 | (($arr[$k] >> 6) & 0x003f));
                echo chr(0x80 | ($arr[$k] & 0x003f));

            } else if ($arr[$k] <= 0x10ffff) {
                # 4 byte sequence

                echo chr(0xf0 | ($arr[$k] >> 18));
                echo chr(0x80 | (($arr[$k] >> 12) & 0x3f));
                echo chr(0x80 | (($arr[$k] >> 6) & 0x3f));
                echo chr(0x80 | ($arr[$k] & 0x3f));

            } elseif($strict) {

                trigger_error(
                    'unicode_to_utf8: Codepoint out of Unicode range '.
                        'at index: '.$k.', value: '.$arr[$k],
                    E_USER_WARNING
                    );

                // out of range
                return false;
            }
        }

        $result = ob_get_contents();
        ob_end_clean();
        return $result;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_to_utf16be')){
    /**
     * UTF-8 to UTF-16BE conversion.
     *
     * Maybe really UCS-2 without mb_string due to utf8_to_unicode limits
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @param bool $bom
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_to_utf16be(&$str, $bom = false) {
        $out = $bom ? "\xFE\xFF" : '';
        if(UTF8_MBSTRING) return $out.mb_convert_encoding($str,'UTF-16BE','UTF-8');

        $uni = utf8_to_unicode($str);
        foreach($uni as $cp){
            $out .= pack('n',$cp);
        }
        return $out;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf16be_to_utf8')){
    /**
     * UTF-8 to UTF-16BE conversion.
     *
     * Maybe really UCS-2 without mb_string due to utf8_to_unicode limits
     *
     * @param string $str
     * @return false|string
     */
    function utf16be_to_utf8(&$str) {
        $uni = unpack('n*',$str);
        return unicode_to_utf8($uni);
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_bad_replace')){
    /**
     * Replace bad bytes with an alternative character
     *
     * ASCII character is recommended for replacement char
     *
     * PCRE Pattern to locate bad bytes in a UTF-8 string
     * Comes from W3 FAQ: Multilingual Forms
     * Note: modified to include full ASCII range including control chars
     *
     * @author Harry Fuecks <hfuecks@gmail.com>
     * @see http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-forms-utf-8
     *
     * @param string $str to search
     * @param string $replace to replace bad bytes with (defaults to '?') - use ASCII
     * @return string
     */
    function utf8_bad_replace($str, $replace = '') {
        $UTF8_BAD =
         '([\x00-\x7F]'.                          # ASCII (including control chars)
         '|[\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]'.               # non-overlong 2-byte
         '|\xE0[\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]'.           # excluding overlongs
         '|[\xE1-\xEC\xEE\xEF][\x80-\xBF]{2}'.    # straight 3-byte
         '|\xED[\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF]'.           # excluding surrogates
         '|\xF0[\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]{2}'.        # planes 1-3
         '|[\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF]{3}'.            # planes 4-15
         '|\xF4[\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF]{2}'.        # plane 16
         '|(.{1}))';                              # invalid byte
        ob_start();
        while (preg_match('/'.$UTF8_BAD.'/S', $str, $matches)) {
            if ( !isset($matches[2])) {
                echo $matches[0];
            } else {
                echo $replace;
            }
            $str = substr($str,strlen($matches[0]));
        }
        $result = ob_get_contents();
        ob_end_clean();
        return $result;
    }
}

if(!function_exists('utf8_correctIdx')){
    /**
     * adjust a byte index into a utf8 string to a utf8 character boundary
     *
     * @param string $str   utf8 character string
     * @param int    $i     byte index into $str
     * @param $next  bool     direction to search for boundary,
     *                           false = up (current character)
     *                           true = down (next character)
     *
     * @return int            byte index into $str now pointing to a utf8 character boundary
     *
     * @author       chris smith <chris@jalakai.co.uk>
     */
    function utf8_correctIdx(&$str,$i,$next=false) {

        if ($i <= 0) return 0;

        $limit = strlen($str);
        if ($i>=$limit) return $limit;

        if ($next) {
            while (($i<$limit) && ((ord($str[$i]) & 0xC0) == 0x80)) $i++;
        } else {
            while ($i && ((ord($str[$i]) & 0xC0) == 0x80)) $i--;
        }

        return $i;
    }
}

// only needed if no mb_string available
if(!UTF8_MBSTRING){
    /**
     * UTF-8 Case lookup table
     *
     * This lookuptable defines the upper case letters to their correspponding
     * lower case letter in UTF-8
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     */
    global $UTF8_LOWER_TO_UPPER;
    if(empty($UTF8_LOWER_TO_UPPER)) $UTF8_LOWER_TO_UPPER = array(
            "z"=>"Z","y"=>"Y","x"=>"X","w"=>"W","v"=>"V","u"=>"U","t"=>"T","s"=>"S","r"=>"R","q"=>"Q",
            "p"=>"P","o"=>"O","n"=>"N","m"=>"M","l"=>"L","k"=>"K","j"=>"J","i"=>"I","h"=>"H","g"=>"G",
            "f"=>"F","e"=>"E","d"=>"D","c"=>"C","b"=>"B","a"=>"A","ῳ"=>"ῼ","ῥ"=>"Ῥ","ῡ"=>"Ῡ","ῑ"=>"Ῑ",
            "ῐ"=>"Ῐ","ῃ"=>"ῌ","ι"=>"Ι","ᾳ"=>"ᾼ","ᾱ"=>"Ᾱ","ᾰ"=>"Ᾰ","ᾧ"=>"ᾯ","ᾦ"=>"ᾮ","ᾥ"=>"ᾭ","ᾤ"=>"ᾬ",
            "ᾣ"=>"ᾫ","ᾢ"=>"ᾪ","ᾡ"=>"ᾩ","ᾗ"=>"ᾟ","ᾖ"=>"ᾞ","ᾕ"=>"ᾝ","ᾔ"=>"ᾜ","ᾓ"=>"ᾛ","ᾒ"=>"ᾚ","ᾑ"=>"ᾙ",
            "ᾐ"=>"ᾘ","ᾇ"=>"ᾏ","ᾆ"=>"ᾎ","ᾅ"=>"ᾍ","ᾄ"=>"ᾌ","ᾃ"=>"ᾋ","ᾂ"=>"ᾊ","ᾁ"=>"ᾉ","ᾀ"=>"ᾈ","ώ"=>"Ώ",
            "ὼ"=>"Ὼ","ύ"=>"Ύ","ὺ"=>"Ὺ","ό"=>"Ό","ὸ"=>"Ὸ","ί"=>"Ί","ὶ"=>"Ὶ","ή"=>"Ή","ὴ"=>"Ὴ","έ"=>"Έ",
            "ὲ"=>"Ὲ","ά"=>"Ά","ὰ"=>"Ὰ","ὧ"=>"Ὧ","ὦ"=>"Ὦ","ὥ"=>"Ὥ","ὤ"=>"Ὤ","ὣ"=>"Ὣ","ὢ"=>"Ὢ","ὡ"=>"Ὡ",
            "ὗ"=>"Ὗ","ὕ"=>"Ὕ","ὓ"=>"Ὓ","ὑ"=>"Ὑ","ὅ"=>"Ὅ","ὄ"=>"Ὄ","ὃ"=>"Ὃ","ὂ"=>"Ὂ","ὁ"=>"Ὁ","ὀ"=>"Ὀ",
            "ἷ"=>"Ἷ","ἶ"=>"Ἶ","ἵ"=>"Ἵ","ἴ"=>"Ἴ","ἳ"=>"Ἳ","ἲ"=>"Ἲ","ἱ"=>"Ἱ","ἰ"=>"Ἰ","ἧ"=>"Ἧ","ἦ"=>"Ἦ",
            "ἥ"=>"Ἥ","ἤ"=>"Ἤ","ἣ"=>"Ἣ","ἢ"=>"Ἢ","ἡ"=>"Ἡ","ἕ"=>"Ἕ","ἔ"=>"Ἔ","ἓ"=>"Ἓ","ἒ"=>"Ἒ","ἑ"=>"Ἑ",
            "ἐ"=>"Ἐ","ἇ"=>"Ἇ","ἆ"=>"Ἆ","ἅ"=>"Ἅ","ἄ"=>"Ἄ","ἃ"=>"Ἃ","ἂ"=>"Ἂ","ἁ"=>"Ἁ","ἀ"=>"Ἀ","ỹ"=>"Ỹ",
            "ỷ"=>"Ỷ","ỵ"=>"Ỵ","ỳ"=>"Ỳ","ự"=>"Ự","ữ"=>"Ữ","ử"=>"Ử","ừ"=>"Ừ","ứ"=>"Ứ","ủ"=>"Ủ","ụ"=>"Ụ",
            "ợ"=>"Ợ","ỡ"=>"Ỡ","ở"=>"Ở","ờ"=>"Ờ","ớ"=>"Ớ","ộ"=>"Ộ","ỗ"=>"Ỗ","ổ"=>"Ổ","ồ"=>"Ồ","ố"=>"Ố",
            "ỏ"=>"Ỏ","ọ"=>"Ọ","ị"=>"Ị","ỉ"=>"Ỉ","ệ"=>"Ệ","ễ"=>"Ễ","ể"=>"Ể","ề"=>"Ề","ế"=>"Ế","ẽ"=>"Ẽ",
            "ẻ"=>"Ẻ","ẹ"=>"Ẹ","ặ"=>"Ặ","ẵ"=>"Ẵ","ẳ"=>"Ẳ","ằ"=>"Ằ","ắ"=>"Ắ","ậ"=>"Ậ","ẫ"=>"Ẫ","ẩ"=>"Ẩ",
            "ầ"=>"Ầ","ấ"=>"Ấ","ả"=>"Ả","ạ"=>"Ạ","ẛ"=>"Ṡ","ẕ"=>"Ẕ","ẓ"=>"Ẓ","ẑ"=>"Ẑ","ẏ"=>"Ẏ","ẍ"=>"Ẍ",
            "ẋ"=>"Ẋ","ẉ"=>"Ẉ","ẇ"=>"Ẇ","ẅ"=>"Ẅ","ẃ"=>"Ẃ","ẁ"=>"Ẁ","ṿ"=>"Ṿ","ṽ"=>"Ṽ","ṻ"=>"Ṻ","ṹ"=>"Ṹ",
            "ṷ"=>"Ṷ","ṵ"=>"Ṵ","ṳ"=>"Ṳ","ṱ"=>"Ṱ","ṯ"=>"Ṯ","ṭ"=>"Ṭ","ṫ"=>"Ṫ","ṩ"=>"Ṩ","ṧ"=>"Ṧ","ṥ"=>"Ṥ",
            "ṣ"=>"Ṣ","ṡ"=>"Ṡ","ṟ"=>"Ṟ","ṝ"=>"Ṝ","ṛ"=>"Ṛ","ṙ"=>"Ṙ","ṗ"=>"Ṗ","ṕ"=>"Ṕ","ṓ"=>"Ṓ","ṑ"=>"Ṑ",
            "ṏ"=>"Ṏ","ṍ"=>"Ṍ","ṋ"=>"Ṋ","ṉ"=>"Ṉ","ṇ"=>"Ṇ","ṅ"=>"Ṅ","ṃ"=>"Ṃ","ṁ"=>"Ṁ","ḿ"=>"Ḿ","ḽ"=>"Ḽ",
            "ḻ"=>"Ḻ","ḹ"=>"Ḹ","ḷ"=>"Ḷ","ḵ"=>"Ḵ","ḳ"=>"Ḳ","ḱ"=>"Ḱ","ḯ"=>"Ḯ","ḭ"=>"Ḭ","ḫ"=>"Ḫ","ḩ"=>"Ḩ",
            "ḧ"=>"Ḧ","ḥ"=>"Ḥ","ḣ"=>"Ḣ","ḡ"=>"Ḡ","ḟ"=>"Ḟ","ḝ"=>"Ḝ","ḛ"=>"Ḛ","ḙ"=>"Ḙ","ḗ"=>"Ḗ","ḕ"=>"Ḕ",
            "ḓ"=>"Ḓ","ḑ"=>"Ḑ","ḏ"=>"Ḏ","ḍ"=>"Ḍ","ḋ"=>"Ḋ","ḉ"=>"Ḉ","ḇ"=>"Ḇ","ḅ"=>"Ḅ","ḃ"=>"Ḃ","ḁ"=>"Ḁ",
            "ֆ"=>"Ֆ","օ"=>"Օ","ք"=>"Ք","փ"=>"Փ","ւ"=>"Ւ","ց"=>"Ց","ր"=>"Ր","տ"=>"Տ","վ"=>"Վ","ս"=>"Ս",
            "ռ"=>"Ռ","ջ"=>"Ջ","պ"=>"Պ","չ"=>"Չ","ո"=>"Ո","շ"=>"Շ","ն"=>"Ն","յ"=>"Յ","մ"=>"Մ","ճ"=>"Ճ",
            "ղ"=>"Ղ","ձ"=>"Ձ","հ"=>"Հ","կ"=>"Կ","ծ"=>"Ծ","խ"=>"Խ","լ"=>"Լ","ի"=>"Ի","ժ"=>"Ժ","թ"=>"Թ",
            "ը"=>"Ը","է"=>"Է","զ"=>"Զ","ե"=>"Ե","դ"=>"Դ","գ"=>"Գ","բ"=>"Բ","ա"=>"Ա","ԏ"=>"Ԏ","ԍ"=>"Ԍ",
            "ԋ"=>"Ԋ","ԉ"=>"Ԉ","ԇ"=>"Ԇ","ԅ"=>"Ԅ","ԃ"=>"Ԃ","ԁ"=>"Ԁ","ӹ"=>"Ӹ","ӵ"=>"Ӵ","ӳ"=>"Ӳ","ӱ"=>"Ӱ",
            "ӯ"=>"Ӯ","ӭ"=>"Ӭ","ӫ"=>"Ӫ","ө"=>"Ө","ӧ"=>"Ӧ","ӥ"=>"Ӥ","ӣ"=>"Ӣ","ӡ"=>"Ӡ","ӟ"=>"Ӟ","ӝ"=>"Ӝ",
            "ӛ"=>"Ӛ","ә"=>"Ә","ӗ"=>"Ӗ","ӕ"=>"Ӕ","ӓ"=>"Ӓ","ӑ"=>"Ӑ","ӎ"=>"Ӎ","ӌ"=>"Ӌ","ӊ"=>"Ӊ","ӈ"=>"Ӈ",
            "ӆ"=>"Ӆ","ӄ"=>"Ӄ","ӂ"=>"Ӂ","ҿ"=>"Ҿ","ҽ"=>"Ҽ","һ"=>"Һ","ҹ"=>"Ҹ","ҷ"=>"Ҷ","ҵ"=>"Ҵ","ҳ"=>"Ҳ",
            "ұ"=>"Ұ","ү"=>"Ү","ҭ"=>"Ҭ","ҫ"=>"Ҫ","ҩ"=>"Ҩ","ҧ"=>"Ҧ","ҥ"=>"Ҥ","ң"=>"Ң","ҡ"=>"Ҡ","ҟ"=>"Ҟ",
            "ҝ"=>"Ҝ","қ"=>"Қ","ҙ"=>"Ҙ","җ"=>"Җ","ҕ"=>"Ҕ","ғ"=>"Ғ","ґ"=>"Ґ","ҏ"=>"Ҏ","ҍ"=>"Ҍ","ҋ"=>"Ҋ",
            "ҁ"=>"Ҁ","ѿ"=>"Ѿ","ѽ"=>"Ѽ","ѻ"=>"Ѻ","ѹ"=>"Ѹ","ѷ"=>"Ѷ","ѵ"=>"Ѵ","ѳ"=>"Ѳ","ѱ"=>"Ѱ","ѯ"=>"Ѯ",
            "ѭ"=>"Ѭ","ѫ"=>"Ѫ","ѩ"=>"Ѩ","ѧ"=>"Ѧ","ѥ"=>"Ѥ","ѣ"=>"Ѣ","ѡ"=>"Ѡ","џ"=>"Џ","ў"=>"Ў","ѝ"=>"Ѝ",
            "ќ"=>"Ќ","ћ"=>"Ћ","њ"=>"Њ","љ"=>"Љ","ј"=>"Ј","ї"=>"Ї","і"=>"І","ѕ"=>"Ѕ","є"=>"Є","ѓ"=>"Ѓ",
            "ђ"=>"Ђ","ё"=>"Ё","ѐ"=>"Ѐ","я"=>"Я","ю"=>"Ю","э"=>"Э","ь"=>"Ь","ы"=>"Ы","ъ"=>"Ъ","щ"=>"Щ",
            "ш"=>"Ш","ч"=>"Ч","ц"=>"Ц","х"=>"Х","ф"=>"Ф","у"=>"У","т"=>"Т","с"=>"С","р"=>"Р","п"=>"П",
            "о"=>"О","н"=>"Н","м"=>"М","л"=>"Л","к"=>"К","й"=>"Й","и"=>"И","з"=>"З","ж"=>"Ж","е"=>"Е",
            "д"=>"Д","г"=>"Г","в"=>"В","б"=>"Б","а"=>"А","ϵ"=>"Ε","ϲ"=>"Σ","ϱ"=>"Ρ","ϰ"=>"Κ","ϯ"=>"Ϯ",
            "ϭ"=>"Ϭ","ϫ"=>"Ϫ","ϩ"=>"Ϩ","ϧ"=>"Ϧ","ϥ"=>"Ϥ","ϣ"=>"Ϣ","ϡ"=>"Ϡ","ϟ"=>"Ϟ","ϝ"=>"Ϝ","ϛ"=>"Ϛ",
            "ϙ"=>"Ϙ","ϖ"=>"Π","ϕ"=>"Φ","ϑ"=>"Θ","ϐ"=>"Β","ώ"=>"Ώ","ύ"=>"Ύ","ό"=>"Ό","ϋ"=>"Ϋ","ϊ"=>"Ϊ",
            "ω"=>"Ω","ψ"=>"Ψ","χ"=>"Χ","φ"=>"Φ","υ"=>"Υ","τ"=>"Τ","σ"=>"Σ","ς"=>"Σ","ρ"=>"Ρ","π"=>"Π",
            "ο"=>"Ο","ξ"=>"Ξ","ν"=>"Ν","μ"=>"Μ","λ"=>"Λ","κ"=>"Κ","ι"=>"Ι","θ"=>"Θ","η"=>"Η","ζ"=>"Ζ",
            "ε"=>"Ε","δ"=>"Δ","γ"=>"Γ","β"=>"Β","α"=>"Α","ί"=>"Ί","ή"=>"Ή","έ"=>"Έ","ά"=>"Ά","ʒ"=>"Ʒ",
            "ʋ"=>"Ʋ","ʊ"=>"Ʊ","ʈ"=>"Ʈ","ʃ"=>"Ʃ","ʀ"=>"Ʀ","ɵ"=>"Ɵ","ɲ"=>"Ɲ","ɯ"=>"Ɯ","ɩ"=>"Ɩ","ɨ"=>"Ɨ",
            "ɣ"=>"Ɣ","ɛ"=>"Ɛ","ə"=>"Ə","ɗ"=>"Ɗ","ɖ"=>"Ɖ","ɔ"=>"Ɔ","ɓ"=>"Ɓ","ȳ"=>"Ȳ","ȱ"=>"Ȱ","ȯ"=>"Ȯ",
            "ȭ"=>"Ȭ","ȫ"=>"Ȫ","ȩ"=>"Ȩ","ȧ"=>"Ȧ","ȥ"=>"Ȥ","ȣ"=>"Ȣ","ȟ"=>"Ȟ","ȝ"=>"Ȝ","ț"=>"Ț","ș"=>"Ș",
            "ȗ"=>"Ȗ","ȕ"=>"Ȕ","ȓ"=>"Ȓ","ȑ"=>"Ȑ","ȏ"=>"Ȏ","ȍ"=>"Ȍ","ȋ"=>"Ȋ","ȉ"=>"Ȉ","ȇ"=>"Ȇ","ȅ"=>"Ȅ",
            "ȃ"=>"Ȃ","ȁ"=>"Ȁ","ǿ"=>"Ǿ","ǽ"=>"Ǽ","ǻ"=>"Ǻ","ǹ"=>"Ǹ","ǵ"=>"Ǵ","dz"=>"Dz","ǯ"=>"Ǯ","ǭ"=>"Ǭ",
            "ǫ"=>"Ǫ","ǩ"=>"Ǩ","ǧ"=>"Ǧ","ǥ"=>"Ǥ","ǣ"=>"Ǣ","ǡ"=>"Ǡ","ǟ"=>"Ǟ","ǝ"=>"Ǝ","ǜ"=>"Ǜ","ǚ"=>"Ǚ",
            "ǘ"=>"Ǘ","ǖ"=>"Ǖ","ǔ"=>"Ǔ","ǒ"=>"Ǒ","ǐ"=>"Ǐ","ǎ"=>"Ǎ","nj"=>"Nj","lj"=>"Lj","dž"=>"Dž","ƿ"=>"Ƿ",
            "ƽ"=>"Ƽ","ƹ"=>"Ƹ","ƶ"=>"Ƶ","ƴ"=>"Ƴ","ư"=>"Ư","ƭ"=>"Ƭ","ƨ"=>"Ƨ","ƥ"=>"Ƥ","ƣ"=>"Ƣ","ơ"=>"Ơ",
            "ƞ"=>"Ƞ","ƙ"=>"Ƙ","ƕ"=>"Ƕ","ƒ"=>"Ƒ","ƌ"=>"Ƌ","ƈ"=>"Ƈ","ƅ"=>"Ƅ","ƃ"=>"Ƃ","ſ"=>"S","ž"=>"Ž",
            "ż"=>"Ż","ź"=>"Ź","ŷ"=>"Ŷ","ŵ"=>"Ŵ","ų"=>"Ų","ű"=>"Ű","ů"=>"Ů","ŭ"=>"Ŭ","ū"=>"Ū","ũ"=>"Ũ",
            "ŧ"=>"Ŧ","ť"=>"Ť","ţ"=>"Ţ","š"=>"Š","ş"=>"Ş","ŝ"=>"Ŝ","ś"=>"Ś","ř"=>"Ř","ŗ"=>"Ŗ","ŕ"=>"Ŕ",
            "œ"=>"Œ","ő"=>"Ő","ŏ"=>"Ŏ","ō"=>"Ō","ŋ"=>"Ŋ","ň"=>"Ň","ņ"=>"Ņ","ń"=>"Ń","ł"=>"Ł","ŀ"=>"Ŀ",
            "ľ"=>"Ľ","ļ"=>"Ļ","ĺ"=>"Ĺ","ķ"=>"Ķ","ĵ"=>"Ĵ","ij"=>"IJ","ı"=>"I","į"=>"Į","ĭ"=>"Ĭ","ī"=>"Ī",
            "ĩ"=>"Ĩ","ħ"=>"Ħ","ĥ"=>"Ĥ","ģ"=>"Ģ","ġ"=>"Ġ","ğ"=>"Ğ","ĝ"=>"Ĝ","ě"=>"Ě","ę"=>"Ę","ė"=>"Ė",
            "ĕ"=>"Ĕ","ē"=>"Ē","đ"=>"Đ","ď"=>"Ď","č"=>"Č","ċ"=>"Ċ","ĉ"=>"Ĉ","ć"=>"Ć","ą"=>"Ą","ă"=>"Ă",
            "ā"=>"Ā","ÿ"=>"Ÿ","þ"=>"Þ","ý"=>"Ý","ü"=>"Ü","û"=>"Û","ú"=>"Ú","ù"=>"Ù","ø"=>"Ø","ö"=>"Ö",
            "õ"=>"Õ","ô"=>"Ô","ó"=>"Ó","ò"=>"Ò","ñ"=>"Ñ","ð"=>"Ð","ï"=>"Ï","î"=>"Î","í"=>"Í","ì"=>"Ì",
            "ë"=>"Ë","ê"=>"Ê","é"=>"É","è"=>"È","ç"=>"Ç","æ"=>"Æ","å"=>"Å","ä"=>"Ä","ã"=>"Ã","â"=>"Â",
            "á"=>"Á","à"=>"À","µ"=>"Μ","z"=>"Z","y"=>"Y","x"=>"X","w"=>"W","v"=>"V","u"=>"U","t"=>"T",
            "s"=>"S","r"=>"R","q"=>"Q","p"=>"P","o"=>"O","n"=>"N","m"=>"M","l"=>"L","k"=>"K","j"=>"J",
            "i"=>"I","h"=>"H","g"=>"G","f"=>"F","e"=>"E","d"=>"D","c"=>"C","b"=>"B","a"=>"A"
                );

    /**
     * UTF-8 Case lookup table
     *
     * This lookuptable defines the lower case letters to their corresponding
     * upper case letter in UTF-8
     *
     * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
     */
    global $UTF8_UPPER_TO_LOWER;
    if(empty($UTF8_UPPER_TO_LOWER)) $UTF8_UPPER_TO_LOWER = array (
            "Z"=>"z","Y"=>"y","X"=>"x","W"=>"w","V"=>"v","U"=>"u","T"=>"t","S"=>"s","R"=>"r","Q"=>"q",
            "P"=>"p","O"=>"o","N"=>"n","M"=>"m","L"=>"l","K"=>"k","J"=>"j","I"=>"i","H"=>"h","G"=>"g",
            "F"=>"f","E"=>"e","D"=>"d","C"=>"c","B"=>"b","A"=>"a","ῼ"=>"ῳ","Ῥ"=>"ῥ","Ῡ"=>"ῡ","Ῑ"=>"ῑ",
            "Ῐ"=>"ῐ","ῌ"=>"ῃ","Ι"=>"ι","ᾼ"=>"ᾳ","Ᾱ"=>"ᾱ","Ᾰ"=>"ᾰ","ᾯ"=>"ᾧ","ᾮ"=>"ᾦ","ᾭ"=>"ᾥ","ᾬ"=>"ᾤ",
            "ᾫ"=>"ᾣ","ᾪ"=>"ᾢ","ᾩ"=>"ᾡ","ᾟ"=>"ᾗ","ᾞ"=>"ᾖ","ᾝ"=>"ᾕ","ᾜ"=>"ᾔ","ᾛ"=>"ᾓ","ᾚ"=>"ᾒ","ᾙ"=>"ᾑ",
            "ᾘ"=>"ᾐ","ᾏ"=>"ᾇ","ᾎ"=>"ᾆ","ᾍ"=>"ᾅ","ᾌ"=>"ᾄ","ᾋ"=>"ᾃ","ᾊ"=>"ᾂ","ᾉ"=>"ᾁ","ᾈ"=>"ᾀ","Ώ"=>"ώ",
            "Ὼ"=>"ὼ","Ύ"=>"ύ","Ὺ"=>"ὺ","Ό"=>"ό","Ὸ"=>"ὸ","Ί"=>"ί","Ὶ"=>"ὶ","Ή"=>"ή","Ὴ"=>"ὴ","Έ"=>"έ",
            "Ὲ"=>"ὲ","Ά"=>"ά","Ὰ"=>"ὰ","Ὧ"=>"ὧ","Ὦ"=>"ὦ","Ὥ"=>"ὥ","Ὤ"=>"ὤ","Ὣ"=>"ὣ","Ὢ"=>"ὢ","Ὡ"=>"ὡ",
            "Ὗ"=>"ὗ","Ὕ"=>"ὕ","Ὓ"=>"ὓ","Ὑ"=>"ὑ","Ὅ"=>"ὅ","Ὄ"=>"ὄ","Ὃ"=>"ὃ","Ὂ"=>"ὂ","Ὁ"=>"ὁ","Ὀ"=>"ὀ",
            "Ἷ"=>"ἷ","Ἶ"=>"ἶ","Ἵ"=>"ἵ","Ἴ"=>"ἴ","Ἳ"=>"ἳ","Ἲ"=>"ἲ","Ἱ"=>"ἱ","Ἰ"=>"ἰ","Ἧ"=>"ἧ","Ἦ"=>"ἦ",
            "Ἥ"=>"ἥ","Ἤ"=>"ἤ","Ἣ"=>"ἣ","Ἢ"=>"ἢ","Ἡ"=>"ἡ","Ἕ"=>"ἕ","Ἔ"=>"ἔ","Ἓ"=>"ἓ","Ἒ"=>"ἒ","Ἑ"=>"ἑ",
            "Ἐ"=>"ἐ","Ἇ"=>"ἇ","Ἆ"=>"ἆ","Ἅ"=>"ἅ","Ἄ"=>"ἄ","Ἃ"=>"ἃ","Ἂ"=>"ἂ","Ἁ"=>"ἁ","Ἀ"=>"ἀ","Ỹ"=>"ỹ",
            "Ỷ"=>"ỷ","Ỵ"=>"ỵ","Ỳ"=>"ỳ","Ự"=>"ự","Ữ"=>"ữ","Ử"=>"ử","Ừ"=>"ừ","Ứ"=>"ứ","Ủ"=>"ủ","Ụ"=>"ụ",
            "Ợ"=>"ợ","Ỡ"=>"ỡ","Ở"=>"ở","Ờ"=>"ờ","Ớ"=>"ớ","Ộ"=>"ộ","Ỗ"=>"ỗ","Ổ"=>"ổ","Ồ"=>"ồ","Ố"=>"ố",
            "Ỏ"=>"ỏ","Ọ"=>"ọ","Ị"=>"ị","Ỉ"=>"ỉ","Ệ"=>"ệ","Ễ"=>"ễ","Ể"=>"ể","Ề"=>"ề","Ế"=>"ế","Ẽ"=>"ẽ",
            "Ẻ"=>"ẻ","Ẹ"=>"ẹ","Ặ"=>"ặ","Ẵ"=>"ẵ","Ẳ"=>"ẳ","Ằ"=>"ằ","Ắ"=>"ắ","Ậ"=>"ậ","Ẫ"=>"ẫ","Ẩ"=>"ẩ",
            "Ầ"=>"ầ","Ấ"=>"ấ","Ả"=>"ả","Ạ"=>"ạ","Ṡ"=>"ẛ","Ẕ"=>"ẕ","Ẓ"=>"ẓ","Ẑ"=>"ẑ","Ẏ"=>"ẏ","Ẍ"=>"ẍ",
            "Ẋ"=>"ẋ","Ẉ"=>"ẉ","Ẇ"=>"ẇ","Ẅ"=>"ẅ","Ẃ"=>"ẃ","Ẁ"=>"ẁ","Ṿ"=>"ṿ","Ṽ"=>"ṽ","Ṻ"=>"ṻ","Ṹ"=>"ṹ",
            "Ṷ"=>"ṷ","Ṵ"=>"ṵ","Ṳ"=>"ṳ","Ṱ"=>"ṱ","Ṯ"=>"ṯ","Ṭ"=>"ṭ","Ṫ"=>"ṫ","Ṩ"=>"ṩ","Ṧ"=>"ṧ","Ṥ"=>"ṥ",
            "Ṣ"=>"ṣ","Ṡ"=>"ṡ","Ṟ"=>"ṟ","Ṝ"=>"ṝ","Ṛ"=>"ṛ","Ṙ"=>"ṙ","Ṗ"=>"ṗ","Ṕ"=>"ṕ","Ṓ"=>"ṓ","Ṑ"=>"ṑ",
            "Ṏ"=>"ṏ","Ṍ"=>"ṍ","Ṋ"=>"ṋ","Ṉ"=>"ṉ","Ṇ"=>"ṇ","Ṅ"=>"ṅ","Ṃ"=>"ṃ","Ṁ"=>"ṁ","Ḿ"=>"ḿ","Ḽ"=>"ḽ",
            "Ḻ"=>"ḻ","Ḹ"=>"ḹ","Ḷ"=>"ḷ","Ḵ"=>"ḵ","Ḳ"=>"ḳ","Ḱ"=>"ḱ","Ḯ"=>"ḯ","Ḭ"=>"ḭ","Ḫ"=>"ḫ","Ḩ"=>"ḩ",
            "Ḧ"=>"ḧ","Ḥ"=>"ḥ","Ḣ"=>"ḣ","Ḡ"=>"ḡ","Ḟ"=>"ḟ","Ḝ"=>"ḝ","Ḛ"=>"ḛ","Ḙ"=>"ḙ","Ḗ"=>"ḗ","Ḕ"=>"ḕ",
            "Ḓ"=>"ḓ","Ḑ"=>"ḑ","Ḏ"=>"ḏ","Ḍ"=>"ḍ","Ḋ"=>"ḋ","Ḉ"=>"ḉ","Ḇ"=>"ḇ","Ḅ"=>"ḅ","Ḃ"=>"ḃ","Ḁ"=>"ḁ",
            "Ֆ"=>"ֆ","Օ"=>"օ","Ք"=>"ք","Փ"=>"փ","Ւ"=>"ւ","Ց"=>"ց","Ր"=>"ր","Տ"=>"տ","Վ"=>"վ","Ս"=>"ս",
            "Ռ"=>"ռ","Ջ"=>"ջ","Պ"=>"պ","Չ"=>"չ","Ո"=>"ո","Շ"=>"շ","Ն"=>"ն","Յ"=>"յ","Մ"=>"մ","Ճ"=>"ճ",
            "Ղ"=>"ղ","Ձ"=>"ձ","Հ"=>"հ","Կ"=>"կ","Ծ"=>"ծ","Խ"=>"խ","Լ"=>"լ","Ի"=>"ի","Ժ"=>"ժ","Թ"=>"թ",
            "Ը"=>"ը","Է"=>"է","Զ"=>"զ","Ե"=>"ե","Դ"=>"դ","Գ"=>"գ","Բ"=>"բ","Ա"=>"ա","Ԏ"=>"ԏ","Ԍ"=>"ԍ",
            "Ԋ"=>"ԋ","Ԉ"=>"ԉ","Ԇ"=>"ԇ","Ԅ"=>"ԅ","Ԃ"=>"ԃ","Ԁ"=>"ԁ","Ӹ"=>"ӹ","Ӵ"=>"ӵ","Ӳ"=>"ӳ","Ӱ"=>"ӱ",
            "Ӯ"=>"ӯ","Ӭ"=>"ӭ","Ӫ"=>"ӫ","Ө"=>"ө","Ӧ"=>"ӧ","Ӥ"=>"ӥ","Ӣ"=>"ӣ","Ӡ"=>"ӡ","Ӟ"=>"ӟ","Ӝ"=>"ӝ",
            "Ӛ"=>"ӛ","Ә"=>"ә","Ӗ"=>"ӗ","Ӕ"=>"ӕ","Ӓ"=>"ӓ","Ӑ"=>"ӑ","Ӎ"=>"ӎ","Ӌ"=>"ӌ","Ӊ"=>"ӊ","Ӈ"=>"ӈ",
            "Ӆ"=>"ӆ","Ӄ"=>"ӄ","Ӂ"=>"ӂ","Ҿ"=>"ҿ","Ҽ"=>"ҽ","Һ"=>"һ","Ҹ"=>"ҹ","Ҷ"=>"ҷ","Ҵ"=>"ҵ","Ҳ"=>"ҳ",
            "Ұ"=>"ұ","Ү"=>"ү","Ҭ"=>"ҭ","Ҫ"=>"ҫ","Ҩ"=>"ҩ","Ҧ"=>"ҧ","Ҥ"=>"ҥ","Ң"=>"ң","Ҡ"=>"ҡ","Ҟ"=>"ҟ",
            "Ҝ"=>"ҝ","Қ"=>"қ","Ҙ"=>"ҙ","Җ"=>"җ","Ҕ"=>"ҕ","Ғ"=>"ғ","Ґ"=>"ґ","Ҏ"=>"ҏ","Ҍ"=>"ҍ","Ҋ"=>"ҋ",
            "Ҁ"=>"ҁ","Ѿ"=>"ѿ","Ѽ"=>"ѽ","Ѻ"=>"ѻ","Ѹ"=>"ѹ","Ѷ"=>"ѷ","Ѵ"=>"ѵ","Ѳ"=>"ѳ","Ѱ"=>"ѱ","Ѯ"=>"ѯ",
            "Ѭ"=>"ѭ","Ѫ"=>"ѫ","Ѩ"=>"ѩ","Ѧ"=>"ѧ","Ѥ"=>"ѥ","Ѣ"=>"ѣ","Ѡ"=>"ѡ","Џ"=>"џ","Ў"=>"ў","Ѝ"=>"ѝ",
            "Ќ"=>"ќ","Ћ"=>"ћ","Њ"=>"њ","Љ"=>"љ","Ј"=>"ј","Ї"=>"ї","І"=>"і","Ѕ"=>"ѕ","Є"=>"є","Ѓ"=>"ѓ",
            "Ђ"=>"ђ","Ё"=>"ё","Ѐ"=>"ѐ","Я"=>"я","Ю"=>"ю","Э"=>"э","Ь"=>"ь","Ы"=>"ы","Ъ"=>"ъ","Щ"=>"щ",
            "Ш"=>"ш","Ч"=>"ч","Ц"=>"ц","Х"=>"х","Ф"=>"ф","У"=>"у","Т"=>"т","С"=>"с","Р"=>"р","П"=>"п",
            "О"=>"о","Н"=>"н","М"=>"м","Л"=>"л","К"=>"к","Й"=>"й","И"=>"и","З"=>"з","Ж"=>"ж","Е"=>"е",
            "Д"=>"д","Г"=>"г","В"=>"в","Б"=>"б","А"=>"а","Ε"=>"ϵ","Σ"=>"ϲ","Ρ"=>"ϱ","Κ"=>"ϰ","Ϯ"=>"ϯ",
            "Ϭ"=>"ϭ","Ϫ"=>"ϫ","Ϩ"=>"ϩ","Ϧ"=>"ϧ","Ϥ"=>"ϥ","Ϣ"=>"ϣ","Ϡ"=>"ϡ","Ϟ"=>"ϟ","Ϝ"=>"ϝ","Ϛ"=>"ϛ",
            "Ϙ"=>"ϙ","Π"=>"ϖ","Φ"=>"ϕ","Θ"=>"ϑ","Β"=>"ϐ","Ώ"=>"ώ","Ύ"=>"ύ","Ό"=>"ό","Ϋ"=>"ϋ","Ϊ"=>"ϊ",
            "Ω"=>"ω","Ψ"=>"ψ","Χ"=>"χ","Φ"=>"φ","Υ"=>"υ","Τ"=>"τ","Σ"=>"σ","Σ"=>"ς","Ρ"=>"ρ","Π"=>"π",
            "Ο"=>"ο","Ξ"=>"ξ","Ν"=>"ν","Μ"=>"μ","Λ"=>"λ","Κ"=>"κ","Ι"=>"ι","Θ"=>"θ","Η"=>"η","Ζ"=>"ζ",
            "Ε"=>"ε","Δ"=>"δ","Γ"=>"γ","Β"=>"β","Α"=>"α","Ί"=>"ί","Ή"=>"ή","Έ"=>"έ","Ά"=>"ά","Ʒ"=>"ʒ",
            "Ʋ"=>"ʋ","Ʊ"=>"ʊ","Ʈ"=>"ʈ","Ʃ"=>"ʃ","Ʀ"=>"ʀ","Ɵ"=>"ɵ","Ɲ"=>"ɲ","Ɯ"=>"ɯ","Ɩ"=>"ɩ","Ɨ"=>"ɨ",
            "Ɣ"=>"ɣ","Ɛ"=>"ɛ","Ə"=>"ə","Ɗ"=>"ɗ","Ɖ"=>"ɖ","Ɔ"=>"ɔ","Ɓ"=>"ɓ","Ȳ"=>"ȳ","Ȱ"=>"ȱ","Ȯ"=>"ȯ",
            "Ȭ"=>"ȭ","Ȫ"=>"ȫ","Ȩ"=>"ȩ","Ȧ"=>"ȧ","Ȥ"=>"ȥ","Ȣ"=>"ȣ","Ȟ"=>"ȟ","Ȝ"=>"ȝ","Ț"=>"ț","Ș"=>"ș",
            "Ȗ"=>"ȗ","Ȕ"=>"ȕ","Ȓ"=>"ȓ","Ȑ"=>"ȑ","Ȏ"=>"ȏ","Ȍ"=>"ȍ","Ȋ"=>"ȋ","Ȉ"=>"ȉ","Ȇ"=>"ȇ","Ȅ"=>"ȅ",
            "Ȃ"=>"ȃ","Ȁ"=>"ȁ","Ǿ"=>"ǿ","Ǽ"=>"ǽ","Ǻ"=>"ǻ","Ǹ"=>"ǹ","Ǵ"=>"ǵ","Dz"=>"dz","Ǯ"=>"ǯ","Ǭ"=>"ǭ",
            "Ǫ"=>"ǫ","Ǩ"=>"ǩ","Ǧ"=>"ǧ","Ǥ"=>"ǥ","Ǣ"=>"ǣ","Ǡ"=>"ǡ","Ǟ"=>"ǟ","Ǝ"=>"ǝ","Ǜ"=>"ǜ","Ǚ"=>"ǚ",
            "Ǘ"=>"ǘ","Ǖ"=>"ǖ","Ǔ"=>"ǔ","Ǒ"=>"ǒ","Ǐ"=>"ǐ","Ǎ"=>"ǎ","Nj"=>"nj","Lj"=>"lj","Dž"=>"dž","Ƿ"=>"ƿ",
            "Ƽ"=>"ƽ","Ƹ"=>"ƹ","Ƶ"=>"ƶ","Ƴ"=>"ƴ","Ư"=>"ư","Ƭ"=>"ƭ","Ƨ"=>"ƨ","Ƥ"=>"ƥ","Ƣ"=>"ƣ","Ơ"=>"ơ",
            "Ƞ"=>"ƞ","Ƙ"=>"ƙ","Ƕ"=>"ƕ","Ƒ"=>"ƒ","Ƌ"=>"ƌ","Ƈ"=>"ƈ","Ƅ"=>"ƅ","Ƃ"=>"ƃ","S"=>"ſ","Ž"=>"ž",
            "Ż"=>"ż","Ź"=>"ź","Ŷ"=>"ŷ","Ŵ"=>"ŵ","Ų"=>"ų","Ű"=>"ű","Ů"=>"ů","Ŭ"=>"ŭ","Ū"=>"ū","Ũ"=>"ũ",
            "Ŧ"=>"ŧ","Ť"=>"ť","Ţ"=>"ţ","Š"=>"š","Ş"=>"ş","Ŝ"=>"ŝ","Ś"=>"ś","Ř"=>"ř","Ŗ"=>"ŗ","Ŕ"=>"ŕ",
            "Œ"=>"œ","Ő"=>"ő","Ŏ"=>"ŏ","Ō"=>"ō","Ŋ"=>"ŋ","Ň"=>"ň","Ņ"=>"ņ","Ń"=>"ń","Ł"=>"ł","Ŀ"=>"ŀ",
            "Ľ"=>"ľ","Ļ"=>"ļ","Ĺ"=>"ĺ","Ķ"=>"ķ","Ĵ"=>"ĵ","IJ"=>"ij","I"=>"ı","Į"=>"į","Ĭ"=>"ĭ","Ī"=>"ī",
            "Ĩ"=>"ĩ","Ħ"=>"ħ","Ĥ"=>"ĥ","Ģ"=>"ģ","Ġ"=>"ġ","Ğ"=>"ğ","Ĝ"=>"ĝ","Ě"=>"ě","Ę"=>"ę","Ė"=>"ė",
            "Ĕ"=>"ĕ","Ē"=>"ē","Đ"=>"đ","Ď"=>"ď","Č"=>"č","Ċ"=>"ċ","Ĉ"=>"ĉ","Ć"=>"ć","Ą"=>"ą","Ă"=>"ă",
            "Ā"=>"ā","Ÿ"=>"ÿ","Þ"=>"þ","Ý"=>"ý","Ü"=>"ü","Û"=>"û","Ú"=>"ú","Ù"=>"ù","Ø"=>"ø","Ö"=>"ö",
            "Õ"=>"õ","Ô"=>"ô","Ó"=>"ó","Ò"=>"ò","Ñ"=>"ñ","Ð"=>"ð","Ï"=>"ï","Î"=>"î","Í"=>"í","Ì"=>"ì",
            "Ë"=>"ë","Ê"=>"ê","É"=>"é","È"=>"è","Ç"=>"ç","Æ"=>"æ","Å"=>"å","Ä"=>"ä","Ã"=>"ã","Â"=>"â",
            "Á"=>"á","À"=>"à","Μ"=>"µ","Z"=>"z","Y"=>"y","X"=>"x","W"=>"w","V"=>"v","U"=>"u","T"=>"t",
            "S"=>"s","R"=>"r","Q"=>"q","P"=>"p","O"=>"o","N"=>"n","M"=>"m","L"=>"l","K"=>"k","J"=>"j",
            "I"=>"i","H"=>"h","G"=>"g","F"=>"f","E"=>"e","D"=>"d","C"=>"c","B"=>"b","A"=>"a"
                );
}; // end of case lookup tables

/**
 * UTF-8 lookup table for lower case accented letters
 *
 * This lookuptable defines replacements for accented characters from the ASCII-7
 * range. This are lower case letters only.
 *
 * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
 * @see    utf8_deaccent()
 */
global $UTF8_LOWER_ACCENTS;
if(empty($UTF8_LOWER_ACCENTS)) $UTF8_LOWER_ACCENTS = array(
  'à' => 'a', 'ô' => 'o', 'ď' => 'd', 'ḟ' => 'f', 'ë' => 'e', 'š' => 's', 'ơ' => 'o',
  'ß' => 'ss', 'ă' => 'a', 'ř' => 'r', 'ț' => 't', 'ň' => 'n', 'ā' => 'a', 'ķ' => 'k',
  'ŝ' => 's', 'ỳ' => 'y', 'ņ' => 'n', 'ĺ' => 'l', 'ħ' => 'h', 'ṗ' => 'p', 'ó' => 'o',
  'ú' => 'u', 'ě' => 'e', 'é' => 'e', 'ç' => 'c', 'ẁ' => 'w', 'ċ' => 'c', 'õ' => 'o',
  'ṡ' => 's', 'ø' => 'o', 'ģ' => 'g', 'ŧ' => 't', 'ș' => 's', 'ė' => 'e', 'ĉ' => 'c',
  'ś' => 's', 'î' => 'i', 'ű' => 'u', 'ć' => 'c', 'ę' => 'e', 'ŵ' => 'w', 'ṫ' => 't',
  'ū' => 'u', 'č' => 'c', 'ö' => 'oe', 'è' => 'e', 'ŷ' => 'y', 'ą' => 'a', 'ł' => 'l',
  'ų' => 'u', 'ů' => 'u', 'ş' => 's', 'ğ' => 'g', 'ļ' => 'l', 'ƒ' => 'f', 'ž' => 'z',
  'ẃ' => 'w', 'ḃ' => 'b', 'å' => 'a', 'ì' => 'i', 'ï' => 'i', 'ḋ' => 'd', 'ť' => 't',
  'ŗ' => 'r', 'ä' => 'ae', 'í' => 'i', 'ŕ' => 'r', 'ê' => 'e', 'ü' => 'ue', 'ò' => 'o',
  'ē' => 'e', 'ñ' => 'n', 'ń' => 'n', 'ĥ' => 'h', 'ĝ' => 'g', 'đ' => 'd', 'ĵ' => 'j',
  'ÿ' => 'y', 'ũ' => 'u', 'ŭ' => 'u', 'ư' => 'u', 'ţ' => 't', 'ý' => 'y', 'ő' => 'o',
  'â' => 'a', 'ľ' => 'l', 'ẅ' => 'w', 'ż' => 'z', 'ī' => 'i', 'ã' => 'a', 'ġ' => 'g',
  'ṁ' => 'm', 'ō' => 'o', 'ĩ' => 'i', 'ù' => 'u', 'į' => 'i', 'ź' => 'z', 'á' => 'a',
  'û' => 'u', 'þ' => 'th', 'ð' => 'dh', 'æ' => 'ae', 'µ' => 'u', 'ĕ' => 'e',
);

/**
 * UTF-8 lookup table for upper case accented letters
 *
 * This lookuptable defines replacements for accented characters from the ASCII-7
 * range. This are upper case letters only.
 *
 * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
 * @see    utf8_deaccent()
 */
global $UTF8_UPPER_ACCENTS;
if(empty($UTF8_UPPER_ACCENTS)) $UTF8_UPPER_ACCENTS = array(
  'À' => 'A', 'Ô' => 'O', 'Ď' => 'D', 'Ḟ' => 'F', 'Ë' => 'E', 'Š' => 'S', 'Ơ' => 'O',
  'Ă' => 'A', 'Ř' => 'R', 'Ț' => 'T', 'Ň' => 'N', 'Ā' => 'A', 'Ķ' => 'K',
  'Ŝ' => 'S', 'Ỳ' => 'Y', 'Ņ' => 'N', 'Ĺ' => 'L', 'Ħ' => 'H', 'Ṗ' => 'P', 'Ó' => 'O',
  'Ú' => 'U', 'Ě' => 'E', 'É' => 'E', 'Ç' => 'C', 'Ẁ' => 'W', 'Ċ' => 'C', 'Õ' => 'O',
  'Ṡ' => 'S', 'Ø' => 'O', 'Ģ' => 'G', 'Ŧ' => 'T', 'Ș' => 'S', 'Ė' => 'E', 'Ĉ' => 'C',
  'Ś' => 'S', 'Î' => 'I', 'Ű' => 'U', 'Ć' => 'C', 'Ę' => 'E', 'Ŵ' => 'W', 'Ṫ' => 'T',
  'Ū' => 'U', 'Č' => 'C', 'Ö' => 'Oe', 'È' => 'E', 'Ŷ' => 'Y', 'Ą' => 'A', 'Ł' => 'L',
  'Ų' => 'U', 'Ů' => 'U', 'Ş' => 'S', 'Ğ' => 'G', 'Ļ' => 'L', 'Ƒ' => 'F', 'Ž' => 'Z',
  'Ẃ' => 'W', 'Ḃ' => 'B', 'Å' => 'A', 'Ì' => 'I', 'Ï' => 'I', 'Ḋ' => 'D', 'Ť' => 'T',
  'Ŗ' => 'R', 'Ä' => 'Ae', 'Í' => 'I', 'Ŕ' => 'R', 'Ê' => 'E', 'Ü' => 'Ue', 'Ò' => 'O',
  'Ē' => 'E', 'Ñ' => 'N', 'Ń' => 'N', 'Ĥ' => 'H', 'Ĝ' => 'G', 'Đ' => 'D', 'Ĵ' => 'J',
  'Ÿ' => 'Y', 'Ũ' => 'U', 'Ŭ' => 'U', 'Ư' => 'U', 'Ţ' => 'T', 'Ý' => 'Y', 'Ő' => 'O',
  'Â' => 'A', 'Ľ' => 'L', 'Ẅ' => 'W', 'Ż' => 'Z', 'Ī' => 'I', 'Ã' => 'A', 'Ġ' => 'G',
  'Ṁ' => 'M', 'Ō' => 'O', 'Ĩ' => 'I', 'Ù' => 'U', 'Į' => 'I', 'Ź' => 'Z', 'Á' => 'A',
  'Û' => 'U', 'Þ' => 'Th', 'Ð' => 'Dh', 'Æ' => 'Ae', 'Ĕ' => 'E',
);

/**
 * UTF-8 array of common special characters
 *
 * This array should contain all special characters (not a letter or digit)
 * defined in the various local charsets - it's not a complete list of non-alphanum
 * characters in UTF-8. It's not perfect but should match most cases of special
 * chars.
 *
 * The controlchars 0x00 to 0x19 are _not_ included in this array. The space 0x20 is!
 * These chars are _not_ in the array either:  _ (0x5f), : 0x3a, . 0x2e, - 0x2d, * 0x2a
 *
 * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
 * @see    utf8_stripspecials()
 */
global $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS;
if(empty($UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS)) $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS = array(
  0x001a, 0x001b, 0x001c, 0x001d, 0x001e, 0x001f, 0x0020, 0x0021, 0x0022, 0x0023,
  0x0024, 0x0025, 0x0026, 0x0027, 0x0028, 0x0029,         0x002b, 0x002c,
          0x002f,         0x003b, 0x003c, 0x003d, 0x003e, 0x003f, 0x0040, 0x005b,
  0x005c, 0x005d, 0x005e,         0x0060, 0x007b, 0x007c, 0x007d, 0x007e,
  0x007f, 0x0080, 0x0081, 0x0082, 0x0083, 0x0084, 0x0085, 0x0086, 0x0087, 0x0088,
  0x0089, 0x008a, 0x008b, 0x008c, 0x008d, 0x008e, 0x008f, 0x0090, 0x0091, 0x0092,
  0x0093, 0x0094, 0x0095, 0x0096, 0x0097, 0x0098, 0x0099, 0x009a, 0x009b, 0x009c,
  0x009d, 0x009e, 0x009f, 0x00a0, 0x00a1, 0x00a2, 0x00a3, 0x00a4, 0x00a5, 0x00a6,
  0x00a7, 0x00a8, 0x00a9, 0x00aa, 0x00ab, 0x00ac, 0x00ad, 0x00ae, 0x00af, 0x00b0,
  0x00b1, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x00b4, 0x00b5, 0x00b6, 0x00b7, 0x00b8, 0x00b9, 0x00ba,
  0x00bb, 0x00bc, 0x00bd, 0x00be, 0x00bf, 0x00d7, 0x00f7, 0x02c7, 0x02d8, 0x02d9,
  0x02da, 0x02db, 0x02dc, 0x02dd, 0x0300, 0x0301, 0x0303, 0x0309, 0x0323, 0x0384,
  0x0385, 0x0387, 0x03c6, 0x03d1, 0x03d2, 0x03d5, 0x03d6, 0x05b0, 0x05b1,
  0x05b2, 0x05b3, 0x05b4, 0x05b5, 0x05b6, 0x05b7, 0x05b8, 0x05b9, 0x05bb, 0x05bc,
  0x05bd, 0x05be, 0x05bf, 0x05c0, 0x05c1, 0x05c2, 0x05c3, 0x05f3, 0x05f4, 0x060c,
  0x061b, 0x061f, 0x0640, 0x064b, 0x064c, 0x064d, 0x064e, 0x064f, 0x0650, 0x0651,
  0x0652, 0x066a, 0x0e3f, 0x200c, 0x200d, 0x200e, 0x200f, 0x2013, 0x2014, 0x2015,
  0x2017, 0x2018, 0x2019, 0x201a, 0x201c, 0x201d, 0x201e, 0x2020, 0x2021, 0x2022,
  0x2026, 0x2030, 0x2032, 0x2033, 0x2039, 0x203a, 0x2044, 0x20a7, 0x20aa, 0x20ab,
  0x20ac, 0x2116, 0x2118, 0x2122, 0x2126, 0x2135, 0x2190, 0x2191, 0x2192, 0x2193,
  0x2194, 0x2195, 0x21b5, 0x21d0, 0x21d1, 0x21d2, 0x21d3, 0x21d4, 0x2200, 0x2202,
  0x2203, 0x2205, 0x2206, 0x2207, 0x2208, 0x2209, 0x220b, 0x220f, 0x2211, 0x2212,
  0x2215, 0x2217, 0x2219, 0x221a, 0x221d, 0x221e, 0x2220, 0x2227, 0x2228, 0x2229,
  0x222a, 0x222b, 0x2234, 0x223c, 0x2245, 0x2248, 0x2260, 0x2261, 0x2264, 0x2265,
  0x2282, 0x2283, 0x2284, 0x2286, 0x2287, 0x2295, 0x2297, 0x22a5, 0x22c5, 0x2310,
  0x2320, 0x2321, 0x2329, 0x232a, 0x2469, 0x2500, 0x2502, 0x250c, 0x2510, 0x2514,
  0x2518, 0x251c, 0x2524, 0x252c, 0x2534, 0x253c, 0x2550, 0x2551, 0x2552, 0x2553,
  0x2554, 0x2555, 0x2556, 0x2557, 0x2558, 0x2559, 0x255a, 0x255b, 0x255c, 0x255d,
  0x255e, 0x255f, 0x2560, 0x2561, 0x2562, 0x2563, 0x2564, 0x2565, 0x2566, 0x2567,
  0x2568, 0x2569, 0x256a, 0x256b, 0x256c, 0x2580, 0x2584, 0x2588, 0x258c, 0x2590,
  0x2591, 0x2592, 0x2593, 0x25a0, 0x25b2, 0x25bc, 0x25c6, 0x25ca, 0x25cf, 0x25d7,
  0x2605, 0x260e, 0x261b, 0x261e, 0x2660, 0x2663, 0x2665, 0x2666, 0x2701, 0x2702,
  0x2703, 0x2704, 0x2706, 0x2707, 0x2708, 0x2709, 0x270c, 0x270d, 0x270e, 0x270f,
  0x2710, 0x2711, 0x2712, 0x2713, 0x2714, 0x2715, 0x2716, 0x2717, 0x2718, 0x2719,
  0x271a, 0x271b, 0x271c, 0x271d, 0x271e, 0x271f, 0x2720, 0x2721, 0x2722, 0x2723,
  0x2724, 0x2725, 0x2726, 0x2727, 0x2729, 0x272a, 0x272b, 0x272c, 0x272d, 0x272e,
  0x272f, 0x2730, 0x2731, 0x2732, 0x2733, 0x2734, 0x2735, 0x2736, 0x2737, 0x2738,
  0x2739, 0x273a, 0x273b, 0x273c, 0x273d, 0x273e, 0x273f, 0x2740, 0x2741, 0x2742,
  0x2743, 0x2744, 0x2745, 0x2746, 0x2747, 0x2748, 0x2749, 0x274a, 0x274b, 0x274d,
  0x274f, 0x2750, 0x2751, 0x2752, 0x2756, 0x2758, 0x2759, 0x275a, 0x275b, 0x275c,
  0x275d, 0x275e, 0x2761, 0x2762, 0x2763, 0x2764, 0x2765, 0x2766, 0x2767, 0x277f,
  0x2789, 0x2793, 0x2794, 0x2798, 0x2799, 0x279a, 0x279b, 0x279c, 0x279d, 0x279e,
  0x279f, 0x27a0, 0x27a1, 0x27a2, 0x27a3, 0x27a4, 0x27a5, 0x27a6, 0x27a7, 0x27a8,
  0x27a9, 0x27aa, 0x27ab, 0x27ac, 0x27ad, 0x27ae, 0x27af, 0x27b1, 0x27b2, 0x27b3,
  0x27b4, 0x27b5, 0x27b6, 0x27b7, 0x27b8, 0x27b9, 0x27ba, 0x27bb, 0x27bc, 0x27bd,
  0x27be, 0x3000, 0x3001, 0x3002, 0x3003, 0x3008, 0x3009, 0x300a, 0x300b, 0x300c,
  0x300d, 0x300e, 0x300f, 0x3010, 0x3011, 0x3012, 0x3014, 0x3015, 0x3016, 0x3017,
  0x3018, 0x3019, 0x301a, 0x301b, 0x3036,
  0xf6d9, 0xf6da, 0xf6db, 0xf8d7, 0xf8d8, 0xf8d9, 0xf8da, 0xf8db, 0xf8dc,
  0xf8dd, 0xf8de, 0xf8df, 0xf8e0, 0xf8e1, 0xf8e2, 0xf8e3, 0xf8e4, 0xf8e5, 0xf8e6,
  0xf8e7, 0xf8e8, 0xf8e9, 0xf8ea, 0xf8eb, 0xf8ec, 0xf8ed, 0xf8ee, 0xf8ef, 0xf8f0,
  0xf8f1, 0xf8f2, 0xf8f3, 0xf8f4, 0xf8f5, 0xf8f6, 0xf8f7, 0xf8f8, 0xf8f9, 0xf8fa,
  0xf8fb, 0xf8fc, 0xf8fd, 0xf8fe, 0xfe7c, 0xfe7d,
          0xff01, 0xff02, 0xff03, 0xff04, 0xff05, 0xff06, 0xff07, 0xff08, 0xff09,
  0xff09, 0xff0a, 0xff0b, 0xff0c, 0xff0d, 0xff0e, 0xff0f, 0xff1a, 0xff1b, 0xff1c,
  0xff1d, 0xff1e, 0xff1f, 0xff20, 0xff3b, 0xff3c, 0xff3d, 0xff3e, 0xff40, 0xff5b,
  0xff5c, 0xff5d, 0xff5e, 0xff5f, 0xff60, 0xff61, 0xff62, 0xff63, 0xff64, 0xff65,
  0xffe0, 0xffe1, 0xffe2, 0xffe3, 0xffe4, 0xffe5, 0xffe6, 0xffe8, 0xffe9, 0xffea,
  0xffeb, 0xffec, 0xffed, 0xffee,
  0x01d6fc, 0x01d6fd, 0x01d6fe, 0x01d6ff, 0x01d700, 0x01d701, 0x01d702, 0x01d703,
  0x01d704, 0x01d705, 0x01d706, 0x01d707, 0x01d708, 0x01d709, 0x01d70a, 0x01d70b,
  0x01d70c, 0x01d70d, 0x01d70e, 0x01d70f, 0x01d710, 0x01d711, 0x01d712, 0x01d713,
  0x01d714, 0x01d715, 0x01d716, 0x01d717, 0x01d718, 0x01d719, 0x01d71a, 0x01d71b,
  0xc2a0, 0xe28087, 0xe280af, 0xe281a0, 0xefbbbf,
);

// utf8 version of above data
global $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS2;
if(empty($UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS2)) $UTF8_SPECIAL_CHARS2 =
    "\x1A".' !"#$%&\'()+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•�'.
    '�—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½�'.
    '�¿×÷ˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝̣̀́̃̉΄΅·ϖְֱֲֳִֵֶַָֹֻּֽ־ֿ�'.
    '�ׁׂ׃׳״،؛؟ـًٌٍَُِّْ٪฿‌‍‎‏–—―‗‘’‚“”�'.
    '��†‡•…‰′″‹›⁄₧₪₫€№℘™Ωℵ←↑→↓↔↕↵'.
    '⇐⇑⇒⇓⇔∀∂∃∅∆∇∈∉∋∏∑−∕∗∙√∝∞∠∧∨�'.
    '�∪∫∴∼≅≈≠≡≤≥⊂⊃⊄⊆⊇⊕⊗⊥⋅⌐⌠⌡〈〉⑩─�'.
    '��┌┐└┘├┤┬┴┼═║╒╓╔╕╖╗╘╙╚╛╜╝╞╟╠'.
    '╡╢╣╤╥╦╧╨╩╪╫╬▀▄█▌▐░▒▓■▲▼◆◊●�'.
    '�★☎☛☞♠♣♥♦✁✂✃✄✆✇✈✉✌✍✎✏✐✑✒✓✔✕�'.
    '��✗✘✙✚✛✜✝✞✟✠✡✢✣✤✥✦✧✩✪✫✬✭✮✯✰✱'.
    '✲✳✴✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋�'.
    '�❏❐❑❒❖❘❙❚❛❜❝❞❡❢❣❤❥❦❧❿➉➓➔➘➙➚�'.
    '��➜➝➞➟➠➡➢➣➤➥➦➧➨➩➪➫➬➭➮➯➱➲➳➴➵➶'.
    '➷➸➹➺➻➼➽➾'.
    ' 、。〃〈〉《》「」『』【】〒〔〕〖〗〘〙〚〛〶'.
    '�'.
    '�ﹼﹽ'.
    '!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~'.
    '⦅⦆。「」、・¢£¬ ̄¦¥₩│←↑→↓■○'.
    '𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜀𝜁𝜂𝜃𝜄𝜅𝜆𝜇𝜈𝜉𝜊𝜋𝜌𝜍𝜎𝜏𝜐𝜑𝜒𝜓𝜔𝜕𝜖𝜗𝜘𝜙𝜚𝜛'.
    '   ⁠';

/**
 * Romanization lookup table
 *
 * This lookup tables provides a way to transform strings written in a language
 * different from the ones based upon latin letters into plain ASCII.
 *
 * Please note: this is not a scientific transliteration table. It only works
 * oneway from nonlatin to ASCII and it works by simple character replacement
 * only. Specialities of each language are not supported.
 *
 * @author Andreas Gohr <andi@splitbrain.org>
 * @author Vitaly Blokhin <vitinfo@vitn.com>
 * @link   http://www.uconv.com/translit.htm
 * @author Bisqwit <bisqwit@iki.fi>
 * @link   http://kanjidict.stc.cx/hiragana.php?src=2
 * @link   http://www.translatum.gr/converter/greek-transliteration.htm
 * @link   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription
 * @link   http://www.btranslations.com/resources/romanization/korean.asp
 * @author Arthit Suriyawongkul <arthit@gmail.com>
 * @author Denis Scheither <amorphis@uni-bremen.de>
 * @author Eivind Morland <eivind.morland@gmail.com>
 */
global $UTF8_ROMANIZATION;
if(empty($UTF8_ROMANIZATION)) $UTF8_ROMANIZATION = array(
  // scandinavian - differs from what we do in deaccent
  'å'=>'a','Å'=>'A','ä'=>'a','Ä'=>'A','ö'=>'o','Ö'=>'O',

  //russian cyrillic
  'а'=>'a','А'=>'A','б'=>'b','Б'=>'B','в'=>'v','В'=>'V','г'=>'g','Г'=>'G',
  'д'=>'d','Д'=>'D','е'=>'e','Е'=>'E','ё'=>'jo','Ё'=>'Jo','ж'=>'zh','Ж'=>'Zh',
  'з'=>'z','З'=>'Z','и'=>'i','И'=>'I','й'=>'j','Й'=>'J','к'=>'k','К'=>'K',
  'л'=>'l','Л'=>'L','м'=>'m','М'=>'M','н'=>'n','Н'=>'N','о'=>'o','О'=>'O',
  'п'=>'p','П'=>'P','р'=>'r','Р'=>'R','с'=>'s','С'=>'S','т'=>'t','Т'=>'T',
  'у'=>'u','У'=>'U','ф'=>'f','Ф'=>'F','х'=>'x','Х'=>'X','ц'=>'c','Ц'=>'C',
  'ч'=>'ch','Ч'=>'Ch','ш'=>'sh','Ш'=>'Sh','щ'=>'sch','Щ'=>'Sch','ъ'=>'',
  'Ъ'=>'','ы'=>'y','Ы'=>'Y','ь'=>'','Ь'=>'','э'=>'eh','Э'=>'Eh','ю'=>'ju',
  'Ю'=>'Ju','я'=>'ja','Я'=>'Ja',
  // Ukrainian cyrillic
  'Ґ'=>'Gh','ґ'=>'gh','Є'=>'Je','є'=>'je','І'=>'I','і'=>'i','Ї'=>'Ji','ї'=>'ji',
  // Georgian
  'ა'=>'a','ბ'=>'b','გ'=>'g','დ'=>'d','ე'=>'e','ვ'=>'v','ზ'=>'z','თ'=>'th',
  'ი'=>'i','კ'=>'p','ლ'=>'l','მ'=>'m','ნ'=>'n','ო'=>'o','პ'=>'p','ჟ'=>'zh',
  'რ'=>'r','ს'=>'s','ტ'=>'t','უ'=>'u','ფ'=>'ph','ქ'=>'kh','ღ'=>'gh','ყ'=>'q',
  'შ'=>'sh','ჩ'=>'ch','ც'=>'c','ძ'=>'dh','წ'=>'w','ჭ'=>'j','ხ'=>'x','ჯ'=>'jh',
  'ჰ'=>'xh',
  //Sanskrit
  'अ'=>'a','आ'=>'ah','इ'=>'i','ई'=>'ih','उ'=>'u','ऊ'=>'uh','ऋ'=>'ry',
  'ॠ'=>'ryh','ऌ'=>'ly','ॡ'=>'lyh','ए'=>'e','ऐ'=>'ay','ओ'=>'o','औ'=>'aw',
  'अं'=>'amh','अः'=>'aq','क'=>'k','ख'=>'kh','ग'=>'g','घ'=>'gh','ङ'=>'nh',
  'च'=>'c','छ'=>'ch','ज'=>'j','झ'=>'jh','ञ'=>'ny','ट'=>'tq','ठ'=>'tqh',
  'ड'=>'dq','ढ'=>'dqh','ण'=>'nq','त'=>'t','थ'=>'th','द'=>'d','ध'=>'dh',
  'न'=>'n','प'=>'p','फ'=>'ph','ब'=>'b','भ'=>'bh','म'=>'m','य'=>'z','र'=>'r',
  'ल'=>'l','व'=>'v','श'=>'sh','ष'=>'sqh','स'=>'s','ह'=>'x',
  //Sanskrit diacritics
  'Ā'=>'A','Ī'=>'I','Ū'=>'U','Ṛ'=>'R','Ṝ'=>'R','Ṅ'=>'N','Ñ'=>'N','Ṭ'=>'T',
  'Ḍ'=>'D','Ṇ'=>'N','Ś'=>'S','Ṣ'=>'S','Ṁ'=>'M','Ṃ'=>'M','Ḥ'=>'H','Ḷ'=>'L','Ḹ'=>'L',
  'ā'=>'a','ī'=>'i','ū'=>'u','ṛ'=>'r','ṝ'=>'r','ṅ'=>'n','ñ'=>'n','ṭ'=>'t',
  'ḍ'=>'d','ṇ'=>'n','ś'=>'s','ṣ'=>'s','ṁ'=>'m','ṃ'=>'m','ḥ'=>'h','ḷ'=>'l','ḹ'=>'l',
  //Hebrew
  'א'=>'a', 'ב'=>'b','ג'=>'g','ד'=>'d','ה'=>'h','ו'=>'v','ז'=>'z','ח'=>'kh','ט'=>'th',
  'י'=>'y','ך'=>'h','כ'=>'k','ל'=>'l','ם'=>'m','מ'=>'m','ן'=>'n','נ'=>'n',
  'ס'=>'s','ע'=>'ah','ף'=>'f','פ'=>'p','ץ'=>'c','צ'=>'c','ק'=>'q','ר'=>'r',
  'ש'=>'sh','ת'=>'t',
  //Arabic
  'ا'=>'a','ب'=>'b','ت'=>'t','ث'=>'th','ج'=>'g','ح'=>'xh','خ'=>'x','د'=>'d',
  'ذ'=>'dh','ر'=>'r','ز'=>'z','س'=>'s','ش'=>'sh','ص'=>'s\'','ض'=>'d\'',
  'ط'=>'t\'','ظ'=>'z\'','ع'=>'y','غ'=>'gh','ف'=>'f','ق'=>'q','ك'=>'k',
  'ل'=>'l','م'=>'m','ن'=>'n','ه'=>'x\'','و'=>'u','ي'=>'i',

  // Japanese characters  (last update: 2008-05-09)

  // Japanese hiragana

  // 3 character syllables, っ doubles the consonant after
  'っちゃ'=>'ccha','っちぇ'=>'cche','っちょ'=>'ccho','っちゅ'=>'cchu',
  'っびゃ'=>'bbya','っびぇ'=>'bbye','っびぃ'=>'bbyi','っびょ'=>'bbyo','っびゅ'=>'bbyu',
  'っぴゃ'=>'ppya','っぴぇ'=>'ppye','っぴぃ'=>'ppyi','っぴょ'=>'ppyo','っぴゅ'=>'ppyu',
  'っちゃ'=>'ccha','っちぇ'=>'cche','っち'=>'cchi','っちょ'=>'ccho','っちゅ'=>'cchu',
  // 'っひゃ'=>'hya','っひぇ'=>'hye','っひぃ'=>'hyi','っひょ'=>'hyo','っひゅ'=>'hyu',
  'っきゃ'=>'kkya','っきぇ'=>'kkye','っきぃ'=>'kkyi','っきょ'=>'kkyo','っきゅ'=>'kkyu',
  'っぎゃ'=>'ggya','っぎぇ'=>'ggye','っぎぃ'=>'ggyi','っぎょ'=>'ggyo','っぎゅ'=>'ggyu',
  'っみゃ'=>'mmya','っみぇ'=>'mmye','っみぃ'=>'mmyi','っみょ'=>'mmyo','っみゅ'=>'mmyu',
  'っにゃ'=>'nnya','っにぇ'=>'nnye','っにぃ'=>'nnyi','っにょ'=>'nnyo','っにゅ'=>'nnyu',
  'っりゃ'=>'rrya','っりぇ'=>'rrye','っりぃ'=>'rryi','っりょ'=>'rryo','っりゅ'=>'rryu',
  'っしゃ'=>'ssha','っしぇ'=>'sshe','っし'=>'sshi','っしょ'=>'ssho','っしゅ'=>'sshu',

  // seperate hiragana 'n' ('n' + 'i' != 'ni', normally we would write "kon'nichi wa" but the apostrophe would be converted to _ anyway)
  'んあ'=>'n_a','んえ'=>'n_e','んい'=>'n_i','んお'=>'n_o','んう'=>'n_u',
  'んや'=>'n_ya','んよ'=>'n_yo','んゆ'=>'n_yu',

   // 2 character syllables - normal
  'ふぁ'=>'fa','ふぇ'=>'fe','ふぃ'=>'fi','ふぉ'=>'fo',
  'ちゃ'=>'cha','ちぇ'=>'che','ち'=>'chi','ちょ'=>'cho','ちゅ'=>'chu',
  'ひゃ'=>'hya','ひぇ'=>'hye','ひぃ'=>'hyi','ひょ'=>'hyo','ひゅ'=>'hyu',
  'びゃ'=>'bya','びぇ'=>'bye','びぃ'=>'byi','びょ'=>'byo','びゅ'=>'byu',
  'ぴゃ'=>'pya','ぴぇ'=>'pye','ぴぃ'=>'pyi','ぴょ'=>'pyo','ぴゅ'=>'pyu',
  'きゃ'=>'kya','きぇ'=>'kye','きぃ'=>'kyi','きょ'=>'kyo','きゅ'=>'kyu',
  'ぎゃ'=>'gya','ぎぇ'=>'gye','ぎぃ'=>'gyi','ぎょ'=>'gyo','ぎゅ'=>'gyu',
  'みゃ'=>'mya','みぇ'=>'mye','みぃ'=>'myi','みょ'=>'myo','みゅ'=>'myu',
  'にゃ'=>'nya','にぇ'=>'nye','にぃ'=>'nyi','にょ'=>'nyo','にゅ'=>'nyu',
  'りゃ'=>'rya','りぇ'=>'rye','りぃ'=>'ryi','りょ'=>'ryo','りゅ'=>'ryu',
  'しゃ'=>'sha','しぇ'=>'she','し'=>'shi','しょ'=>'sho','しゅ'=>'shu',
  'じゃ'=>'ja','じぇ'=>'je','じょ'=>'jo','じゅ'=>'ju',
  'うぇ'=>'we','うぃ'=>'wi',
  'いぇ'=>'ye',

  // 2 character syllables, っ doubles the consonant after
  'っば'=>'bba','っべ'=>'bbe','っび'=>'bbi','っぼ'=>'bbo','っぶ'=>'bbu',
  'っぱ'=>'ppa','っぺ'=>'ppe','っぴ'=>'ppi','っぽ'=>'ppo','っぷ'=>'ppu',
  'った'=>'tta','って'=>'tte','っち'=>'cchi','っと'=>'tto','っつ'=>'ttsu',
  'っだ'=>'dda','っで'=>'dde','っぢ'=>'ddi','っど'=>'ddo','っづ'=>'ddu',
  'っが'=>'gga','っげ'=>'gge','っぎ'=>'ggi','っご'=>'ggo','っぐ'=>'ggu',
  'っか'=>'kka','っけ'=>'kke','っき'=>'kki','っこ'=>'kko','っく'=>'kku',
  'っま'=>'mma','っめ'=>'mme','っみ'=>'mmi','っも'=>'mmo','っむ'=>'mmu',
  'っな'=>'nna','っね'=>'nne','っに'=>'nni','っの'=>'nno','っぬ'=>'nnu',
  'っら'=>'rra','っれ'=>'rre','っり'=>'rri','っろ'=>'rro','っる'=>'rru',
  'っさ'=>'ssa','っせ'=>'sse','っし'=>'sshi','っそ'=>'sso','っす'=>'ssu',
  'っざ'=>'zza','っぜ'=>'zze','っじ'=>'jji','っぞ'=>'zzo','っず'=>'zzu',

  // 1 character syllabels
  'あ'=>'a','え'=>'e','い'=>'i','お'=>'o','う'=>'u','ん'=>'n',
  'は'=>'ha','へ'=>'he','ひ'=>'hi','ほ'=>'ho','ふ'=>'fu',
  'ば'=>'ba','べ'=>'be','び'=>'bi','ぼ'=>'bo','ぶ'=>'bu',
  'ぱ'=>'pa','ぺ'=>'pe','ぴ'=>'pi','ぽ'=>'po','ぷ'=>'pu',
  'た'=>'ta','て'=>'te','ち'=>'chi','と'=>'to','つ'=>'tsu',
  'だ'=>'da','で'=>'de','ぢ'=>'di','ど'=>'do','づ'=>'du',
  'が'=>'ga','げ'=>'ge','ぎ'=>'gi','ご'=>'go','ぐ'=>'gu',
  'か'=>'ka','け'=>'ke','き'=>'ki','こ'=>'ko','く'=>'ku',
  'ま'=>'ma','め'=>'me','み'=>'mi','も'=>'mo','む'=>'mu',
  'な'=>'na','ね'=>'ne','に'=>'ni','の'=>'no','ぬ'=>'nu',
  'ら'=>'ra','れ'=>'re','り'=>'ri','ろ'=>'ro','る'=>'ru',
  'さ'=>'sa','せ'=>'se','し'=>'shi','そ'=>'so','す'=>'su',
  'わ'=>'wa','を'=>'wo',
  'ざ'=>'za','ぜ'=>'ze','じ'=>'ji','ぞ'=>'zo','ず'=>'zu',
  'や'=>'ya','よ'=>'yo','ゆ'=>'yu',
  // old characters
  'ゑ'=>'we','ゐ'=>'wi',

  //  convert what's left (probably only kicks in when something's missing above)
  // 'ぁ'=>'a','ぇ'=>'e','ぃ'=>'i','ぉ'=>'o','ぅ'=>'u',
  // 'ゃ'=>'ya','ょ'=>'yo','ゅ'=>'yu',

  // never seen one of those (disabled for the moment)
  // 'ヴぁ'=>'va','ヴぇ'=>'ve','ヴぃ'=>'vi','ヴぉ'=>'vo','ヴ'=>'vu',
  // 'でゃ'=>'dha','でぇ'=>'dhe','でぃ'=>'dhi','でょ'=>'dho','でゅ'=>'dhu',
  // 'どぁ'=>'dwa','どぇ'=>'dwe','どぃ'=>'dwi','どぉ'=>'dwo','どぅ'=>'dwu',
  // 'ぢゃ'=>'dya','ぢぇ'=>'dye','ぢぃ'=>'dyi','ぢょ'=>'dyo','ぢゅ'=>'dyu',
  // 'ふぁ'=>'fwa','ふぇ'=>'fwe','ふぃ'=>'fwi','ふぉ'=>'fwo','ふぅ'=>'fwu',
  // 'ふゃ'=>'fya','ふぇ'=>'fye','ふぃ'=>'fyi','ふょ'=>'fyo','ふゅ'=>'fyu',
  // 'すぁ'=>'swa','すぇ'=>'swe','すぃ'=>'swi','すぉ'=>'swo','すぅ'=>'swu',
  // 'てゃ'=>'tha','てぇ'=>'the','てぃ'=>'thi','てょ'=>'tho','てゅ'=>'thu',
  // 'つゃ'=>'tsa','つぇ'=>'tse','つぃ'=>'tsi','つょ'=>'tso','つ'=>'tsu',
  // 'とぁ'=>'twa','とぇ'=>'twe','とぃ'=>'twi','とぉ'=>'two','とぅ'=>'twu',
  // 'ヴゃ'=>'vya','ヴぇ'=>'vye','ヴぃ'=>'vyi','ヴょ'=>'vyo','ヴゅ'=>'vyu',
  // 'うぁ'=>'wha','うぇ'=>'whe','うぃ'=>'whi','うぉ'=>'who','うぅ'=>'whu',
  // 'じゃ'=>'zha','じぇ'=>'zhe','じぃ'=>'zhi','じょ'=>'zho','じゅ'=>'zhu',
  // 'じゃ'=>'zya','じぇ'=>'zye','じぃ'=>'zyi','じょ'=>'zyo','じゅ'=>'zyu',

  // 'spare' characters from other romanization systems
  // 'だ'=>'da','で'=>'de','ぢ'=>'di','ど'=>'do','づ'=>'du',
  // 'ら'=>'la','れ'=>'le','り'=>'li','ろ'=>'lo','る'=>'lu',
  // 'さ'=>'sa','せ'=>'se','し'=>'si','そ'=>'so','す'=>'su',
  // 'ちゃ'=>'cya','ちぇ'=>'cye','ちぃ'=>'cyi','ちょ'=>'cyo','ちゅ'=>'cyu',
  //'じゃ'=>'jya','じぇ'=>'jye','じぃ'=>'jyi','じょ'=>'jyo','じゅ'=>'jyu',
  //'りゃ'=>'lya','りぇ'=>'lye','りぃ'=>'lyi','りょ'=>'lyo','りゅ'=>'lyu',
  //'しゃ'=>'sya','しぇ'=>'sye','しぃ'=>'syi','しょ'=>'syo','しゅ'=>'syu',
  //'ちゃ'=>'tya','ちぇ'=>'tye','ちぃ'=>'tyi','ちょ'=>'tyo','ちゅ'=>'tyu',
  //'し'=>'ci',,い'=>'yi','ぢ'=>'dzi',
  //'っじゃ'=>'jja','っじぇ'=>'jje','っじ'=>'jji','っじょ'=>'jjo','っじゅ'=>'jju',


  // Japanese katakana

  // 4 character syllables: ッ doubles the consonant after, ー doubles the vowel before (usualy written with macron, but we don't want that in our URLs)
  'ッビャー'=>'bbyaa','ッビェー'=>'bbyee','ッビィー'=>'bbyii','ッビョー'=>'bbyoo','ッビュー'=>'bbyuu',
  'ッピャー'=>'ppyaa','ッピェー'=>'ppyee','ッピィー'=>'ppyii','ッピョー'=>'ppyoo','ッピュー'=>'ppyuu',
  'ッキャー'=>'kkyaa','ッキェー'=>'kkyee','ッキィー'=>'kkyii','ッキョー'=>'kkyoo','ッキュー'=>'kkyuu',
  'ッギャー'=>'ggyaa','ッギェー'=>'ggyee','ッギィー'=>'ggyii','ッギョー'=>'ggyoo','ッギュー'=>'ggyuu',
  'ッミャー'=>'mmyaa','ッミェー'=>'mmyee','ッミィー'=>'mmyii','ッミョー'=>'mmyoo','ッミュー'=>'mmyuu',
  'ッニャー'=>'nnyaa','ッニェー'=>'nnyee','ッニィー'=>'nnyii','ッニョー'=>'nnyoo','ッニュー'=>'nnyuu',
  'ッリャー'=>'rryaa','ッリェー'=>'rryee','ッリィー'=>'rryii','ッリョー'=>'rryoo','ッリュー'=>'rryuu',
  'ッシャー'=>'sshaa','ッシェー'=>'sshee','ッシー'=>'sshii','ッショー'=>'sshoo','ッシュー'=>'sshuu',
  'ッチャー'=>'cchaa','ッチェー'=>'cchee','ッチー'=>'cchii','ッチョー'=>'cchoo','ッチュー'=>'cchuu',
  'ッティー'=>'ttii',
  'ッヂィー'=>'ddii',

  // 3 character syllables - doubled vowels
  'ファー'=>'faa','フェー'=>'fee','フィー'=>'fii','フォー'=>'foo',
  'フャー'=>'fyaa','フェー'=>'fyee','フィー'=>'fyii','フョー'=>'fyoo','フュー'=>'fyuu',
  'ヒャー'=>'hyaa','ヒェー'=>'hyee','ヒィー'=>'hyii','ヒョー'=>'hyoo','ヒュー'=>'hyuu',
  'ビャー'=>'byaa','ビェー'=>'byee','ビィー'=>'byii','ビョー'=>'byoo','ビュー'=>'byuu',
  'ピャー'=>'pyaa','ピェー'=>'pyee','ピィー'=>'pyii','ピョー'=>'pyoo','ピュー'=>'pyuu',
  'キャー'=>'kyaa','キェー'=>'kyee','キィー'=>'kyii','キョー'=>'kyoo','キュー'=>'kyuu',
  'ギャー'=>'gyaa','ギェー'=>'gyee','ギィー'=>'gyii','ギョー'=>'gyoo','ギュー'=>'gyuu',
  'ミャー'=>'myaa','ミェー'=>'myee','ミィー'=>'myii','ミョー'=>'myoo','ミュー'=>'myuu',
  'ニャー'=>'nyaa','ニェー'=>'nyee','ニィー'=>'nyii','ニョー'=>'nyoo','ニュー'=>'nyuu',
  'リャー'=>'ryaa','リェー'=>'ryee','リィー'=>'ryii','リョー'=>'ryoo','リュー'=>'ryuu',
  'シャー'=>'shaa','シェー'=>'shee','シー'=>'shii','ショー'=>'shoo','シュー'=>'shuu',
  'ジャー'=>'jaa','ジェー'=>'jee','ジー'=>'jii','ジョー'=>'joo','ジュー'=>'juu',
  'スァー'=>'swaa','スェー'=>'swee','スィー'=>'swii','スォー'=>'swoo','スゥー'=>'swuu',
  'デァー'=>'daa','デェー'=>'dee','ディー'=>'dii','デォー'=>'doo','デゥー'=>'duu',
  'チャー'=>'chaa','チェー'=>'chee','チー'=>'chii','チョー'=>'choo','チュー'=>'chuu',
  'ヂャー'=>'dyaa','ヂェー'=>'dyee','ヂィー'=>'dyii','ヂョー'=>'dyoo','ヂュー'=>'dyuu',
  'ツャー'=>'tsaa','ツェー'=>'tsee','ツィー'=>'tsii','ツョー'=>'tsoo','ツー'=>'tsuu',
  'トァー'=>'twaa','トェー'=>'twee','トィー'=>'twii','トォー'=>'twoo','トゥー'=>'twuu',
  'ドァー'=>'dwaa','ドェー'=>'dwee','ドィー'=>'dwii','ドォー'=>'dwoo','ドゥー'=>'dwuu',
  'ウァー'=>'whaa','ウェー'=>'whee','ウィー'=>'whii','ウォー'=>'whoo','ウゥー'=>'whuu',
  'ヴャー'=>'vyaa','ヴェー'=>'vyee','ヴィー'=>'vyii','ヴョー'=>'vyoo','ヴュー'=>'vyuu',
  'ヴァー'=>'vaa','ヴェー'=>'vee','ヴィー'=>'vii','ヴォー'=>'voo','ヴー'=>'vuu',
  'ウェー'=>'wee','ウィー'=>'wii',
  'イェー'=>'yee',
  'ティー'=>'tii',
  'ヂィー'=>'dii',

  // 3 character syllables - doubled consonants
  'ッビャ'=>'bbya','ッビェ'=>'bbye','ッビィ'=>'bbyi','ッビョ'=>'bbyo','ッビュ'=>'bbyu',
  'ッピャ'=>'ppya','ッピェ'=>'ppye','ッピィ'=>'ppyi','ッピョ'=>'ppyo','ッピュ'=>'ppyu',
  'ッキャ'=>'kkya','ッキェ'=>'kkye','ッキィ'=>'kkyi','ッキョ'=>'kkyo','ッキュ'=>'kkyu',
  'ッギャ'=>'ggya','ッギェ'=>'ggye','ッギィ'=>'ggyi','ッギョ'=>'ggyo','ッギュ'=>'ggyu',
  'ッミャ'=>'mmya','ッミェ'=>'mmye','ッミィ'=>'mmyi','ッミョ'=>'mmyo','ッミュ'=>'mmyu',
  'ッニャ'=>'nnya','ッニェ'=>'nnye','ッニィ'=>'nnyi','ッニョ'=>'nnyo','ッニュ'=>'nnyu',
  'ッリャ'=>'rrya','ッリェ'=>'rrye','ッリィ'=>'rryi','ッリョ'=>'rryo','ッリュ'=>'rryu',
  'ッシャ'=>'ssha','ッシェ'=>'sshe','ッシ'=>'sshi','ッショ'=>'ssho','ッシュ'=>'sshu',
  'ッチャ'=>'ccha','ッチェ'=>'cche','ッチ'=>'cchi','ッチョ'=>'ccho','ッチュ'=>'cchu',
  'ッティ'=>'tti',
  'ッヂィ'=>'ddi',

  // 3 character syllables - doubled vowel and consonants
  'ッバー'=>'bbaa','ッベー'=>'bbee','ッビー'=>'bbii','ッボー'=>'bboo','ッブー'=>'bbuu',
  'ッパー'=>'ppaa','ッペー'=>'ppee','ッピー'=>'ppii','ッポー'=>'ppoo','ップー'=>'ppuu',
  'ッケー'=>'kkee','ッキー'=>'kkii','ッコー'=>'kkoo','ックー'=>'kkuu','ッカー'=>'kkaa',
  'ッガー'=>'ggaa','ッゲー'=>'ggee','ッギー'=>'ggii','ッゴー'=>'ggoo','ッグー'=>'gguu',
  'ッマー'=>'maa','ッメー'=>'mee','ッミー'=>'mii','ッモー'=>'moo','ッムー'=>'muu',
  'ッナー'=>'nnaa','ッネー'=>'nnee','ッニー'=>'nnii','ッノー'=>'nnoo','ッヌー'=>'nnuu',
  'ッラー'=>'rraa','ッレー'=>'rree','ッリー'=>'rrii','ッロー'=>'rroo','ッルー'=>'rruu',
  'ッサー'=>'ssaa','ッセー'=>'ssee','ッシー'=>'sshii','ッソー'=>'ssoo','ッスー'=>'ssuu',
  'ッザー'=>'zzaa','ッゼー'=>'zzee','ッジー'=>'jjii','ッゾー'=>'zzoo','ッズー'=>'zzuu',
  'ッター'=>'ttaa','ッテー'=>'ttee','ッチー'=>'chii','ットー'=>'ttoo','ッツー'=>'ttsuu',
  'ッダー'=>'ddaa','ッデー'=>'ddee','ッヂー'=>'ddii','ッドー'=>'ddoo','ッヅー'=>'dduu',

  // 2 character syllables - normal
  'ファ'=>'fa','フェ'=>'fe','フィ'=>'fi','フォ'=>'fo','フゥ'=>'fu',
  // 'フャ'=>'fya','フェ'=>'fye','フィ'=>'fyi','フョ'=>'fyo','フュ'=>'fyu',
  'フャ'=>'fa','フェ'=>'fe','フィ'=>'fi','フョ'=>'fo','フュ'=>'fu',
  'ヒャ'=>'hya','ヒェ'=>'hye','ヒィ'=>'hyi','ヒョ'=>'hyo','ヒュ'=>'hyu',
  'ビャ'=>'bya','ビェ'=>'bye','ビィ'=>'byi','ビョ'=>'byo','ビュ'=>'byu',
  'ピャ'=>'pya','ピェ'=>'pye','ピィ'=>'pyi','ピョ'=>'pyo','ピュ'=>'pyu',
  'キャ'=>'kya','キェ'=>'kye','キィ'=>'kyi','キョ'=>'kyo','キュ'=>'kyu',
  'ギャ'=>'gya','ギェ'=>'gye','ギィ'=>'gyi','ギョ'=>'gyo','ギュ'=>'gyu',
  'ミャ'=>'mya','ミェ'=>'mye','ミィ'=>'myi','ミョ'=>'myo','ミュ'=>'myu',
  'ニャ'=>'nya','ニェ'=>'nye','ニィ'=>'nyi','ニョ'=>'nyo','ニュ'=>'nyu',
  'リャ'=>'rya','リェ'=>'rye','リィ'=>'ryi','リョ'=>'ryo','リュ'=>'ryu',
  'シャ'=>'sha','シェ'=>'she','ショ'=>'sho','シュ'=>'shu',
  'ジャ'=>'ja','ジェ'=>'je','ジョ'=>'jo','ジュ'=>'ju',
  'スァ'=>'swa','スェ'=>'swe','スィ'=>'swi','スォ'=>'swo','スゥ'=>'swu',
  'デァ'=>'da','デェ'=>'de','ディ'=>'di','デォ'=>'do','デゥ'=>'du',
  'チャ'=>'cha','チェ'=>'che','チ'=>'chi','チョ'=>'cho','チュ'=>'chu',
  // 'ヂャ'=>'dya','ヂェ'=>'dye','ヂィ'=>'dyi','ヂョ'=>'dyo','ヂュ'=>'dyu',
  'ツャ'=>'tsa','ツェ'=>'tse','ツィ'=>'tsi','ツョ'=>'tso','ツ'=>'tsu',
  'トァ'=>'twa','トェ'=>'twe','トィ'=>'twi','トォ'=>'two','トゥ'=>'twu',
  'ドァ'=>'dwa','ドェ'=>'dwe','ドィ'=>'dwi','ドォ'=>'dwo','ドゥ'=>'dwu',
  'ウァ'=>'wha','ウェ'=>'whe','ウィ'=>'whi','ウォ'=>'who','ウゥ'=>'whu',
  'ヴャ'=>'vya','ヴェ'=>'vye','ヴィ'=>'vyi','ヴョ'=>'vyo','ヴュ'=>'vyu',
  'ヴァ'=>'va','ヴェ'=>'ve','ヴィ'=>'vi','ヴォ'=>'vo','ヴ'=>'vu',
  'ウェ'=>'we','ウィ'=>'wi',
  'イェ'=>'ye',
  'ティ'=>'ti',
  'ヂィ'=>'di',

  // 2 character syllables - doubled vocal
  'アー'=>'aa','エー'=>'ee','イー'=>'ii','オー'=>'oo','ウー'=>'uu',
  'ダー'=>'daa','デー'=>'dee','ヂー'=>'dii','ドー'=>'doo','ヅー'=>'duu',
  'ハー'=>'haa','ヘー'=>'hee','ヒー'=>'hii','ホー'=>'hoo','フー'=>'fuu',
  'バー'=>'baa','ベー'=>'bee','ビー'=>'bii','ボー'=>'boo','ブー'=>'buu',
  'パー'=>'paa','ペー'=>'pee','ピー'=>'pii','ポー'=>'poo','プー'=>'puu',
  'ケー'=>'kee','キー'=>'kii','コー'=>'koo','クー'=>'kuu','カー'=>'kaa',
  'ガー'=>'gaa','ゲー'=>'gee','ギー'=>'gii','ゴー'=>'goo','グー'=>'guu',
  'マー'=>'maa','メー'=>'mee','ミー'=>'mii','モー'=>'moo','ムー'=>'muu',
  'ナー'=>'naa','ネー'=>'nee','ニー'=>'nii','ノー'=>'noo','ヌー'=>'nuu',
  'ラー'=>'raa','レー'=>'ree','リー'=>'rii','ロー'=>'roo','ルー'=>'ruu',
  'サー'=>'saa','セー'=>'see','シー'=>'shii','ソー'=>'soo','スー'=>'suu',
  'ザー'=>'zaa','ゼー'=>'zee','ジー'=>'jii','ゾー'=>'zoo','ズー'=>'zuu',
  'ター'=>'taa','テー'=>'tee','チー'=>'chii','トー'=>'too','ツー'=>'tsuu',
  'ワー'=>'waa','ヲー'=>'woo',
  'ヤー'=>'yaa','ヨー'=>'yoo','ユー'=>'yuu',
  'ヵー'=>'kaa','ヶー'=>'kee',
  // old characters
  'ヱー'=>'wee','ヰー'=>'wii',

  // seperate katakana 'n'
  'ンア'=>'n_a','ンエ'=>'n_e','ンイ'=>'n_i','ンオ'=>'n_o','ンウ'=>'n_u',
  'ンヤ'=>'n_ya','ンヨ'=>'n_yo','ンユ'=>'n_yu',

  // 2 character syllables - doubled consonants
  'ッバ'=>'bba','ッベ'=>'bbe','ッビ'=>'bbi','ッボ'=>'bbo','ッブ'=>'bbu',
  'ッパ'=>'ppa','ッペ'=>'ppe','ッピ'=>'ppi','ッポ'=>'ppo','ップ'=>'ppu',
  'ッケ'=>'kke','ッキ'=>'kki','ッコ'=>'kko','ック'=>'kku','ッカ'=>'kka',
  'ッガ'=>'gga','ッゲ'=>'gge','ッギ'=>'ggi','ッゴ'=>'ggo','ッグ'=>'ggu',
  'ッマ'=>'ma','ッメ'=>'me','ッミ'=>'mi','ッモ'=>'mo','ッム'=>'mu',
  'ッナ'=>'nna','ッネ'=>'nne','ッニ'=>'nni','ッノ'=>'nno','ッヌ'=>'nnu',
  'ッラ'=>'rra','ッレ'=>'rre','ッリ'=>'rri','ッロ'=>'rro','ッル'=>'rru',
  'ッサ'=>'ssa','ッセ'=>'sse','ッシ'=>'sshi','ッソ'=>'sso','ッス'=>'ssu',
  'ッザ'=>'zza','ッゼ'=>'zze','ッジ'=>'jji','ッゾ'=>'zzo','ッズ'=>'zzu',
  'ッタ'=>'tta','ッテ'=>'tte','ッチ'=>'cchi','ット'=>'tto','ッツ'=>'ttsu',
  'ッダ'=>'dda','ッデ'=>'dde','ッヂ'=>'ddi','ッド'=>'ddo','ッヅ'=>'ddu',

  // 1 character syllables
  'ア'=>'a','エ'=>'e','イ'=>'i','オ'=>'o','ウ'=>'u','ン'=>'n',
  'ハ'=>'ha','ヘ'=>'he','ヒ'=>'hi','ホ'=>'ho','フ'=>'fu',
  'バ'=>'ba','ベ'=>'be','ビ'=>'bi','ボ'=>'bo','ブ'=>'bu',
  'パ'=>'pa','ペ'=>'pe','ピ'=>'pi','ポ'=>'po','プ'=>'pu',
  'ケ'=>'ke','キ'=>'ki','コ'=>'ko','ク'=>'ku','カ'=>'ka',
  'ガ'=>'ga','ゲ'=>'ge','ギ'=>'gi','ゴ'=>'go','グ'=>'gu',
  'マ'=>'ma','メ'=>'me','ミ'=>'mi','モ'=>'mo','ム'=>'mu',
  'ナ'=>'na','ネ'=>'ne','ニ'=>'ni','ノ'=>'no','ヌ'=>'nu',
  'ラ'=>'ra','レ'=>'re','リ'=>'ri','ロ'=>'ro','ル'=>'ru',
  'サ'=>'sa','セ'=>'se','シ'=>'shi','ソ'=>'so','ス'=>'su',
  'ザ'=>'za','ゼ'=>'ze','ジ'=>'ji','ゾ'=>'zo','ズ'=>'zu',
  'タ'=>'ta','テ'=>'te','チ'=>'chi','ト'=>'to','ツ'=>'tsu',
  'ダ'=>'da','デ'=>'de','ヂ'=>'di','ド'=>'do','ヅ'=>'du',
  'ワ'=>'wa','ヲ'=>'wo',
  'ヤ'=>'ya','ヨ'=>'yo','ユ'=>'yu',
  'ヵ'=>'ka','ヶ'=>'ke',
  // old characters
  'ヱ'=>'we','ヰ'=>'wi',

  //  convert what's left (probably only kicks in when something's missing above)
  'ァ'=>'a','ェ'=>'e','ィ'=>'i','ォ'=>'o','ゥ'=>'u',
  'ャ'=>'ya','ョ'=>'yo','ュ'=>'yu',

  // special characters
  '・'=>'_','、'=>'_',
  'ー'=>'_', // when used with hiragana (seldom), this character would not be converted otherwise

  // 'ラ'=>'la','レ'=>'le','リ'=>'li','ロ'=>'lo','ル'=>'lu',
  // 'チャ'=>'cya','チェ'=>'cye','チィ'=>'cyi','チョ'=>'cyo','チュ'=>'cyu',
  //'デャ'=>'dha','デェ'=>'dhe','ディ'=>'dhi','デョ'=>'dho','デュ'=>'dhu',
  // 'リャ'=>'lya','リェ'=>'lye','リィ'=>'lyi','リョ'=>'lyo','リュ'=>'lyu',
  // 'テャ'=>'tha','テェ'=>'the','ティ'=>'thi','テョ'=>'tho','テュ'=>'thu',
  //'ファ'=>'fwa','フェ'=>'fwe','フィ'=>'fwi','フォ'=>'fwo','フゥ'=>'fwu',
  //'チャ'=>'tya','チェ'=>'tye','チィ'=>'tyi','チョ'=>'tyo','チュ'=>'tyu',
  // 'ジャ'=>'jya','ジェ'=>'jye','ジィ'=>'jyi','ジョ'=>'jyo','ジュ'=>'jyu',
  // 'ジャ'=>'zha','ジェ'=>'zhe','ジィ'=>'zhi','ジョ'=>'zho','ジュ'=>'zhu',
  //'ジャ'=>'zya','ジェ'=>'zye','ジィ'=>'zyi','ジョ'=>'zyo','ジュ'=>'zyu',
  //'シャ'=>'sya','シェ'=>'sye','シィ'=>'syi','ショ'=>'syo','シュ'=>'syu',
  //'シ'=>'ci','フ'=>'hu',シ'=>'si','チ'=>'ti','ツ'=>'tu','イ'=>'yi','ヂ'=>'dzi',

  // "Greeklish"
  'Γ'=>'G','Δ'=>'E','Θ'=>'Th','Λ'=>'L','Ξ'=>'X','Π'=>'P','Σ'=>'S','Φ'=>'F','Ψ'=>'Ps',
  'γ'=>'g','δ'=>'e','θ'=>'th','λ'=>'l','ξ'=>'x','π'=>'p','σ'=>'s','φ'=>'f','ψ'=>'ps',

  // Thai
  'ก'=>'k','ข'=>'kh','ฃ'=>'kh','ค'=>'kh','ฅ'=>'kh','ฆ'=>'kh','ง'=>'ng','จ'=>'ch',
  'ฉ'=>'ch','ช'=>'ch','ซ'=>'s','ฌ'=>'ch','ญ'=>'y','ฎ'=>'d','ฏ'=>'t','ฐ'=>'th',
  'ฑ'=>'d','ฒ'=>'th','ณ'=>'n','ด'=>'d','ต'=>'t','ถ'=>'th','ท'=>'th','ธ'=>'th',
  'น'=>'n','บ'=>'b','ป'=>'p','ผ'=>'ph','ฝ'=>'f','พ'=>'ph','ฟ'=>'f','ภ'=>'ph',
  'ม'=>'m','ย'=>'y','ร'=>'r','ฤ'=>'rue','ฤๅ'=>'rue','ล'=>'l','ฦ'=>'lue',
  'ฦๅ'=>'lue','ว'=>'w','ศ'=>'s','ษ'=>'s','ส'=>'s','ห'=>'h','ฬ'=>'l','ฮ'=>'h',
  'ะ'=>'a','ั'=>'a','รร'=>'a','า'=>'a','ๅ'=>'a','ำ'=>'am','ํา'=>'am',
  'ิ'=>'i','ี'=>'i','ึ'=>'ue','ี'=>'ue','ุ'=>'u','ู'=>'u',
  'เ'=>'e','แ'=>'ae','โ'=>'o','อ'=>'o',
  'ียะ'=>'ia','ีย'=>'ia','ือะ'=>'uea','ือ'=>'uea','ัวะ'=>'ua','ัว'=>'ua',
  'ใ'=>'ai','ไ'=>'ai','ัย'=>'ai','าย'=>'ai','าว'=>'ao',
  'ุย'=>'ui','อย'=>'oi','ือย'=>'ueai','วย'=>'uai',
  'ิว'=>'io','็ว'=>'eo','ียว'=>'iao',
  '่'=>'','้'=>'','๊'=>'','๋'=>'','็'=>'',
  '์'=>'','๎'=>'','ํ'=>'','ฺ'=>'',
  'ๆ'=>'2','๏'=>'o','ฯ'=>'-','๚'=>'-','๛'=>'-',
  '๐'=>'0','๑'=>'1','๒'=>'2','๓'=>'3','๔'=>'4',
  '๕'=>'5','๖'=>'6','๗'=>'7','๘'=>'8','๙'=>'9',

  // Korean
  'ㄱ'=>'k','ㅋ'=>'kh','ㄲ'=>'kk','ㄷ'=>'t','ㅌ'=>'th','ㄸ'=>'tt','ㅂ'=>'p',
  'ㅍ'=>'ph','ㅃ'=>'pp','ㅈ'=>'c','ㅊ'=>'ch','ㅉ'=>'cc','ㅅ'=>'s','ㅆ'=>'ss',
  'ㅎ'=>'h','ㅇ'=>'ng','ㄴ'=>'n','ㄹ'=>'l','ㅁ'=>'m', 'ㅏ'=>'a','ㅓ'=>'e','ㅗ'=>'o',
  'ㅜ'=>'wu','ㅡ'=>'u','ㅣ'=>'i','ㅐ'=>'ay','ㅔ'=>'ey','ㅚ'=>'oy','ㅘ'=>'wa','ㅝ'=>'we',
  'ㅟ'=>'wi','ㅙ'=>'way','ㅞ'=>'wey','ㅢ'=>'uy','ㅑ'=>'ya','ㅕ'=>'ye','ㅛ'=>'oy',
  'ㅠ'=>'yu','ㅒ'=>'yay','ㅖ'=>'yey',
);